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Background: Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is one of the major causative agents of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), and can cause severe cerebral complications and even fatality in children younger than 5 years old. However, there is no specific medication for EV71 infection in clinical practice. Our previous studies had identified the 6-thioguanine (6-TG), an FDA-approved anticancer drug, as a potential antiviral agent, but its anti-EV71 activity is largely unknown, therefore, we aim to explore the antiviral effect of 6-TG on EV71. Results: 6-TG significantly suppressed EV71 mRNA level, VP1 protein expression, and viral progeny production in HT-29 cells. In EV71-infected HT-29 cells, the 50% cytotoxicity concentration of 6-TG (CC50) was > 2000 µM and the 50% inhibitory concentration of 6-TG against EV71 (IC50) was 0.9302 µM. Interestingly, the selectivity index (SI) value of 6-TG against EV71 was > 2150.1, which was higher than the SI value (> 66.7) of ribavirin. Mechanistically, 6-TG treatment reduced the expression of baculoviral IAP repeat containing 3 (BIRC3), and further inhibited EV71 replication by attenuating BIRC3-mediated the complete autophagy. Conclusions: 6-TG exerted a significant inhibitory effect on EV71 infection in vitro and prevented EV71-induced the complete autophagy by decreasing BIRC3 expression. Our work provided a basis for the further development of 6-TG as a therapy for EV71-associated HFMD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing concern for the environment and the negative impacts associated with carbonaceous compounds have driven the demand for greener and more sustainable chemical manufacturing technologies. Photoelectrochemical (PEC) technology provides an environmental and sustainable pathway for producing high value-added products by upgrading glycerol, a surplus by-product of biodiesel from biomass, while coupling with the production of high-purity hydrogen. As an emerging area, the major limiting factor in PEC glycerol oxidation is the lack of high selectivity and conversion, attributed to the parallel and sequential oxidation steps resulting from different bond cleavage positions and varying degrees of oxidation. This review aims to present a comprehensive summary of the current state of PEC glycerol oxidation from various perspectives, including product distribution, photoanode design, and oxidation mechanisms. A particular emphasis is placed on the different photoanodes used in glycerol oxidation and possible strategies for improving the activity and selectivity, including morphology and crystallization control, doping, defect engineering, metal loading, heterojunction formation, and co-catalyst deposition. Finally, we provide a comprehensive discussion of the technical challenges and future prospects for efficient PEC glycerol oxidation coupled with hydrogen production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objectives: There is growing evidence that deficiencies in specific nutrients can impact testosterone levels in older men. However, research examining the predictive value of overall nutritional status on testosterone levels remains limited. The Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index (GNRI) is an effective tool for assessing the nutritional status of the elderly. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the potential correlation between the GNRI and serum total testosterone (TT). Methods: A representative sample of U.S. males aged 60 years and older who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) cycles from 2011 to 2016 was utilized for this cross-sectional study. The research included a total of 829 older adults. Tandem mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography were employed to quantify TT. To examine the association between GNRI and TT, restricted cubic splines (RCS) and weighted multivariate regression analyses were conducted. Subgroup analysis was performed to identify the variables influencing the positive association between GNRI and TT. Additionally, a sensitivity analysis was carried out to compare the weighted and unweighted data. Results: After adjusting for all other factors, a positive association was found between GNRI and TT. The beta coefficient was 5.59, with a 95% confidence interval of 2.16 to 9.01, and a p-value of 0.003. Compared to the lowest quartile of GNRI (Q1), the second quartile (Q2), third quartile (Q3), and fourth quartile (Q4) significantly increased the level of TT. The beta coefficients for Q2, Q3, and Q4 were 70.15 (p = 0.022), 104.40 (p < 0.001), and 84.83 (p < 0.001), respectively. In subgroup analyses, statistically significant associations were observed among participants who did not have diabetes, had hypertension, and had a BMI of 24.9 or less. According to the sensitivity analysis, unweighted data also found GNRI to be associated with TT (beta = 3.09, P = 0.031). Conclusion: A positive correlation was identified between the GNRI and TT in the elderly male population of the United States. Further prospective studies with larger sample sizes are needed to confirm the causal relationship between GNRI and TT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sawdust is the cutting tailings produced during stone processing, which is difficult to deal with and has a huge stock. Therefore, it is particularly important to enhance the comprehensive utilization of sawdust. The aim of this study was to synergistically utilize sawdust with other industrial wastes (fly ash, silt, and red mud), add cement as a curing agent to prepare modified sawdust, and analyze its performance through an unconfined compressive strength test, dry and wet cycle tests, and SEM. The results showed that the compressive strength of modified sawdust with different solid waste dosages was more than 2.5 MPa after 7 days of maintenance, the strength was basically more than 4 MPa after 28 days of maintenance, and 8% solid waste dosage had the best effect. In addition, the modified saw mud with 8% fly-ash dosage had superior wet and dry cycle resistance, with expansion and shrinkage lower than 0.5% and good stability. This study provides a new idea for the synergistic utilization of saw mud and other solid wastes, and it is recommended to consider 8% solid waste dosage to optimize the performance in practical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]