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The effective removal of aniline and its derivatives from wastewater is very important due to the high toxicity. Adsorption with a high-performance adsorbent is an efficient pathway. A novel activated carbon, ACUF-700, was synthesized using homemade ureaformaldehyde resin as the major carbon source carbonized at 700 °C. ACUF-700 is characterized by surface area analyzer, FTIR, elemental analyzer, and SEM. The adsorption properties of ACUF-700 towards anilines are also investigated by using batch methods. The test results showed that the ACUF-700 possesses higher specific surface area and narrower pore size distribution. In virtue of its developed pore structure and nitrogencontaining chemical groups, the adsorption capacities towards aniline, p-toluidine and p-chloroaniline could reach 95.6, 108.1 and 128.9mg/g, respectively. The adsorption process could be well described by the intra-particle mass transfer diffusion model and Sips model. Besides, ACUF700 was regenerated easily using diluted hydrochloric acid solution as eluent and ACUF700 possesses better reusability.

The effects of residual and tunable strain on transport properties and electroresistance effects in thin films of La 0.39 Pr 0.24 Ca 0.37 MnO 3 (LPCMO) have been investigated. Due to different lattice mismatch, thin films of LPCMO on SrTiO 3 (STO) and 0.7PbMg 1/3 Nb 2/3 O 3 –0.3PbTiO 3 (PMNPT) are in different residual strain states. As a result of the converse piezoelectric effect, applying an electric voltage across PMNPT can generate a tunable strain. It is found that the effects of tunable strain are in accordance with those of residual strain and the strain has significant influences on not only the transport properties but also the electroresistance effects. With the decrease of tensile in-plane strain, the system becomes more metallic and the electroresistance effects are weaker. These results have been discussed in terms of the evolution of lattice distortion and phase competition as the tensile in-plane strain changes.

Dating of lead-zinc deposits is of critical importance for better understanding of ore genesis, but has long been a big challenge due to the lack of suitable minerals that can be unequivocally linked to the ore genesis and that can be used for tradition radiometric methods. This kind of deposits have simple mineralogy dominated by galena and sphalerite commonly associated with calcite and other gangue minerals. Both galena and sphalerite have low and high variable Re concentrations and thus Re-Os dating of these minerals have been less promising. In addition, the recovery of Re is extremely low for galena when conventional method was applied, lending additional difficulty in precisely dating galena. In this study, we investigate the recovery of Re using different media for anion exchange separation and reporte a revised preparation method for Re-Os dating of galena and sphalerite. By using the new protocol, two reliable Re-Os isochron ages of galena and sphalerite from the Fule (20.4±3.2 Ma) and Laochang (308±25 Ma) Pb-Zn deposits in Yunnan Province, SW China, are achieved.

The Tuwu porphyry Cu deposit in the eastern Tianshan Orogenic Belt of southern Central Oceanic Orogen Belt contains 557 Mt ores at an average grade of 0.58 wt.% Cu and 0.2 g/t Au, being the largest porphyry Cu deposit in NW China. The deposit is genetically related to dioritic and plagiogranitic porphyries that intruded the Carboniferous Qieshan Group. Ore minerals are dominantly chalcopyrite, pyrite and enargite. Porphyric diorites have Sr/Y and La/YbN ratios lower but Y and Yb contents higher than plagiogranites. Diorites have highly variable Cu but nearly constant PGE contents (most Pd = 0.50–1.98 ppb) with Cu/Pd ratios ranging from 10,900 to 8,900,000. Plagiogranites have PGEs that are positively correlated with Cu and have nearly uniform Cu/Pd ratios (5,100,000 to 7,800,000). Diorites have concentrations of Re (0.73–15.18 ppb), and 187Re/188Os and 187Os/188Os ratios lower but common Os contents (0.006–0.097 ppb) higher than plagiogranites. However, both the diorites and plagiogranites have similar normalized patterns of rare earth elements (REE), trace element and platinum-group elements (PGEs). All the samples are characterized by the enrichments of LREE relative to HREE and display positive anomalies of Pb and Sr but negative anomalies of Nb and Ta in primitive-mantle normalized patterns. In the primitive mantle-normalized siderophile element diagrams, they are similarly depleted in all PGEs but slightly enriched in Au relative to Cu. Our new dataset suggests that both the diorite and plagiogranite porphyries were likely evolved from magmas derived from partial melting of a wet mantle wedge. Their parental magmas may have had different water contents and redox states, possibly due to different retaining time in staging magma chambers at the depth, and thus different histories of magma differentiation. Parental magmas of the diorite porphyries are relatively reduced with less water contents so that they have experienced sulfide saturation before fractional crystallization of silicate minerals, whereas the relatively more oxidized parental magmas with higher water contents of the plagiogranite porphyries did not reach sulfide saturation until the magmatic-hydrothermal stage. Our PGE data also indicates that the Cu mineralization in the Tuwu deposit involved an early stage with the enrichments of Au, Mo and Re and a late stage with the enrichment of As but depletion of Au–Mo. After the formation of the Cu mineralization, meteoric water heated by magmas penetrated into and interacted with porphyritic rocks at Tuwu, which was responsible for leaching Re from hosting rocks.

Nitrogen-containing porous carbons, the 800SP-NH3, were synthesized using sunflower plates as the major carbon source carbonized at 800°C and activated with concentrated aqueous ammonia at the same temperature. The porous carbons were characterized by nitrogen physical adsorption-desorption, surface area analyzer, FT-IR, and SEM. The adsorption properties of the porous carbons towards phenols were also investigated by batch methods. The test results show that the average pore diameter of porous carbon is smaller than 2 nm, and nitrogen-containing chemical groups are formed on its surface. The adsorption capacity for phenol, 4-chlorophenol, and p-nitrophenol is 316.5mg/g, 330.24mg/g and 387.62mg/g due to its developed pore structure and nitrogen-containing chemical groups. The adsorption isotherm data greatly obey the Langmuir model.

Apatite is a ubiquitous accessory mineral in a variety of rocks and hydrothermal ores. Strontium isotopes of apatite are well known to retain petrogenetic information and have been widely used to investigate the origin of igneous rocks, but such attempts have rarely been made to constrain ore-forming processes of hydrothermal systems. We here report in situ LA-MC-ICPMS Sr isotope data of apatite from the ~1660-Ma Yinachang Fe-Cu-REE deposit, Southwest China. The formation of this deposit was coeval to the emplacement of regionally distributed doleritic intrusions within a continental-rift setting. The deposit has a paragenetic sequence consisting of sodic alteration (stage I), magnetite mineralization (stage II), Cu sulfide and REE mineralization (stage III), and final barren calcite veining (stage IV). The stage II and III assemblages contain abundant apatite, allowing to investigate the temporal evolution of the Sr isotopic composition of the ore fluids. Apatite of stage II (Apt II) is associated with fluorite, magnetite, and siderite, whereas apatite from stage III (Apt III) occurs intimately intergrown with ankerite and Cu sulfides. Apt II has 87Sr/86Sr ratios varying from 0.70377 to 0.71074, broadly compatible with the coeval doleritic intrusions (0.70592 to 0.70692), indicating that ore-forming fluids responsible for stage II magnetite mineralization were largely equilibrated with mantle-derived mafic rocks. In contrast, Apt III has distinctly higher 87Sr/86Sr ratios from 0.71021 to 0.72114, which are interpreted to reflect external radiogenic Sr, likely derived from the Paleoproterozoic strata. Some Apt III crystals have undergone extensive metasomatism indicated by abundant monazite inclusions. The metasomatized apatite has much higher 87Sr/86Sr ratios up to 0.73721, which is consistent with bulk-rock Rb-Sr isotope analyses of Cu ores with 87Sr/86Sri from 0.71906 to 0.74632. The elevated 87Sr/86Sr values of metasomatized apatite and bulk Cu ores indicate that later fluids were dominated by highly radiogenic Sr equilibrated with the Paleoproterozoic country rocks. Results of this study highlight the utilization of in situ Sr isotope analysis of apatite in unraveling the evolution of hydrothermal systems.

The Nanling Range in South China hosts numerous W–Sn–rare metal deposits associated with several cycles of polygenetic granitic intrusions. In the Wangxianling area of the middle Nanling Range, igneous intrusions include the Wangxianling and Hehuaping granite plutons and more than 20 granite porphyry dykes. The Wangxianling pluton has a central phase of medium-grained tourmaline two-mica granite and a marginal phase of medium-grained tourmaline muscovite granite. The pluton hosts several tungsten deposits including Shuiyuanshan and Yejiwo. Mineralization type is dominantly scheelite greisen, with subordinate scheelite skarn and wolframite–quartz veins. The Hehuaping pluton composed of coarse-grained biotite granite and granite porphyry dykes to the east of the Wangxianling pluton have an associated Hehuaping tin deposit with tin skarn and subordinate porphyry and greisen mineralization. In situ zircon and cassiterite U–Pb dating, molybdenite Re–Os and muscovite 40Ar–39Ar dating techniques are used to refine the age spectra of granitic rocks and W–Sn mineralization in the Wangxianling area. Granites of the Wangxianling pluton have zircon U–Pb ages of ~ 224 Ma. Tungsten-bearing quartz veins from both the Shuiyuanshan and Yejiwo tungsten deposits have an average molybdenite Re–Os isochron age of ~ 224 Ma, and muscovite of scheelite greisen from the Shuiyuanshan tungsten deposit yields a 40Ar–39Ar plateau age of 214 Ma. The two mineralization ages are consistent with the zircon U-Pb age of the Wangxianling pluton indicating a close association between pluton emplacement and W mineralization in the Late Triassic. Both the Hehuaping pluton and granite porphyry dykes have zircon U–Pb ages of ~ 156 Ma. In situ LA–ICP–MS U–Pb dating of cassiterite in both the tin skarn and tin greisen yields an average age of ~ 156 Ma, showing that the Sn mineralization occurred at a similar time to the Late Jurassic granitic magmatism. Thus, two mineralization events are identified in the Wangxianling area, and include an earlier W dominant mineralization event and a later Sn dominant mineralization event. The earlier event is related both spatially and temporally to intrusion of the Late Triassic S-type Wangxianling granite pluton, whereas the later mineralization is associated both spatially and temporally with intrusion of the Late Jurassic Hehuaping A2-type granite pluton and A2-type granite porphyry dykes.

The Tianhu Fe deposit (> 104 Mt at 42% TFe) in the Eastern Tianshan (NW China) is hosted in the schist, quartzite, marble, and amphibolite of the Neoproterozoic Tianhu Group. The deposit consists of disseminated, banded and massive ores. Metallic minerals are dominantly magnetite and pyrite, with minor titanite, pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite, and sphalerite. Gangue minerals include dolomite with minor forsterite, diopside, apatite, biotite, chlorite, tourmaline, tremolite, talc, calcite, and magnesite. Pyrite separates from ores have 10.7 to 54.7 ppb Re and 0.033 to 0.175 ppb common Os. Those from the massive ores have a model 1 isochron age of 535 ± 36 Ma (2σ), in agreement with the isochron age (528 ± 18 Ma) of pyrite from the banded ores by regression of seven Re–Os analyses. The Re–Os age of ~ 530 Ma reflects the timing of a hydrothermal event that remobilized the Tianhu deposit. Magnetite has Mg, Al, Ti, V, Mn, Zn, and Ga contents ranging from ~ 5 to 3500 ppm and Cr, Co, Ni, and Sn contents ranging from ~ 1 to 200 ppm. Most magnetite grains have Ca + Al + Mn and Ti + V contents similar to those of the banded iron formation (BIF). Some grains have elevated Ti and V contents, indicating that that magnetite was formed by sedimentary process and overprinted by hydrothermal activity. Pyrite has δ34SCDT values from − 9.23 to 10.96‰, indicating that the sulfur was reduced from the marine sulfates either by bacterial or thermochemical processes. Pyrite has relatively high Co (~ 346 to 3274 ppm) but low Ni (~ 5.6 to 35.4 ppm) with Co/Ni ratios ranging from ~ 10 to 270, indicating remobilization from a volcanic–hydrothermal fluid. Therefore, the Tianhu Fe deposit was originally a sedimentary type deposit but was overprinted by a hydrothermal event related to volcanic activity.

The Sokoman Iron Formation in the Labrador Trough, Canada, a typical granular iron formation (GIF), is coeval with the ~ 1.88 Ga Nimish volcanic suites in the same region. It is composed of the Lower, Middle and Upper Iron Formations. In addition to primary and altered magnetite in iron formations of the Hayot Lake, Rainy Lake and Wishart Lake areas, magnetite in volcanic breccia associated with the iron formation is identified for the first time in the stratigraphy. Trace elemental compositions of the most primary, altered and volcanic brecciated magnetite of the Sokoman Iron Formation were obtained by LA–ICP-MS. Commonly detected trace elements of magnetite include Ti, Al, Mg, Mn, V, Cr, Co and Zn. These three types of magnetite have different trace elemental compositions. Primary magnetite in the iron formation has a relatively narrow range of compositions with the depletion of Ti, Pb, Mg and Al. Magnetite from volcanic breccia is rich in Ti, Al, V, Mn, Mg, Zn, Cu and Pb, indicative of crystallization from mantle-derived magmas. Altered magnetite in the iron formation shows a relatively wide range of trace elemental compositions. Mineralizing fluids associated with magmas that generated the ~ 1.88 Ga Nimish volcanic suites circulated through the sedimentary piles to further enrich the iron formations and to form magnetite with variable compositions. The comparisons of different types of primary and altered magnetite in the iron formation in the region show distinct provenance discrimination. Our findings also support the origin of iron formations in association with multiple stages of exhalative volcanic and hydrothermal processes.

The Taihe, Baima, Hongge, Panzhihua and Anyi intrusions of the Emeishan Large Igneous Province (ELIP), SW China, contain large magmatic Fe–Ti–(V) oxide ore deposits. Magnetites from these intrusions have extensive trellis or sandwich exsolution lamellae of ilmenite and spinel. Regular electron microprobe analyses are insufficient to obtain the primary compositions of such magnetites. Instead, laser ablation ICP-MS uses large spot sizes (~ 40 μm) and can produce reliable data for magnetites with exsolution lamellae. Although magnetites from these deposits have variable trace element contents, they have similar multi-element variation patterns. Primary controls of trace element variations of magnetite in these deposits include crystallography in terms of the affinity of the ionic radius and the overall charge balance, oxygen fugacity, magma composition and coexisting minerals. Early deposition of chromite or Cr-magnetite can greatly deplete magmas in Cr and thus Cr-poor magnetite crystallized from such magmas. Co-crystallizing minerals, olivine, pyroxenes, plagioclase and apatite, have little influence on trace element contents of magnetite because elements compatible in magnetite are incompatible in these silicate and phosphate minerals. Low contents and bi-modal distribution of the highly compatible trace elements such as V and Cr in magnetite from Fe–Ti oxide ores of the ELIP suggest that magnetite may not form from fractional crystallization, but from relatively homogeneous Fe-rich melts. QUILF equilibrium modeling further indicates that the parental magmas of the Panzhihua and Baima intrusions had high oxygen fugacities and thus crystallized massive and/or net-textured Fe–Ti oxide ores at the bottom of the intrusive bodies. Magnetite of the Taihe, Hongge and Anyi intrusions, on the other hand, crystallized under relatively low oxygen fugacities and, therefore, formed net-textured and/or disseminated Fe–Ti oxides after a lengthy period of silicate fractionation. Plots of Ge vs. Ga + Co can be used as a discrimination diagram to differentiate magnetite of Fe–Ti–(V) oxide-bearing layered intrusions in the ELIP from that of massif anorthosites and magmatic Cu–Ni sulfide deposits. Variable amounts of trace elements of magmatic magnetites from Fe–Ti–(P) oxide ores of the Damiao anorthosite massif (North China) and from Cu–Ni sulfide deposits of Sudbury (Canada) and Huangshandong (northwest China) demonstrate the primary control of magma compositions on major and trace element contents of magnetite.

Epitaxial trilayers consisting of ferromagnetic (FM) metallic Pr0.7Sr0.3MnO3 (PSMO) and antiferromagnetic (AFM) insulators La0.5Ca0.5MnO3 (LCMO) were fabricated on (001)-oriented single crystal MgO substrates using pulsed laser deposition technique. High resolution X-ray diffraction (HRXRD), grazing incidence X-ray reflectivity (GIXRR) and atomic force microscope were applied to characterize the surface and interface structure of PSMO/LCMO/PSMO trilayers. The HRXRD patterns of all trilayers implied high quality of epitaxial layer. A structural model including seven layers was presented to theoretically simulate GIXRR data. The perfect GIXRR data fitting of the trilayers indicated that the thickness of the top sublayer at air/PSMO interface was about 2.5 nm for all the samples and the mass density of the top sublayer was about 77.66% of PSMO layer. In all trilayers, there existed two disordered layers with thickness of about 4 nm resulting from interdiffusion at the PSMO/LCMO interfaces. The root-mean-square (rms) roughness of the surface and interface in the trilayers varied with respect to the thickness of LCMO layer. The surface roughness was consistent with observation from atomic force microscopy. A further analysis indicated that the rms roughness was related to the mismatch strain relaxation in film. Moreover, studies on magnetic properties of PSMO/LCMO/PSMO trilayers show that ferromagnetic clusters at the interface, large roughness at the surface and interface and interdiffusion between PSMO and LCMO layer probably lead to the disappearance of exchange bias. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Magnetite is common in many ore deposits and their host rocks, and is useful for petrogenetic studies. In the Khetri copper belt in Rajasthan Province, NW India, there are several Cu-(Au, Fe) deposits associated with extensive Cu ± Fe ± Au ± Ag ± Co ± REE ± U mineralization hosted in phyllites, schists and quartzites of the Paleoproterozoic Delhi Supergroup. Ore bodies of these deposits comprise dominantly disseminated and vein-type Cu-sulfide ores composed of chalcopyrite, pyrite, and pyrrhotite intergrown with minor magnetite. There are also Fe-oxide ores with minor or no Cu-sulfides, which are locally overprinted by the mineral assemblage of the Cu-sulfide ores. In addition to the Fe-oxide and Cu-sulfide ores, the protolith of the Delhi Supergroup includes banded iron formations (BIFs) with original magnetite preserved (i.e. magnetite-quartzites) and their sheared counterparts. In the sheared magnetite-quartzites, their magnetite and quartz are mobilized and redistributed to magnetite and quartz bands. Trace elemental compositions of magnetite from these types of ores/rocks were obtained by LA-ICP-MS. The dataset indicates that different types of magnetite have distinct concentrations of Ti, Al, Mg, Mn, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Zn, Cu, P, Ge and Ga, which are correlated to their forming environments. Magnetite grains in magnetite-quartzites have relatively high Al (800–8000 ppm), Ti (150–900 ppm) and V (300–600 ppm) contents compared to those of BIFs in other regions such as the Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia and Labrador, Canada. The high Al, Ti and V contents can be explained by precipitation of the magnetite from relatively reduced, Al–Ti-rich water possibly involving hotter, seafloor hydrothermal fluids derived from submarine mafic volcanic rocks. Magnetite in sheared magnetite-quartzites is generally irregular and re-crystallized, and has Ni, Mn, Al, Cu and P contents lower than the magnetite from the unsheared counterparts, suggesting that the shearing-related mobilization is able to extract these elements from original magnetite. However, elevated contents of Ti, V, Co, Cr, Ge and Mg of the magnetite in the sheared magnetite-quartzites can be ascribed to involvement of external hydrothermal fluids during the shearing, consistent with occurrence of some hydrothermal minerals in the samples. Compositions of magnetite from the Fe-oxide and Cu-sulfide ores are interpreted to be controlled mainly by fluid compositions and/or oxygen fugacity ( f O 2 ). Other potential controlling factors such as temperature, fluid–rock interaction and co-precipitating minerals have very limited impacts. Magnetite in the Cu-sulfide ores has higher V but lower Ni contents than that of the Fe-oxide ores, likely indicating its precipitation from relatively reduced, evolved fluids. However, it is also indicated that the two types of magnetite do not show large distinctions in terms of concentrations of most elements, suggesting that they may have precipitated from a common, evolving fluid. We propose a combination of Ge versus Ti/Al and Cr versus Co/Ni co-variation plots to discriminate different types of magnetite from the Khetri copper belt. Our work agrees well with previous studies that compositions of magnetite can be potentially useful for provenance studies, but also highlights that discrimination schemes would be more meaningful for deposits in a certain region if fluid/water chemistry and specific formation conditions reflected in compositions of magnetite are clearly understood.

The Tengchong volcanic field east of the Burma arc in SW China comprises numerous Quaternary volcanoes. The volcanic rocks can be grouped into four units, numbered 1–4 from oldest to youngest. Units 1, 3 and 4 are composed of trachybasalt, basaltic trachyandesite and trachyandesite, respectively, whereas Unit 2 consists of hornblende dacite. Primary minerals in the dacite include plagioclase, clinopyroxene, amphibole and magnetite, all set in a glassy groundmass. Some of the dacites are moderately to highly weathered and show effects of low temperature alteration, with loss on ignition (LOI) up to 9.6 wt% and positive correlations of LOI with Al2O3, but negative correlations with SiO2, CaO and Na2O. Fresh dacites (LOI Plagioclase in the fresh dacite has relatively high Sr contents and 87Sr/86Sr ratios ranging from 0.7050 to 07125 except for one value of 0.7516, whereas plagioclase in the altered dacite has low Sr contents and highly variable Sr isotopic compositions (0.7039–0.7138), indistinguishable from those of the fresh rocks. Both An values and Sr isotopic compositions of the plagioclase indicate mixing of mantle- and crustally-derived magmas. We therefore propose that mantle-derived basaltic magma caused partial melting of the lower–middle crust and that mixing of the mafic and felsic magmas produced the dacite in staging magma chambers. The dacites contain minerals crystallized from both the mafic and felsic magmas, as well as a few xenocrysts plucked from the country rocks.

The Xiadong ultramafic complex, Eastern Xinjiang, NW China, was tectonically emplaced in Proterozoic rocks of the Middle Tianshan Terrane in the Central Asian Orogenic Belt. It consists of harzburgite, dunite and websterite and is associated with amphibolite. The amphibolite is interpreted as metamorphosed oceanic crust, and contains igneous zircon grains with an age of 368 ± 3 Ma. All of the ultramafic rocks have highly variable PGE contents. Both the harzburgite and dunite have high PGEs but low Cu and Ni, whereas the dunite and websterite show significant depletion of Ir and Pt. The dunite and harzburgite generally have low 187Re/188Os ratios (0.074–0.81) with relatively uniform 187Os/188Os ratios from 0.1320 to 0.1375, slightly higher than the primitive upper mantle (PUM) value (0.1296), except for one harzburgite sample with much higher 187Re/188Os (24.6) and 187Os/188Os ratios (0.4581). The websterite has significantly high 187Re/188Os (202–1661) and radiogenic 187Os/188Os (1.166–19.90) ratios relative to the dunite and harzburgite. PGE patterns and Re–Os isotopic compositions clearly indicate that the Xiadong complex is a part of an ophiolitic mantle sequence, and the PGE geochemistry suggests a relatively reduced mantle source. Rocks from the complex may have undergone two stages of formation; early partial melting at a mid-ocean ridge generated a depleted mantle sequence with low Re/Os ratios. The harzburgite represents the residuum after partial melting of the lherzolite, whereas the dunite was formed by later melt/rock interaction. The websterites are cumulates derived from SSZ magmas above an intra-oceanic subduction zone during the second stage of formation. This second stage of magmatism resulted in metasomatism and enrichment of Re/Os ratios and 187Os/188Os isotope ratios of the mantle rocks. Our new data suggest that the Xiadong complex records the former presence of a major ocean basin between the Tarim Block and the Middle Tianshan Terrane at ~ 368 Ma. The ophiolite was emplaced shortly after the second stage of magmatism.

Fe-Cu deposits in the Kangdian Fe-Cu metallogenic province, SW China, are hosted in Paleoproterozoic meta-volcanic-sedimentary sequences and are spatially associated with coeval mafic intrusions. Several well-known examples are the giant Lala, Dahongshan, and Yinachang deposits. They have a common paragenetic sequence of an early Fe-oxide stage associated with sodic alteration and a late Cu-sulfide stage associated with potassic-carbonate alteration. Magnetite dominates the Fe-oxide stage of these deposits but is also present in the Cu-sulfide stage of the Lala deposit. This study uses trace element compositions of magnetite to examine the nature and origin of the ore-forming fluids. The magnetite has variable concentrations of Ti, Al, Mg, Mn, Si, V, Cr, Ca, Co, Ni, Sc, Zn, Cu, Mo, Sn, and Ga, which are thought to have been controlled mainly by fluid compositions and/or intensive parameters (e.g., temperature and oxygen fugacity (fO2)). Fluid-rock interaction and coprecipitating mineral phases appear to be less important in controlling the magnetite compositions. Magnetite grains in the Fe-oxide stage of the Lala and Dahongshan deposits have comparable trace element compositions and were likely precipitated from chemically similar fluids. High Ni contents of magnetite in both deposits, coupled with previous isotopic data and the fact that the two deposits are spatially associated with coeval mafic intrusions, strongly suggest that the ore-forming fluids were genetically related to the mafic magmas that formed the intrusions. Magnetite grains in the Fe-oxide stage of the Yinachang deposit have much lower V and Ni but higher Sn and Mo contents than those of the Lala and Dahongshan deposits and are thus thought to have precipitated from more oxidized and Mo-Sn-rich fluids that may have evolved from relatively felsic magmas. Magnetite grains from the Cu-sulfide and Fe-oxide stages of the Lala deposit are broadly similar in composition, but those in the Cu-sulfide stage have slightly higher Cu, Zn, and Mn and are thought to have crystallized from relatively low-temperature and Cu-Zn-Mn-rich fluids evolved from the fluids of the early Fe-oxide stage. Our results show that magnetite from the Fe-Cu deposits in the Kangdian Province, banded iron formation, Fe skarn deposits, diabase-hosted hydrothermal Fe deposits, and magmatic deposits has significantly different compositions. We propose that covariations of Co-Ni, Zn-Sn, and Co/Ni-Mn can be used to effectively discriminate different deposit types.

Waste water containing metal ions is one of the main pollution sources of surface water and groundwater, and must be removed effectively. In this paper, nitrogen-containing porous carbons, the 800K...

The Lushan garnet-bearing quartz monzonite was emplaced into the western Taihua Complex at 2134 ± 17 Ma on the southern margin of the North China Craton (NCC). The rocks contain SiO 2 contents of 56.98–59.05 wt.%, with high K 2 O + Na 2 O (7.46–9.14 wt.%) and Al 2 O 3 (15.87–17.58 wt.%), and low CaO (2.38–2.77 wt.%) and MgO (1.18–1.50 wt.%) contents, and belong to an intermediate shoshonitic series. Magmatic garnet grains in the rocks are chemically homogeneous, with relatively high CaO (6.36–7.92 wt.%), but low MnO (1.45–1.94 wt.%) and MgO (2.47–3.45 wt.%) contents and high Fe/Mn ratios. They contain 61.94–66.39 mol.% almandine, 18.60–23.40 mol.% grossular, 10.06–15.11 mol.% pyrope and 1.09–4.32 mol.% spessartine, similar to high-pressure garnets formed from M-type magma but different from those found in S-type granites and metapelites. Phase equilibrium diagrams in combination with trace element distribution coefficients between zircon and garnet suggest whole-rock zircon saturation temperatures varying from 891 °C to 951 °C and the mineral assemblage of garnet + plagioclase + amphibole or biotite in these rocks is stable at >15 kbar and 890–950 °C with H 2 O T > 800 °C). All of the rocks are enriched in LILE and LREE with low Nb/La ratios (0.24–0.61), similar to those of lithospheric mantle, which has a Nb/La ratio of ∼0.5. Therefore, the garnet and whole-rock chemical compositions indicate that the Lushan quartz monzonite possibly formed by small degrees of partial melting of a phlogopite-bearing lithospheric mantle. The variable zircon ɛ Hf ( t ) values (−3.5 to +4.1) with T DM C from 2.34 Ga to 2.51 Ga suggest involvement of crustal materials. The rocks have slightly negative Nb and Ta anomalies, characteristics of island arc basalts (IAB). However, their high Zr (598–926 ppm) and Zr/Y ratios (17.1–21.8) suggest an affinity with ocean island basalt (OIB). Hence, the mixed IAB- and OIB-like geochemical signatures are indicative of continental intra-plate rifting, possibly related to extension and thinning of the lithosphere and upwelling of asthenosphere. Our study proposes that an intra-continental rifting event occurred at 2.2–2.0 Ga on the southern margin of the NCC after the final amalgamation of NCC.

Formation of Proterozoic massif-type anorthosites is known to be related to polybaric process involving early high-pressure crystallization of plagioclase and high-Al orthopyroxene megacrysts at mantle–crust boundary, followed by emplacement of plagioclase-dominated mushes to shallow-level crust. Therefore, the plagioclase megacrysts record important information about the magmatic sources and crystallization process of anorthosites. The ~ 1.74-Ga Damiao complex, North China, comprises > 90 vol.% anorthosites and leuconorites containing abundant plagioclase megacrysts associated with minor high-Al orthopyroxene megacrysts (HAOMs). The plagioclase megacrysts are generally euhedral to subhedral (mostly 1 to 30 cm in diameter), and some of them contain very fine lamellae of orthoclase and undefined Fe–Ti-rich minerals (1–5 μm). The HAOMs occur as subhedral grains or as angular grains with an intercumulus relationship to the plagioclase megacrysts. They contain abundant thin, regular lamellae of exsolved plagioclase (15–20 vol.%), indicative of originally high-Al features (originally 6.0–7.3 wt.% Al2O3). Based on the Al-in-orthopyroxene geobarometry, the HAOMs and associated plagioclase megacrysts are constrained to be crystallized together at pressures of 9.4–11.2 kbar (33–36 km), indicative of their crystallization at lower crust depths or crust–mantle boundary. In contrast, orthopyroxene grains from late differentiation phases such as oxide-apatite gabbronorites do not contain plagioclase lamellae, and have much lower Al2O3 contents (1.5 to 1.7 wt.%), indicating final crystallization at

The Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB) is known to be the Earth’s largest Phanerozoic accretionary orogenic belt. Its southern margin, particularly in the southern Mongolia and Inner Mongolia (SMIM), shows an extensive distribution of alkaline granites. Study of these granites could shed light on long-debated hypotheses on the late Paleozoic tectonic evolution of this region. In this work, we performed a detailed zircon age determination and whole rock geochemical analysis on alkaline granites from four granitic plutons in northern Inner Mongolia (Hongol, Saiyinwusu, Baolag, and Baiyinwula). U–Pb zircon dating yielded early Permian ages (ca. 280 Ma) for the four plutons. Whole-rock geochemical analyses show chemical characteristics typical of alkaline granites. Coeval alkaline granites from southern Mongolia to northern Inner Mongolia constitute a gigantic (∼900 km) Permian (292–275 Ma) alkaline granite belt in the southern CAOB. Furthermore, these alkaline granites have whole-rock e Nd ( t ) varying between +3.6 and +6.4 and zircon e Hf ( t ) from +4.9 to +20.3. The geochemical and Nd–Hf isotopic signatures suggest derivation by partial melting of a protolith assemblage dominated by metasomatised mantle, and followed by fractional crystallization in a post-collisional extensional environment.

Molecular oxygen plays a pivotal role in various biological, chemical and environmental reactions, thus detection of oxygen has attracted much attention. Traditional methods of sensing oxygen including classical Winkler titration, electroanalysis, chemiluminescence and thermoluminescence suffer from limitations such as relatively long response time, oxygen consumption during the sensing process and poor selectivity. The ground state of oxygen is a triplet state, so oxygen can quench the long-lived triplet phosphorescence of luminophores. Optical sensors to detect oxygen through phosphorescence have become a very active research field because of their good sensitivity and selectivity, full reversibility, simplicity, suitability for real-time measurements and minimal consumption of oxygen during measurements. Common detection modalities in optical oxygen sensing include phosphorescence intensity, ratiometric and lifetime measurements. Ratiometric intensity measurements at two different wavelengths allow more reliable detection than at a single wavelength because oxygen responses depend on the ratio of the oxygen sensor and reference luminescent signals. In addition, most ratiometric optical oxygen sensors exhibit a perceivable color change, which is useful for rapid visual sensing. This review focuses on the mechanism of oxygen sensing, material designs for ratiometric sensors and cell imaging. The future development of oxygen sensors is also discussed.

Tonalite–trondhjemite–granodiorite (TTG) assemblages and abundant high-K calc-alkaline magmatism are considered to be closely related to craton stabilization, and usually record a tectonic transition. Three episodes of granitic magmatism are identified in the Lushan area, at the southern margin of the North China Craton (NCC) on the basis of new LA-ICP-MS zircon U–Pb ages and whole-rock geochemical data. They are TTG gneisses, sodic–potassic granite (SPG) suite and potassic granite dated at ∼2840 Ma, ∼2760 Ma and ∼2570 Ma, respectively. The TTG gneisses have high SiO 2 , variable Mg#, Cr and Ni contents with high (La/Yb) N and Sr/Y ratios, suggesting that the parental magmas were derived by partial melting of subducted oceanic crust. They show no obvious correlations between Sr/Y and Dy/Yb or (La/Yb) N and Dy/Yb, and all have negative Nb and Ta but positive Zr and Hf anomalies and variable Dy/Yb, Nb/Ta, Zr/Hf and Zr/Sm ratios, suggesting melting of a deep source (>45 km) with rutile eclogite and garnet amphibolite in the residue. The TTG samples have positive ɛ Hf ( t ) values (+2.6 to +7.0) with the youngest T DM C (2896 Ma) close to the crystallization age, indicating that they were produced by partial melting of juvenile crustal materials in an arc setting. Rocks of the SPG suite have high SiO 2 contents, variable Na 2 O/K 2 O ratios (0.41–10.91), and low Y and Yb contents with high Sr/Y ratios, indicating an affinity to I-type granites. They display depleted and concave-upward REE patterns between middle and heavy REEs and higher Zr/Sm than TTG gneisses, possibly resulting from amphibole removal by fractional crystallization or as a residual phase during melting. Meanwhile, the rocks have a large variation of Dy/Yb without obvious correlations between Sr/Y and Dy/Yb, and (La/Yb) N and Dy/Yb, in combination with variable but uniformly low Y contents. Therefore, we suggest that the SPG samples were derived from partial melting with garnet in the residue. Magmatic zircons have ɛ Hf ( t ) values from −4.3 to +4.2 with T DM C ages from 3200 Ma to 2877 Ma, indicative of older mafic lower crustal sources. The rocks formed within a short time interval with the TTG, and their emplacement was accompanied by regional granulite and amphibolite metamorphism, implying that they may also have formed in an arc setting. The potassic granite has high SiO 2 (74.79 wt.%) and K 2 O + Na 2 O (9.22 wt.%) contents with a low 10,000Ga/Al (1.89) ratio and T Zr (670 °C). Magmatic zircons have a narrow range of ɛ Hf ( t ) values (−2.0 to +4.1) with T DM C ages (2942–2692 Ma) older than the formation age, but consistent with the formation age (ca. 2760 Ma) of the Lushan SPG suite. The potassic granite has a Hf isotope composition identical to that of the SPG suite and is enriched in LREE and depleted in Y with a positive Eu anomaly, suggesting that the SPG suite is the main source. One zircon yielded an inherited age of 2837 ± 36 Ma consistent with the age of the TTG gneisses, indicating that the gneisses could also be the source of the potassic granite. The two types of source rocks indicate a shallow crust depth. Hence the heat required for partial melting of granodioritic rocks to form the potassic granite could have been provided by the upwelling of mantle or mantle-derived melts in an extensional setting. Therefore, the TTG gneisses, SPG suite and potassic granite in the Lushan area record a tectonic transition from a compressive to an extensional setting in the southern margin of the NCC between 2.85 and 2.50 Ga.

There is a continuous need to improve the viral safety of plasma products, and we here report the development and optimization of a manufacturing-scale virus removal nanofiltration step for intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) using the recently introduced Planova™ BioEX filter. IVIG throughput was examined for various operating parameters: transmembrane pressure, temperature, protein concentration, and prefiltration methods. The developed procedure was based on filtering undiluted process solution (50.0 g/l IVIG) under constant transmembrane pressure filtration at 294 kPa and 25 °C following prefiltration with a 0.1 μm MILLEX VV filter. The recovery of IgG was approximately 98%, and no substantial changes in biochemical characteristics were observed before and after nanofiltration in scaled-up production. A viral clearance validation study with parvovirus under worst-case conditions performed at the National Institutes for Food and Drug Control of China (NIFDC) showed PPV logarithmic reduction value (LRV) > 4. Improved viral safety of IVIG can be assured by implementing a Planova BioEX nanofiltration step to ensure effective parvovirus clearance under conditions providing excellent protein recovery and no detectable impact on product biochemical properties. This plasma-derived IVIG product is the first to be certified for parvovirus safety by the NIFDC in China.

Aquaporin-4 (AQP-4) is the predominant water channel in the central nervous system (CNS) and primarily expressed in astrocytes. Astrocytes have been generally believed to play important roles in regulating synaptic plasticity and information processing. However, the role of AQP-4 in regulating synaptic plasticity, learning and memory, cognitive function is only beginning to be investigated. It is well known that synaptic plasticity is the prime candidate for mediating of learning and memory. Long term potentiation (LTP) and long term depression (LTD) are two forms of synaptic plasticity, and they share some but not all the properties and mechanisms. Hippocampus is a part of limbic system that is particularly important in regulation of learning and memory. This article is to review some research progresses of the function of AQP-4 in synaptic plasticity, learning and memory, and propose the possible role of AQP-4 as a new target in the treatment of cognitive dysfunction.

The aim of the present study was to explore the effects of different doses of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) injected into the central nucleus of amygdala on cognitive function, learning and memory of mice. C57BL/6J mice (30 days old) were randomly divided into control, sham, and three CGRP groups (10 mice for each group). Three doses of CGRP (200, 400 and 800 ng) were bilaterally administered into the central nucleus of the amygdala. Open field test was used to assess cognitive function. Novel object recognition and Morris water maze test were used to evaluate learning and memory of the mice. The results of open field test showed that 800 ng CGRP significantly increased the locomotive score. The results of novel objective recognition test showed that 400 ng CGRP significantly increased the recognition index. Compared with control group, 400 and 800 ng CGRP groups showed significantly shortened latency period and increased crossing times. Simultaneously, the latency periods of 400 and 800 ng CGRP groups were shorter than that of 200 ng CGRP group. These results suggest that bilateral injection of CGRP into amygdala dose-dependently enhances the learning and memory function of mice.

Resin D301 was surface-carbonized to obtain the surface charring materials (CD301). Using redox initiating system constituted by the amino groups of CD301 particles and persulfate in the solution, the poly (sodium styrene sulfonate) (PSSS) was grafted onto the surface of CD301, obtaining the grafted material PSSS-g-CD301, and the degree of grafting can reach 17.7% under suitable conditions. PSSS-g-CD301 was characterized by infrared spectrum (FTIR), and the degree of grafting was measured by gravimetric method. The adsorption character of PSSS-g-CD301 towards Al3+, Fe3+ and Cu2+ were mainly examined and investigated. PSSS-g-CD301 possesses strong adsorption ability towards Al3+, Fe3+and Cu2+. The adsorption capacity can get up to 13.285mg·g-1, 14.864mg·g-1, and 15.10mg·g-1, respectively. The data of isothermal adsorption matched well with Langmuir equation. The adsorption capacity increased with the increase of temperature and the value of pH. The adsorption capacity of PSSS-g-CD301 towards Fe3+ changed little after use them six times.

Numerous Fe-Cu deposits with mineralization styles similar to iron oxide-copper gold (IOCG) deposits form the Kangdian Fe-Cu metallogenic province, southwestern (SW) China. As one of the largest deposits in the region, the ~ 1.0 Ga Lala Fe-Cu deposit is hosted in a Paleoproterozoic volcanic-sedimentary succession named the Hekou Group which is alternately intruded by ~ 1.0 Ga doleritic plutons. This deposit has a paragenetic sequence evolving from Stage I of Na-alteration to Stage II of Fe mineralization, and finally to Stage III of Cu-(Mo, REE) mineralization, coeval with mafic-felsic intra-plate magmatism in the region. This study conducted in-situ Sr isotopic analyses on apatite and carbonate, aiming to resolve the long controversial issue regarding the origin of the Fe and Cu mineralizing fluids in the deposit. Apatite of Stage II has 87Sr/86Sr ratios varying from 0.71380 to 0.72733, much higher than those of synchronous igneous rocks in the region (0.7074 to 0.7091), but similar to the Paleoproterozoic host rocks (0.71368 to 0.71837 at ~ 1.0 Ga). This similarity indicates that radiogenic Sr of the Fe mineralizing fluid was dominantly sourced from the host rocks. Apatite and calcites of Stage III have 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.75758–0.79293) much higher than apatite of Stage II and the host rocks but similar to the Archean basement rocks (as high as 0.80 at ~ 1.0 Ga) beneath the cover of the Yangtze Block, suggesting that the highly radiogenic Sr isotopic composition of the Cu mineralizing fluid was mainly inherited from the old basement rocks. In combination with previous C-O-S isotopic data indicating a magma-hydrothermal origin, it was suggested that the Fe mineralizing fluid was exsolved from a mafic magma that generated the ~ 1.0 Ga doleritic plutons, and inherited radiogenic Sr from the host rocks during fluid-rock interaction. By contrast, the Cu mineralizing fluid might have been sourced from another pulse of magmatic, Cu-Mo-REE- and CO2-rich fluid which have once interacted with Archean basement rocks prior to mineralization. The source of such a Cu-Mo-REE-rich fluid was not well constrained in current study but was inferred to be exsolved from a hidden felsic magma. We propose that intrusions of the bimodal magmas in Kangdian are responsible for regional hydrothermal circulation which led to Fe-Cu-(Mo, REE) mineralization in the Kangdian province.

High-Mg diorites were discovered in the southern part of the ca. 830 Ma Dongma Pluton, northern Guangxi Province of southern China. The diorites (SiO 2 = 59–65 wt%) are characterized by high MgO (6.7–8.9 wt%) contents and Mg-number [Mg# = 100 × Mg/(Mg + Fe)] (69–73), in contrary to the associated medium-Mg (MgO = 3.4–3.8 wt%, Mg# = 59–63) granodiorites in the Dongma main body and the low-Mg (MgO = 1.4–1.9 wt%, Mg# = 46–51) granodiorites in the Bendong Pluton to the north. Moreover, the high-Mg diorites show surprisingly high Cr (595–640 ppm) and Ni (171–194 ppm) concentrations, which are beyond the ranges of most coeval mafic rocks in the study area. Correspondingly, chromite crystals were separated from the high-Mg diorites and some of the medium-Mg granodiorites, and they show high Cr# [100 × Cr/(Cr + Al)] (average of 75), but low Mg# (0.34–2.51) and low Fe 3 + . The decoupling of Cr# and Mg# and the existence of quartz + apatite mineral inclusion in chromites suggest Mg-Fe exchange that may be facilitated by the disequilibrium resulted from magma mixing. The high-Mg diorites show low La/Yb (6.8–8.5) and Sr/Y (2.1–3.1) ratios, significant negative anomalies of Nb and Ti and positive anomaly of Pb, resembling the Setouchi high-Mg andesites, despite of their relatively low Sr (71–100 ppm). All of the studied diorites and granodiorites show enriched Nd isotope compositions, with e Nd (t) values (− 3.2 to − 5.9) a bit higher than some of the associated mafic rocks. Some of the high-Mg diorites show whole-rock e Hf (t) (− 6.0 to − 6.2) coupled with Nd isotopes, similar to the associated mafic-ultramafic rocks in northern Guangxi, suggesting the metasomatism by melts of subducting sediments in the mantle source. Whereas, others show decoupled Nd-Hf isotopes that are similar to the medium- and low-Mg granodiorites [e Hf (t) = − 1.8 to + 0.05], probably indicating the late magma mixing with granitic magmas at a crustal level for the dioritic magmas. We propose a two-stage model for the petrogenesis of the high-Mg diorites: 1) the mantle source was firstly metasomatized by melts from partial melting of subducting terrigenous sediments to form the enriched Nd-Hf isotopic characteristics; and then 2) the mantle-derived high-Mg mafic melts mixed with the crust-derived low-Mg granitic melts to form the high-Mg diorites and medium-Mg granodiorites. The occurrence of high-Mg diorites implies the existence of Neoproterozoic subduction-related metasomatism in the western part of the Jiangnan orogen.

Podiform chromitites in the mantle sections of ophiolites belong to either high-Cr (metallurgical) or high-Al (refractory) varieties. Their highly variable compositions are reflected by different Cr#s [100Cr / (Cr + Al)] and Cr2O3 and Al2O3 contents of the chromite, falling in the boninitic and MORB fields, respectively. Parental magmas of high-Cr chromitites have higher Sc, Mn, Co and Ni, and lower Ti, V, Zn and Ga concentrations than MORB melts; their trace-element patterns are similar to those of boninites, except for Ni and Zn. In contrast, high-Al chromitites have parental magmas characterized by generally flat MORB-normalized patterns, showing slight enrichments in V, Mn and Co, and depletion in Ni and Zn. Regardless of their compositions, both types of chromitites have chondrite-normalized platinum group element (PGE) patterns showing enrichment in IPGE and depletion in PPGE. A variety of platinum group minerals are typically present in both types, occurring either as euhedral inclusions or along fractures in chromite grains. These minerals have a wide span of Re–Os isotopic compositions, reflecting a variety of origins. There is a diversity of unusual minerals and mineral inclusions associated with podiform chromitites. The presence of these minerals suggest that grains of amphibolite (plagioclase, amphibole and zircon) and eclogite (coesite, kyanite and garnet) were present in the magmas from which chromite crystallized. Multiphase mineral inclusions demonstrate that podiform chromitites form from hydrous mafic magmas in suprasubduction zone environments (SSZ). We propose a new model in which chromitite formation was involved in intra-oceanic subduction zones initiated in closing oceanic basins. Continued subduction carries oceanic and possibly continental crustal materials to deep levels where they are metamorphosed under greenschist, amphibolite and eclogite facies conditions. The tearing and breakoff of the subducted slab, possibly along the transitional contact between amphibolites and eclogites, create a slab window through which the underlying asthenosphere rises and melts to generate Cr-rich mafic magmas. These upward-migrating magmas pass through the subduction zone and assimilate the subducted slab. As a result of slab contamination, these magmas become more siliceous, more oxidized and more hydrous, rapidly triggering chromite crystallization. Minute grains of chromite are suspended in the upward-moving magmas as they migrate through the overlying metasomatized mantle wedge. Such chromite-bearing magmas eventually deposit chromite in magma conduits in the uppermost mantle close to the Moho where the upward flow changes from vertical to subhorizontal and velocity is greatly reduced. Highly reduced and ultrahigh pressure minerals including diamonds are reported in literature both in podiform chromitites and host peridotites of ophiolites. Some of these minerals in association with host peridotites may have been brought by the uprising asthenosphere at mid-oceanic ridges due to the mantle convection. It is also possible that some diamonds may have formed in the subducted slab below about 150 km. Some minerals of subducted slabs are preserved because they are encapsulated in chromite grains where they are protected from the SSZ melts. Some of these SSZ mantle wedges are emplaced on land to become podiform chromitite-bearing ophiolites.

The formation of a series of intermountain basins is likely to indicate a geodynamic transition, especially in the case of such basins within the central South China Block (CSCB). Determining whether or not these numerous intermountain basins represent a division of the Cretaceous Pan-Yangtze Basin by exhumation of Xuefeng Mountains, is key to understanding the late Mesozoic to early Cenozoic tectonics of the South China Block (SCB). Here we present apatite fission track (AFT) data and time–temperature modeling in order to reconstruct the evolution history of the Pan-Yangtze Basin. Fourteen rock samples were taken from a NE–SW-trending mountain–basin system within the CSCB, including, from west to east, the Wuling Mountains (Wuling Shan), the south and north Mayang basins, the Xuefeng Mountains (Xuefeng Shan) and the Hengyang Basin. Cretaceous lacustrine sequences are well preserved in the south and north Mayang and Hengyang basins, and sporadically crop out in the Xuefeng Mountains, whereas Paleogene piedmont proluvial–lacustrine sequences are only found in the south Mayang and Hengyang basins. AFT results indicate that the Wuling and Xuefeng mountains underwent rapid denudation post-84 Ma, whereas the south and north Mayang basins were more slowly uplifted from 67 and 84 Ma, respectively. Following a quiescent period from 32 to 19 Ma, both the mountains and basins have been rapidly denuded since 19 Ma. Both the AFT data and sedimentary facies changes suggest that the Cretaceous deposits that cover the south–north Mayang and Hengyang basins through to the Xuefeng Mountains define the Cretaceous Pan-Yangtze Basin. Integrating our results with tectonic background for the SCB, we propose that rollback subduction of the paleo-Pacific Plate produced the Pan-Yangtze Basin, which was divided into the south–north Mayang and Hengyang basins by the abrupt uplift and exhumation of the Xuefeng Mountains from 84 Ma to present, apart from a period of tectonic inactivity from 32 to 19 Ma. This late Late Cretaceous to Paleogene denudation resulted from movement on the Ziluo strike–slip fault, which formed due to intra-continental compression most likely associated with the Eurasia–Indian plate subduction and collision. Sinistral transpression along the Ailao Shan–Red River Fault at 34–17 Ma probably transformed this compression to the extrusion of the Indochina Block, and produced the quiescent window period from 32 to 19 Ma for the mountain–basin system in the CSCB. Therefore, the initiation of exhumation of the Xuefeng Mountains at 84 Ma indicates a switch in tectonic regime from Cretaceous extension to late Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic compression.

Banded iron formations (BIFs) within the Lvliang region of Shanxi Province, China, are hosted by sediments of the Yuanjiacun Formation, part of the Paleoproterozoic Lvliang Group. These BIFs are located in a zone where sedimentation changed from clastic to chemical deposition, indicating that these are Superior-type BIFs. Here, we present new major, trace, and rare earth element (REE) data, along with Fe, Si, and O isotope data for the BIFs in the Yuanjiacun within the Fe deposits at Yuanjiacun, Jianshan, and Hugushan. When compared with Post Archean Australian Shale (PAAS), these BIFs are dominated by iron oxides and quartz, contain low concentrations of Al 2 O 3 , TiO 2 , trace elements, and the REE, and are light rare earth element (LREE) depleted and heavy rare earth element (HREE) enriched. The BIFs also display positive La, Y, and Eu anomalies, high Y/Ho ratios, and contain 30 Si depleted quartz, with high δ 18 O values that are similar to quartz within siliceous units formed during hydrothermal activity. These data indicate that the BIFs within the Yuanjiacun Formation were precipitated from submarine hydrothermal fluids, with only negligible detrital contribution. None of the BIF samples analyzed during this study have negative Ce anomalies, although a few have a positive Ce anomaly that may indicate that the BIFs within the Yuanjiacun Formation formed during the Great Oxidation Event (GOE) within a redox stratified ocean. The positive Ce anomalies associated with some of these BIFs are a consequence of oxidization and the formation of surficial manganese oxide that have preferentially adsorbed Ho, LREE, and Ce 4 + ; these deposits formed during reductive dissolution at the oxidation–reduction transition zone or in deeper-level reducing seawater. The loss of Ce, LREE, and Ho to seawater and the deposition of these elements with iron hydroxides caused the positive Ce anomalies observed in some of the BIF samples, although the limited oxidizing ability of surface seawater at this time meant that Y/Ho and LREE/HREE ratios were not substantially modified, unlike similar situations within stratified ocean water during the Late Paleoproterozoic. Magnetite and hematite within the BIFs in the study area contain heavy Fe isotopes ( 56 Fe values of 0.24–1.27‰) resulting from the partial oxidation and precipitation of Fe 2 + to Fe 3 + in seawater. In addition, mass-independent fractionation of sulfur isotopes within pyrite indicates that these BIFs were deposited within an oxygen-deficient ocean associated with a similarly oxygen-deficient atmosphere, even though the BIFs within the Yuanjiacun Formation formed after initiation of the GOE.

The Altai orogen is an important constituent of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB). The main orogenic processes occurred mainly in the early to middle Paleozoic and involved a series of northward subduction and terrane accretion. However, termination of the accretionary and post-accretionary processes remains poorly defined. The Chinese Altai is located in the southern part of this orogeny, which is widely intruded by Permian granitic plutons. These plutons are approximately circular in shape, free of deformation and generally cutting pre-Permian structures, suggesting a post-tectonic formation. We report the results of geochronological and geochemical data from five specific granitic plutons (Buerjin, Xibodu, Daqiaonan, Aweitan, and Adenbluk), which all yielded magmatic zircon U-Pb ages of about 270 Ma. These plutons are composed of high-K calc-alkaline rocks, including K-feldspar megaphyric granite, biotite granite and monzogranite that have metaluminous to weakly LREE-enriched, coupled with negative Eu anomalies. Significant negative anomalies of Ba, Sr, P, and Ti are also observed in the primitive-mantle normalized diagram. They have positive whole-rock eNd(t) (+1.3 to +7.2) and zircon eHf(t) values (+5.6 to +12.9), yielding Sm-Nd model ages of ≤0.9 Ga. Therefore, these granitoids are proposed to have been generated by differentiation of mantle-derived magmas with variable crustal contamination. In view of the field occurrence, structural analysis, regional tectonics and geochemical characteristics, these Permian plutons are concluded to be post-accretionary or post-collisional. Asthenospheric upwelling after the collision and amalgamation of the Altai and Junggar blocks could have caused the mantle-derived magmas that evolved to form the granitoids. We note that Permian intrusions are not only widespread but also voluminous in the CAOB. They mostly are post-collisional products, and some of them might have been related to the large igneous province activity in the Tarim Block.

The Baima mafic–ultramafic layered intrusion of the 260-Ma Emeishan Large Igneous Province (ELIP) hosts the second largest Fe–Ti–(V) oxide deposit in the Panxi region, SW China. It is a ~ 1600-m-thick layered body intruded by slightly younger syenitic and granitic plutons. The intrusion includes the Lower and Upper Zones. Troctolite and olivine pyroxenite of the Lower Zone contains conformable oxide ore layers, whereas the Upper Zone consists of olivine gabbro and gabbro with abundant apatite in the higher level. The crystallization order of the silicates in the Baima intrusion is olivine → plagioclase → clinopyroxene. Fe–Ti oxides (titanomagnetite and ilmenite) crystallized after olivine, and possibly plagioclase. The oxide ores in the Lower Zone show slightly LREE enriched patterns with (La/Yb)N values between 2.0 and 6.4, and positive Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu⁎) of 1.0 to 2.7. In contrast, olivine gabbros in the Lower Zone display stronger LREE enrichments (La/YbN = 7.7–14.0) and positive Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu⁎ = 2.8–3.3). Gabbros in the Upper Zone have REE profiles characterized by intermediate LREE enrichments with (La/Yb)N values of 3.2 to 11.2 and positive Eu anomalies of 2.1 to 3.0. Primitive mantle-normalized trace element patterns are characterized by negative La–Ce, Th, Sm and positive Nb–Ta, Ba and Ti anomalies in oxide ores and negative Th–U, Zr–Hf and positive Ba, Sr and Ti anomalies in olivine gabbro and gabbro. Fo of olivine and An of plagioclase remain roughly constant from 0 to ~ 90 m in the Lower Zone, indicating that the magma chamber was continuously filled by compositionally similar magmas during the initial stage. Three magma replenishments occurred afterwards in the upper part of the Lower Zone and the Upper Zone based on compositional reversals of plagioclase, olivine and Sr isotope. Mass balance calculations show that the Baima parental magma can produce all oxide ores under closed system conditions. A wide range of An values of plagioclase within thin sections and disequilibrium Sr isotopic compositions of plagioclase both along the stratigraphic profile (87Sr/86Sri = 0.70312–0.70510) and within thin sections indicate convection and co-accumulation of cumulus plagioclase that had crystallized from different magmas. We propose that the ~ 1600m-thick Baima intrusion formed in an open and isotopically heterogeneous magma chamber that was periodically recharged by compositionally similar or more primitive magmas. In each replenishment cycle, the magma underwent progressive crustal contamination and fractional crystallization. Convection and sorting of crystals based on density differences result in igneous layering characterized by intervals of oxide ores, troctolite and olivine gabbro.

The eastern Tianshan orogenic belt, northwestern China, hosts ~120 mafic-ultramafic intrusions and at least six of them host significant Ni-Cu sulfide mineralization of which the Permian Huangshandong intrusion is the largest. The mafic-ultramafic rocks of the Huangshandong intrusion comprise lherzolite, gabbronorite, gabbro, and diorite. Individual orebodies are composed of pyrrhotite, pentlandite, and chalcopyrite as disseminated to net-textured or massive to semimassive sulfide mineralization. Oxide-bearing sulfide mineralization contains 1 to 5% magmatic magnetite that has ilmenite and spinel exsolution lamellae. Silicate rocks and sulfide mineralization have variable whole-rock platinum group elements (PGE; 0.38–362 ppb), Cu (42–97,000 ppm), and Ni (26–33,000 ppm) concentrations. The mineralization is broken out into two types termed oxide rich and oxide poor. The oxide-rich sulfide mineralization has high PGE concentrations with low 187Re/188Os ratios (38.9–151), whereas oxide-poor sulfide mineralization has low PGE concentrations with high 187Re/188Os (159–781). Both oxide-rich and -poor sulfide mineralization have highly variable γ Os values (49–189 and 30–278, respectively). Oxide-rich sulfide mineralization contains magnetite with variable amounts of MgO, TiO2, Al2O3, FeOtotal, Cr, V, Zn, and Sn, indicating that they crystallized from different stages during magma differentiation. We propose that the host intrusion and associated sulfide mineralization were derived from high Mg basaltic magmas from a mantle source that was previously modified by subducted oceanic slab. Oxide-poor sulfide mineralization of the Huangshandong intrusion formed from a magma that underwent

A bi-level optimization method, integrating both local line search and overall multi-objective optimization, is proposed aiming to provide a solution for lightweight design of integral bus bodies. On the first level, the lightest structure under the strength condition is obtained via implementing line-search process in local bar models of the body frame based on the section libraries. On the second level, the design variables are screened by means of sensitivity analysis, and then the bus body structure is optimized by using the multi-objective genetic algorithm. This approach is implemented into an integral bus body frame during the concept design stage. It is verified that the obtained structure scheme is 10.57% lighter than the target bus model and the major mechanical performances are also better than the target one.

Rare earth solution is a very important strategic resource. But, impurities, such as Fe2+, have great influence on the optical properties of rare earth material. In this study, a novel Fe2+-ionic imprinted polyamine functionalized silica gel adsorbent was prepared by a surface imprinting technique for selective adsorption of Fe2+ from rare earth solution. The adsorption and recognition properties of IIP-PEI/SiO2 for Fe2+ were studied in detail. The experimental results showed that the IIP-PEI/SiO2 possessed strong adsorption affinity, specific recognition ability and excellent selectivity for Fe2+. The adsorption isotherm data greatly obey the Langmuir model, and the adsorption was typical monolayer. The adsorption capacity could reach up to 0.334 mmol g−1, and relative selectivity coefficients relative to Pr3+ and Ce3+ are 23.25 and 18.42, respectively. Besides, the IIP-PEI/SiO2 was regenerated easily using diluted hydrochloric acid solution, as eluent and IIP-PEI/SiO2 possess better reusability.

Triassic Paleo-Tethyan subduction-related volcanic rocks are extensively distributed in the Xiangcheng and Changtai regions, northern Yidun Terrane, eastern Tibet. The ~ 228 Ma volcanic rocks in the Xiangcheng region have intermediate-felsic composition (60.1 to 64.7 wt.% SiO 2 ) with relatively low Y (14–18 ppm) and high Sr (630–1830 ppm) yielding high Sr/Y ratios (43–94). They have LREE-enriched and HREE-depleted REE patterns (La/Yb = 19–26), typical of adakites. Sr–Nd isotopic compositions of these volcanic rocks are similar to those of the contemporaneous high silica adakitic rocks in the southern Yidun Terrane. The ~ 231–230 Ma volcanic rocks in the Changtai region are composed of basalts, andesites, dacites and rhyolites with SiO 2 ranging from 47.7 to 81.0 wt.%. Basalts in the Changtai region have initial 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratios from 0.7052 to 0.7058 and e Nd (t) from + 1.1 to + 1.5. They display OIB-like geochemical signatures, and were likely derived from low degrees of partial melting of an OIB-like mantle source with subordinate input of subduction components indicated by increasing Th content. Andesites and dacites show elemental and isotopic compositions that evolved from the basalts, indicative of derivation via crustal contamination and fractional crystallization (AFC) of basaltic magmas. Rhyolites have lower initial 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratios and higher e Nd (t) values than andesites/dacites, inconsistent with an AFC process and, are suggested to have been derived from anatexis of crustal materials. Emplacement of volcanic rocks in the Changtai and Xiangcheng regions could be attributed to the subduction of the Ganzi–Litang Ocean, a branch of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean. Volcanic rocks in the Changtai and Xiangchang regions have zircon U–Pb ages about 4–6 myr older than that of arc granites in the eastern Yidun Terrane. The spatio-temporal distribution of the volcanic rocks indicates that the subduction was initiated under the southern Yidun Terrane in the Middle Triassic and extended to the northern Yidun Terrane at the beginning of the Late Triassic.

Eastern Tibet to the west of the Yangtze Block consists of the Yidun and Songpan–Ganzi Terranes, separated by the Ganzi–Litang suture zone. The Yidun Terrane includes the Zhongza Massif to the west, but the eastern part of the Yidun terrane is covered by the Yidun Group extending from the south (Shangri-La region) to the north (Changtai region). The Yidun Group, from the base upward, includes the Lieyi, Qugasi, Tumugou and Lanashan formations, which are mainly composed of volcanic-flysch successions. Based on the ages of volcanic interlayers and plutonic intrusions, depositional ages of the Qugasi and Tumugou formations are considered to be slightly older than 230 Ma and ca. 220–230 Ma respectively, which are prominently older than the previous estimates. The Yidun Group in the Changtai region has two prominent detrital zircon age peaks at 400–480 and 880–980 Ma and a minor peak at 2.45–2.50 Ga. This pattern suggests a detritus source from the Zhongza Massif, which was a micro-continent separated from the western Yangtze Block. In contrast, the Yidun Group in the Shangri-La region has various zircon age spectra among different formations. The Qugasi Formation in this region has detrital zircon age patterns similar to the Yidun Group in the Changtai region. However, the overlying Tumugou Formation shows distinct age peaks at Triassic (220–240 Ma), Neoproterozoic (~ 720–880 Ma), and Paleoproterozoic (~ 1.75–1.90 Ga). This age pattern is similar to that of the Xikang Group of the Songpan–Ganzi Terrane to the east. The detrital zircon age difference between the Qugasi and Tumugou formations in this region indicates a transition of sedimentary sources from the Zhongza Massif to locally distributed Triassic magmatic rocks at ~ 230 Ma. It is thus suggested that the Songpan–Ganzi Terrane may have been connected to or collided with the southern part of the Yidun Terrane during the Late Triassic, whereas the Songpan–Ganzi Terrane and the northern part of the Yidun Terrane were still separated by the Ganzi–Litang Ocean.

The traditional Carius tube technique is cumbersome and requires skilful work to seal the Carius tube, which can be used only once. We describe a modification to the technique that does not require the use of a high-temperature welding torch to melt the Carius tube to seal it. The newly designed Carius tube consists of a main body with a 3 mm-thick glass wall, a neck and head with walls 4 mm in thickness, and an efficient screw-thread stopper. These new features allowed the tube to be used repeatedly. We demonstrate relatively low procedural blanks derived for Re and Os, and platinum-group elements (PGEs), using the redesigned tube. A temperature of 220 °C could be reached for about 5 ml of HNO3 for a 47 ml tube and for 32 ml of inverse aqua regia for a 200 ml tube. This digestion technique can be used for routine analysis of Re and PGEs in geological samples.

The Eastern Tianshan Orogenic Belt of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt and the Beishan terrane of the Tarim Block, NW China, host numerous Fe deposits. The Cihai Fe deposit (>90 Mt at 45.6 % Fe) in the Beishan terrane is diabase-hosted and consists of the Cihai, Cinan, and Cixi ore clusters. Ore minerals are dominantly magnetite, pyrite, and pyrrhotite, with minor chalcopyrite, galena, and sphalerite. Gangue minerals include pyroxene, garnet, hornblende and minor plagioclase, biotite, chlorite, epidotite, quartz, and calcite. Pyrite from the Cihai and Cixi ore clusters has similar Re–Os isotope compositions, with ∼14 to 62 ppb Re and ≤10 ppt common Os. Pyrrhotite has ∼5 to 39 ppb Re and ∼0.6 ppb common Os. Pyrite has a mean Re–Os model age of 262.3 ± 5.6 Ma (n = 13), in agreement with the isochron regression of 187Os vs. 187Re. The Re–Os age (∼262 Ma) for the Cihai Fe deposit is within uncertainty in agreement with a previously reported Rb–Sr age (268 ± 25 Ma) of the hosting diabase, indicating a genetic relationship between magmatism and mineralization. Magnetite from the Cihai deposit has Mg, Al, Ti, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Mn, Zn, Ga, and Sn more elevated than that of typical skarn deposits, but both V and Ti contents lower than that of magmatic Fe–Ti–V deposits. Magnetite from these two ore clusters at Cihai has slightly different trace element concentrations. Magnetite from the Cihai ore cluster has relatively constant trace element compositions. Some magnetite grains from the Cixi ore cluster have higher V, Ti, and Cr than those from the Cihai ore cluster. The compositional variations of magnetite between the ore clusters are possibly due to different formation temperatures. Combined with regional tectonic evolution of the Beishan terrane, the Re–Os age of pyrite and the composition of magnetite indicate that the Cihai Fe deposit may have derived from magmatic–hydrothermal fluids related to mafic magmatism, probably in an extensional rift environment.

The Eastern Tianshan Orogenic Belt (ETOB) in NW China is composed of the Dananhu–Tousuquan arc belt, the Kanggurtag belt, the Aqishan–Yamansu belt and the Central Tianshan belt from north to south. These tectonic belts have formed through arc–continent or arc–arc collisions during the Paleozoic. A number of Fe(-Cu) deposits in the Aqishan–Yamansu belt, including the Heifengshan, Shuangfengshan and Shaquanzi Fe(-Cu) deposits, are associated with Carboniferous–Early Permian volcanic rocks and are composed of vein-type magnetite ores. Metallic minerals are dominated by magnetite and pyrite, with minor chalcopyrite. Calcite, chlorite, and epidote are the dominant gangue minerals. Pyrite separates of ores from those three deposits have relatively high and variable Re contents ranging from 3.7 to 184 ppb. All pyrite separates have very low common Os, allowing us calculation of single mineral model ages for each sample. Pyrite separates from the Heifengshan Fe deposit have an 187Re–187Os isochron age of 310 ± 23 Ma (MSWD = 0.04) and a weighted mean model age of 302 ± 5 Ma (MSWD = 0.17). Those from the Shuangfengshan Fe deposit have an isochron age of 295 ± 7 Ma (MSWD = 0.28) and a weighted mean model age of 292 ± 5 Ma (MSWD = 0.33). The Shaquanzi Fe-Cu deposit has pyrite with an isochron age of 295 ± 7 Ma (MSWD = 0.26) and a weighted mean model age of 295 ± 6 Ma (MSWD = 0.23). Pyrite separates from these Fe(-Cu) deposits have δ34SCDT ranging from −0.41‰ to 4.7‰ except for two outliers. Calcite from the Heifengshan Fe deposit and Shaquanzi Fe-Cu deposit have similar C and O isotope compositions with δ13CPDB and δ18OSMOW ranging from −5.5‰ to −1.0‰ and from 10‰ to 12.7‰, respectively. These stable isotopic data suggest that S, C, and O are magmatic-hydrothermal in origin. The association of low-Ti magnetite and Fe/Cu-sulfides resembles those of Iron–Oxide–Copper–Gold (IOCG) deposits elsewhere. Our reliable Re–Os ages of pyrite suggest that the Fe(-Cu) deposits in the Aqishan–Yamansu belt formed at ∼296 Ma, probably in a back-arc extensional environment.

The Kalatongke complex, located in south Chinese Altay of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB), consists of the ~ 308 Ma dioritic suite intruded by the 287 Ma noritic suite. The noritic suite is composed of olivine norite and hornblende norite and hosts sulfide mineralization. The dioritic suite is composed of ferrodiorite, diorite and quartz diorite. Ferrodiorites have 43.6 to 51.8 wt.% SiO 2 , 8.2 to 12.1 wt.% Fe 2 O 3 T , 2.87 to 4.86 wt.% MgO, with Mg# ranging from 42 to 53. They have highly variable Al 2 O 3 (17.4–20.7 wt.%), Na 2 O (2.78–4.50%), K 2 O (0.58–3.70%), Sr (280–1300 ppm) and Ba (219–3100 ppm). Diorites and quartz diorites have 15.2–19.6 wt.% Al 2 O 3 , 239–890 ppm Sr and170–1100 ppm Ba, 11.2–25.5 ppm Y and1.2–2.2 ppm Yb. All rocks have LREE enriched REE patterns and do not display Eu anomalies. They have primitive mantle-normalized trace element patterns enriched in large ion lithosphile elements (LILE) (e.g. Ba and Sr) and depleted in Ti, Nb and Ta. Both ferrodiorites and diorites have relatively constant initial 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratios of 0.7037 to 0.7040 but highly variable e Nd(t) values of + 4.5 to + 11.6, whereas quartz diorites have higher initial 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratios (0.7056) and lower e Nd(t) values (+ 0.5). Plagioclase from ferrodiorites, diorites and quartz diorites has similar initial 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratios of 0.7015 to 0.7055. The dioritic suite formed from a mixed magma of an evolved mantle-derived basaltic magma by partial melting of subduction-modified mantle source in response to slab breakoff and a crustal-derived granitic magma at ~ 308 Ma. Before mixing with granitic magmas, basaltic magmas underwent fractional crystallization of olivine to form ferrodiorite. The mixed magma also formed diorite and quartz diorite combining fractionation clinopyroxene, amphibole and plagioclase. The noritic suite formed from a mantle-derived high-Mg magma in a post-collisional environment. Both the dioritic and noritic suites in Kalatongke suggest the switch from subduction to extension and the final collision between the Junggar Block and Chinese Altay at ~ 308 Ma.

Rare earth is a very important strategic resource. But, impurities, such as Al3+, have great influence on the properties of rare earth material. In this paper, an Al3+-ionic imprinted polyamine functionalized silica gel sorbent was prepared by a surface imprinting technique for selectively adsorbing Al3+ from rare earth solution. The adsorption and recognition properties of IIP-PEI/SiO2 for Al3+ were studied in detail. The experimental results showed that IIP-PEI/SiO2 possessed strong adsorption affinity, specific recognition ability, and excellent selectivity for Al3+. The adsorption isotherm data greatly obey the Langmuir model, and the adsorption was typical monolayer. The adsorption capacity could reach to 1.98 mmol g−1, and relative selectivity coefficients relative to Pr3+ and Nd3+ are 23.47 and 22.85, respectively. Besides, IIP-PEI/SiO2 was regenerated easily using diluted hydrochloric acid solution as eluent and IIP-PEI/SiO2 possesses better reusability.

Early–Middle Miocene intraplate basalts from the Aleppo Plateau, NW Syria have been analysed for their platinum-group elements (PGEs). They contain extremely low PGE abundances, comparable with most alkali basalts, such as those from Hawaii, and mid-ocean ridge basalts. The low abundances, together with high Pd/Ir, Pt/Ir, Ni/Ir, Cu/Pd, Y/Pt and Cu/Zr are consistent with sulphide fractionation, which likely occurred during partial melting and melt extraction within the mantle. Some of the basalts are too depleted in PGEs to be explained solely by partial melting of a primitive mantle-like source. Such ultra-low PGE abundances, however, are possible if the source contains some mafic lithologies. Many of the basalts also exhibit suprachondritic Pd/Pt ratios of up to an order of magnitude higher than primitive mantle and chondrite, an increase too high to be attributable to fractionation of spinel and silicate minerals alone. The elevated Pd/Pt, associated with a decrease in Pt but not Ir and Ru, are also inconsistent with removal of Pt-bearing PGE minerals or alloys, which should have concurrently lowered Pt, Ir and Ru. In contrast, melting of a metasomatized source comprising sulphides whose Pt and to a lesser extent Rh were selectively mobilized through interaction with silicate melts, may provide an explanation.

The Kalatongke Cu-Ni sulfide deposit in the Paleozoic Altay orogenic belt, NW China, is hosted in a Per mian mafic intrusion consisting of norite, troctolite, gabbro, and diorite. Disseminated Ni-Cu, massive Ni-Cu, and massive Cu-rich sulfide ores are mainly hosted in norite and gabbro. Some massive Ni-Cu ores also occur in the Carboniferous sedimentary rocks. The geologic and compositional relationships between various sulfide ores and the rocks of Kalatongke offer a new interpretation of the sequence of emplacement of the magmas, which underpins an understanding of the compositions of the ores and the formation of the Kalatongke deposit. Olivine grains from disseminated Ni-Cu ores have Fo values ranging from 71.6 to 78.0 mol % and Ni con tents from 1,000 to 2,200 ppm. Typically, Ni decreases from the cores to the rims from 2,000 to 1,000 ppm at constant Fo content, indicating the reaction of early-formed olivine with later-segregated sulfide melt. Cr spinels at Kalatongke are highly enriched in Fe 3+ and Fe 2+ , with relatively low Cr, Al, and Ti, reflecting reac tion with evolved trapped intercumulus melt. Norites are depleted in Nb, Ta, Zr, Hf, and Th and enriched in Sr and Ba, whereas disseminated Ni-Cu sul fide ores have considerable depletion of Rb and enrichment of Sr and Ba and lack depletion of Nb, Ta, Zr, and Hf, indicating their different origins. Disseminated Ni-Cu sulfide ores have bulk compositions with variable Cu and Ni contents which are much lower than those of massive Cu-rich and Ni-Cu ores, but disseminated and massive Ni-Cu ores have similar PGE contents with relatively low Pd/Ir ratios. Massive Cu-rich ores have much higher Pd and Pt with very high Pd/Ir ratios. The Kalatongke Cu-Ni sulfide deposit appears to have formed from two different pulses of PGE-poor and Cu-rich basaltic magmas that underwent different degrees of assimilation and fractional crystallization. The first magma pulse gained sulfide saturation because of minor crustal contamination and fractionated a small amount of sulfide (

Perovskite manganite La0.9Ba0.1MnO3(LBMO) films were deposited on (0 0 1)-oriented single crystal yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) substrate by 90° off-axis radio frequency magnetron sputtering. The film thickness ranged from 10 nm to 100 nm. Grazing incidence X-ray diffraction technique and high resolution X-ray diffraction were applied to characterize the structure of LBMO films. The LBMO film mainly consisted of (0 0 1)-orientated grain as well as weakly textured (1 1 0)-orientated grain. The results indicated that an amorphous layer with thickness of about 4 nm was formed at the LBMO/YSZ interface. The strain in LBMO film was small and averaged to be about –0.14%. The strain in the film was not lattice mismatch-induced strain but residual strain due to the difference in thermal expansion coefficient between film and substrate.

The silicon isotopic composition of dissolved silicon and suspended particulate matter (SPM) were systematically investigated in water samples from the mainstem of the Yellow River and 4 major tributaries. The SPM content of the Yellow River varied from 1.4 to 38,560 mg/L, averaging 3568 mg/L, and the δ 30 Si of suspended particulate matter (δ 30 Si SPM ) varied from 0.3‰ to −0.4‰, averaging −0.02‰. The major factors affecting the SPM content and the δ 30 Si SPM values in the Yellow River were inferred to be the mineralogical, chemical and isotopic characteristics of the sediments from the Loess Plateau and a combination of the climate and the flow discharge of the river. The major ions in the Yellow River water were Na + , Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , HCO 3 − , SO 4 2− and Cl − . High salt concentration was observed in samples from the middle and lower reaches, likely reflecting the effects of evaporation and irrigation because the Na + , Mg 2+ , SO 4 2− and K + concentrations were correlated with the Cl − concentration. The dissolved Si concentration (D Si ) increased downstream, varying from 0.016 to 0.323 mM. The δ 30 Si of dissolved Si (δ 30 Si Diss ) varied from 0.4‰ to 2.5‰, averaging 1.28‰. The major processes controlling the D Si and δ 30 Si Diss of the Yellow River are (a) the weathering of silicate rocks, (b) the formation of phytoliths in plants, (c) the evaporation of water from and the addition of meteoric water to the river system, which only affects concentrations, (d) the adsorption and desorption of aqueous monosilicic acid on iron oxide, and (e) the dissolution of phytoliths in soils. The D Si and δ 30 Si Diss values of global rivers vary spatially and temporally in response to changes in climate, chemical weathering intensity and biological activity. The moderately positive δ 30 Si Diss values observed in the Yellow River may be attributed to the higher rates of chemical weathering and biological activities that have been observed in this catchment in comparison with those of other previously studied catchments, excluding the Yangtze River. Human activities may also potentially influence chemical weathering and biological activities and affect the D Si and δ 30 Si Diss values of the major rivers of the world. Further river studies should be performed to gain a better understanding of the global Si isotope budget.

1,4-butylene bi-p-hydroxybenzoate (BBHB) was synthesized using methyl p-hydroxyl- benzoate and 1,4-butanediol under catalyst and stabilizer conditions; Then, the thermotropic main- chain liquid crystalline polysiloxanes (MCLCPs) with flexible spacer, were synthesized using BBHB and dimethyldiethoxysilane reagents by melting polycondensation. The chemical structures and properties were characterized by FT-IR, polarized optical microscopy (POM) and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) respectively. It was found that MCLCPs was the type of smectic A liquid crystal, and the liquid crystal temperature ranged from 58°C to 143°C, i.e. its variationrange reached 85°C. In addition, the polysiloxane was used as the flexible main-chain and the flexible chains CH2 was embedded into the rigid structural blocks of liquid crystalline polymers, which not only decreased the melting point below the thermal decomposition temperature, but also made the clearing point and a stable liquid crystal state observed.