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The world’s economy is based on the infrastructure of the country. Ancient history shows that old construction works are done with surki and lime but not with sand. Sand is used only after introduction of cement in construction industry. Worldwide sand is used as fine aggregate in concrete and average of 40 billion tones of natural sand is used annually. This large amount of consumption reduced the water table amount and destroys the flora and fauna of the biodiversity. So alternative construction materials identification for natural sand plays a major role for civil engineers in construction industry for sustainable environment. The main objective of this study is to find the optimum percentage of replacement with waste products to alter the fine aggregate.

Children are born learning and press for chances to push abilities as long as they feel safe and have a hope of succeeding at the demands of the day. It is the whole child that comes to school and whose needs, desires and aptitudes, varied and exciting, need to be honored. Children crave attention, affection, safety, growth, companionship, knowledge, success. They thrive in social situations where they feel honored and sense they belong. They are energized with stimulation and the opportunity to press forward at the developmental tasks that call, individually, to them for completion. Curriculum that springs from this natural essence of children is motivating and supports academic gains. When the needs of the child are part of the focus, the youngster cares about learning and the self and excels at personal potentials. When it is the whole child who is nurtured, seen for strengths and gifts, it is exhilarating, challenging, potentiating and the child yearns, strives and presses with energy and hope.

International audience; The prevalence of neonatal mortality is high in the canine species and far from well-studied. In most domestic neonates, an appropriate colostrum intake is a key element of the control of neonatal mortality. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of passive immune transfer on puppy mortality, assessed through serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentration at 2 days of age. Factors impacting passive immune transfer and the value of an oral immunoglobulin supplementation to prevent it were also analyzed. A total of 149 puppies from 34 litters (12 breeds) within one breeding kennel were included. Blood samples were collected at 2 days of age and colostrum was collected from their dams 1 day after whelping to assay IgG concentration. Puppies were weighed at birth and at 2 days of age for calculation of growth rate. Mortality was recorded until 3 weeks of age. Seventy randomly assigned puppies were orally supplemented with hyper-immunized adult plasma twice within the first 8h of life. IgG concentration at 2 days of age was significantly correlated with weight gain during the first 2 days of life. The multivariable model with litter as a random effect demonstrated that neonatal mortality was not influenced by breed size, sex, supplementation, litter size, nor colostrum IgG concentration, but by puppy IgG concentration at 2 days of age. According to the ROC curve, the minimal IgG concentration at and below which puppies were at higher risk of death was determined at 230mg/dl. Puppy IgG concentration was significantly associated with growth rate, but not with breed size, sex, supplementation, litter size or colostrum IgG concentration in a multivariable model with litter as a random effect. This study demonstrates that neonatal mortality in puppies is related to the quality of passive immune transfer. The oral supplementation with hyper-immunized canine plasma neither decreased risk of mortality, nor improved serum IgG concentration at 2 days of age in puppies. Attention must thus be paid to early colostrum intake to control the neonatal mortality in puppies.

Temperature and moisture impact strongly on the early stages of a plant's life cycle. Global climate change is altering the environmental cues that seeds receive resulting in compromised seedling emergence and changes to seedling performance. Here, we investigate how temperature and moisture affect these early stages of plant development in four Banksia species collected from a longitudinal climate gradient in southwest Western Australia. A common garden was used to examine the between-species and among-population variation in seedling emergence, growth and leaf traits under two soil temperature regimes and three levels of precipitation. We predicted that reduced moisture and increased temperature would delay and reduce total seedling emergence and negatively affect seedling performance. Furthermore, we expected that within species there would be geographically structured variation in response to the treatments. Species differed significantly in all measured traits. Soil warming resulted in strong impacts on regenerative traits, significantly slowing seedling emergence in two species and reducing total seedling emergence in three species. In addition, warming altered seedling performance with significant reductions to the above-ground leaf biomass ratio of three species. In contrast, response to soil moisture manipulation was minimal across all species but possibly due to issues regarding implementation of an effective moisture treatment. The species that showed the greatest decline in emergence under warmed conditions (B. quercifolia) also showed the smallest vegetative shift; the species with the smallest decline in emergence (B. coccinea) showed a relatively large vegetative shift. Among-population differences were significant for many traits, however, trait differentiation was inconsistent across species and, contrary to our hypothesis, the variation we observed was not clearly associated with the climate gradient. As these among-population differences in traits are not easy to predict, we caution the use of simple rules for choosing seed populations for conservation and restoration.

In addition to the downstream migration of smolts in spring, Coho Salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch also enter estuaries throughout the year but especially in the spring as fry and in the fall as parr. The removal of two large dams on the Elwha River, Washington, has increased the area accessible to salmon and is affecting many aspects of the system. For comparison with the postdam period, when the Elwha River estuary will likely expand in size and complexity, monthly sampling was conducted in the estuary during 2007–2011 to determine patterns of Coho Salmon presence and size prior to dam removal; Salt Creek, a nearby undammed stream, was also sampled to allow comparison of fish size and seasonal timing patterns. The spring smolt migration in the Elwha River included a large fraction of unmarked fish (primarily of natural origin) as well as marked fish from the Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe Fish Hatchery. Subyearlings entered both estuaries during much of the year, exhibiting a peak in September. Coho Salm...

The raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) is a promising animal model capable of preventing disuse-induced osteoporosis. Previous data suggest that this species resembles bears in the preservation of bone mass and biomechanical properties during prolonged passivity and catabolism. This longitudinal study examined the osteological properties of tibiae in farm-bred raccoon dogs that were either fed or fasted (n=6 per group) for a 10 week period. Peripheral quantitative computed tomography was utilized and plasma markers of bone turnover measured before fasting and at 9 weeks followed by mechanical testing (three-point bending), micro-computed tomography and Fourier transform infrared imaging at 10 weeks. Passive wintering with prolonged catabolism (body mass loss 32%) had no significant effects on bone mineralization, porosity or strength. The concentration of C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen, indicative of bone resorption, increased in the plasma of the fasted raccoon dogs, while the bone formation markers were unchanged. The levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D were reduced in the fasted animals. Based on these data, the preservation of bone in wintering raccoon dogs shares characteristics with that of bears with no apparent decrease in the formation of bone but increased resorption. To conclude, raccoon dogs were able to minimize bone loss during a 10 week period of catabolism and passivity.

Obtaining FeNO levels routinely in clinical practice adds to the burden of asthma care and resource utilisation. On the other hand, routine use of FeNO levels to guide therapy may improve asthma control and reduce exacerbations and hospitalisations related to asthma. The objective of this Cochrane review was to evaluate the efficacy of tailoring asthma therapy based on FeNO levels, in comparison with not using FeNO (i.e. management based on clinical symptoms and/or asthma guidelines), for asthma related outcomes in children. In our original review, we found that the use of FeNO strategy did not confer any benefit. Methods: The Cochrane Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), the Cochrane Airways Collaborative Review Group Specialised Trials Register, MEDLINE, EMBASE and CINAHL databases were searched by the Cochrane Airways Group. The latest search was performed in January 2016. All RCT9s comparing adjustment of asthma medications based on FeNO levels with clinical symptoms were eligible to be included. Results of searches were reviewed against pre-determined criteria for inclusion. Results: Nine studies were included. Three studies reported significant reduction in asthma exacerbations when treatment was based on FeNO levels in comparison to clinical symptoms and 6 did not. Combining all studies, 1426 participants were randomised and 1370 completed the trial. The meta-analyses using GIV showed that use of FeNO for guiding treatment significantly reduced asthma exacerbations OR 0.63 (95% CI 0.49 to 0.83). Conclusion: Tailoring asthma medications based on FeNO levels (compared with primarily on clinical symptoms) decreases the frequency of asthma exacerbations in children.

Removal of two dams from the Elwha River is a unique restoration opportunity. In place for over 95 years, the dams have contributed to changes in the river, its estuary, and marine areas off shore from the river mouth, largely through reductions in sediment supply and salmon populations. Impending removals of both dams will only restore part of the severely degraded Elwha nearshore, where additional large scale anthropogenic impacts will remain. The effects of lower river levees, marine bluff hardening including significant riprapping of the marine shoreline, among other lesser habitat alterations, will continue beyond dam removal. Understanding the relationship of dam removal to the adjacent nearshore area is critical to the design of additional work necessary for successful ecosystem recovery. We provide an overview of the Elwha nearshore and collaborative efforts underway to understand it, and the role it plays in ecosystem restoration. Dam removal is slated to begin in the next 3 to 5 years making timing of this sorely needed nearshore work critical.

Human herpes virus 6 (HHV6) is known to reactivate after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), and has been suggested to be associated with severe clinical manifestations in adults. The clinical significance in children remains unclear. We investigated the incidence of HHV6 reactivation in relation to HSCT-associated morbidity and mortality in children. Between January 2004 and May 2006, 58 pediatric patients, median age 7.6 years (range: 0.1-18.1 years), received their first allogeneic HSCT. After HSCT, HHV6, Epstein Barr Virus (EBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), and adenovirus (AdV)-plasma loads were weekly measured by quantitative PCR. Clinical features, engraftment, graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), and HSCT-associated mortality and morbidity were monitored. HHV6 reactivations were classified in group I (no reactivation), group II (loads 1000 cp/mL). CMV, EBV, Herpes Simpex Virus, Varicella Zoster Virus, and AdV-reactivations were treated according to local guidelines. HHV6 was treated only when there was clinical suspicion of disease. Thirty-six HLA-identical and 22 HLA nonidentical grafts were transplanted of which 43 were bone marrow or peripheral blood stem cells grafts and 15 were cord blood (CB) grafts. Median follow-up of the patients was 15.5 (1-35) months. HHV6 reactivation occurred in 39 of 58 (67%) patients with 31 of 39 (80%) occurring within the first 30 days post-HSCT. In 26 of 58 (45%) patients (group III), HHV 6 reactivation was significantly associated with higher nonrelapse mortality (P = .02), using multivariate Cox proportional hazard models and grade 2-4 acute GVHD (P = .03) and chronic GVHD (P = .05) in a multivariate logistic regression analysis. HHV6 reactivation is very common after HSCT in children and is associated with serious transplantation-related morbidity and mortality. Although the exact role of HHV6 reactivation after HSCT has to be elucidated, early detection and initiation of therapy might be of benefit.