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While denying that belief in Jesus Christ is an essential element for personal salvation, John Hick presupposes Christian concepts of salvation. Even though he denies the universality of Christ vis-à-vis other world religions, the Christian doctrine of salvation is at the very heart of his project, albeit in a controversial form (as universal salvation or apocatastasis). I explore the influence of Immanuel Kant and Friedrich Schleiermacher in Hick's thought and discuss how his theology of religions and his concept of inter-religious dialogue are related to Christianity and yet are divorced from some of its central tenets.

The purpose of this essay is to stimulate academic discussion about the ethical justification of using human primordial stem cells for tissue transplantation, cell replacement, and gene therapy. There are intriguing alternatives to using embryos obtained from elective abortions and in vitro fertilisation to reconstitute damaged or dysfunctional human organs. These include the expansion and transplantation of latent adult progenitor cells.

L'article traite de la christologie d'Athanase et de la controverse avvec Arius. L'impact d'Origene sur Arius est etudie, ainsi que la correction aportee a Origene et Arius par Athanase.

Before the General Assembly of the United Nations Pope John Paul II declared that the quest for freedom points to the existence of ‘natural rights’ that reflect the objective and inviolable demands of a universal moral law. While this assertion was well received by those in attendance, an important question remains: how are we to reconcile this universal vision of human rights with the current plethora of disputable legislated rights? Ernest Fortin claims the problem is rooted in the fact that modern ‘rights talk’ emphasizes individual subjective rights over the objective reality of human nature, and Alasdair Maclntyre even questions the moral value of human rights because they are all too easily manipulated by those who view them as self-evident truths. When you add to these observations the appearance of such controversial individual entitlements as ‘reproductive rights’, ‘sex rights’, ‘the right to same-sex marriage’ and the ‘right to die’, it is not surprising to hear people calling for a silencing of ‘rights talk’.

It is argued that the use of induced pluripotent stem cells for regenerative therapy may soon be ethically practicable and could sidestep the various objections pertaining to other types of stem cell (human embryonic stem cells, and stem cells obtained by altered nuclear transfer or somatic cell nuclear transfer).

In two orchard experiments, interplanting wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. Stacy) around either newly planted or 4-year-old well-established peach trees did not suppress (P ≤ 0.05) the population density of the ring nematode, Criconemella xenoplax, after 3 years. Furthermore, inter-planting wheat around newly planted trees reduced tree growth, perhaps the result of competition for water and (or) nutrients. Wheat root exudate was not as attractive to C. xenoplax as peach root exudate, but wheat root exudate did not repel the nematode either. Stacy wheat appeared to be more beneficial as a preplant rather than as a postplant ground cover management tool for suppressing the population density of C. xenoplax.

Athanase a utilise une doctrine du salut qui combine la thematique du Nouvel Adam de Paul avec la reconciliation comme travail de Dieu en Jesus-Christ. Le sauveur elargit le pouvoir de Dieu a l'âme afin de transformer le chretien en enfant de Dieu. Cette transformation est interne et totalement dependante de l'incarnation du verbe de Dieu. De cette maniere, Athanase s'oppose a la theorie de la mediation d'Arius en affirmant que Jesus, en tant qu'homme, est le mediateur du salut. Pour Athanase, le chretien arrive au salut en repetant la mort du Christ a travers la pratique de la vertu

Virtually all industries are a product of their life and times or, more precisely, their history and the current economic environment within which they operate. Transportation is no exception. Significantly, both transport's history and its environment are driven by much the same fundamentals, each embodying a movement from quantity to quality. In fact, like so many other sectors of the economy, transportation is increasingly becoming a thinking person's business, with shorter technological and product life cycles, requiring increased ability to adapt quickly and flexibly.

L'A. ouvre la voie a une theologie du travail fondee sur l'anthropologie biblique chretienne. Cherchant a integrer la dimension subjective du travail avec la vocation divine, l'A. montre que le travail augmente la dignite de la personne en satisfaisant la volonte divine; il permet a l'homme de participer a l'acte createur de Dieu et a son oeuvre de redemption dans l'union avec lui en Jesus-Christ

Around the world, a variety of methods have been employed for providing urban bus services ranging from public monopolies at one extreme to unregulated private firms at the other extreme; the intermediate alternatives usually involve private firms with some degree of public regulation over fares and entry. Public monopoly is common in the developed world while private provision with some form of regulation is the norm among developing countries. The British reforms of 1986 pioneered two schemes for bus provision. First, outside of the London metropolitan area the government created one of the few largely unregulated private regimes in the world (the most notable other recent examples being in Sri Lanka and Chile); second, within London it allowed local public authorities to retain control of the design of the route network and fares but forced them to tender all services to private firms (a scale of tendering heretofore unknown). The most obvious conclusion from the experience of Britain and elsewhere is ...

Field observations of virgin female grape root borers (Vitacea polistiformis Harris) were made throughout daylight periods under different pheromone treatments and doses. The pheromone compounds used were: the grape root borer pheromone, a 99:1 blend of E,Z-2,13-octadecadien-l-ol acetate (EZ) and Z,Z-3,13-octadecadien-l-ol acetate (ZZ); EZ alone; and ZZ alone. Two different pheromone dispensers were used – rubber septa and Shin-Etzu twist-tie ropes. Treatments with 99:1 EZ: ZZ and 100% ZZ significantly reduced the ability of females to attract a mate. Shin-Etzu ropes were the most effective dispenser for prevention of mating.

Peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch. `Biscoe'/Lovell) trees were grown in a sandy loam soil under six orchard floor management systems, including five vegetative covers (continuous under the tree) and a vegetation-free control (bare ground). At the end of the fifth year, trees grown in bare ground and nimblewill grass (Muhlenbergia schreberi J.F. Gmel.) had a significantly larger trunk cross-sectional area (TCSA) than trees grown in weedy plots, centipedegrass [Eremochloa ophiuroides (Munro) Hack.], or bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flugge). Trees grown in brome (Bromus mollis L.) did not differ significantly in TCSA from any other treatment. Soil profile excavations of the root system revealed that trees grown in bare ground or with nimblewill had significantly higher root densities than those in the weedy plots or grown with bahiagrass. Vector analysis of root distribution indicated that trees grown in bare ground or nimblewill rooted deeper than trees in all other treatments. The greatest reduction in deep rooting occurred with bahiagrass.

The nation states created by the disintegration of the former Soviet Union inherited transportation systems ill suited to the needs of market economies. Technologies were often outmoded, too energy intensive and not well adapted to the on–time delivery of small shipments characteristic of a modem consumer society. Furthermore, similarly to much of the rest of the Soviet economy, the transport sector was burdened with unwieldy and diffxcult–to–manage vertically integrated monopolies that were largely unresponsive to customer needs. Policies to solve these problems will vary from mode to mode. For water and highway transport, simple pro–competitive policies that emphasize easy entry, little regulation and prompt privatization should be appropriate. Because of network coordination and specialized infrastructure requirements, rail and air transport will need less fragmented approaches. One positive aspect of the transport situation in the former Soviet Union, slightly reducing the pressures for immediate refo...

The purpose of this paper is to provide a review of hybrid hydrofoil vehicle technology and feasibility designs, both military and commercial, that have been explored during the last several decades. A hybrid hydrofoil consists of a conventional monohull form with the addition of a long, slender, single strut and lower body added to its keel. The lower body buoyant lift is augmented by the dynamic lift from a fully-submerged foil system. Foil dynamic lift comes into play at speeds of about 12 to 15 knots and above, at which time the upper hull is lifted from the water surface leaving only the small waterplane of the single strut at the interface. The foil automatic control system maintains predetermined flying height and provides a stable platform in waves. The foil surfaces are sufficiently powerful to counter roll, pitch and heave motions that would be imparted to a conventional monohull in waves. Propulsion of a hybrid hydrofoil is provided by one or more prime movers in the upper hull, either driving through a mechanical Z-drive, or an electric transmission system, to one or more propellers on the stern of the lower hull. An alternate arrangement is to place the entire propulsion system in the lower hull, thereby eliminating a Z-drive requirement. The hybrid hydrofoil designs to be described will include USCG patrol craft, U.S. Navy long-range missile patrol craft, multi-mission deploy able vehicle, multi-mission support vehicle, and small combatant, along with several commercial versions of the hybrid hydrofoil concept.

Field experiments conducted in North and South Carolina (USA) demonstrated that survival and growth of peach trees ( Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) as well as the severity of orchard pest populations (arthropods and nematodes) are profoundly affected by the plant species selected for orchard ground cover. Cover crops of brome ( Bromus mollis L.), hard fescue ( Festuca longifolia Thuill.) and rattail fescue ( Vulpia myuros (L.) C. Gmelin) caused high mortality in young peach trees. Bahia-grass ( Paspalum notatum var. sauri Parodi) stunted tree growth, and Korean lespedeza ( Lespedeza stipulacea Maxim.) supported unacceptably large populations of arthropod pests. Nimblewill ( Muhlenbergia schreberi J.F. Gmelin) emerged from these experiments as the most promising candidate for ground cover in commercial peach orchards. This short-statured perennial grass tolerated drought, grew well in partial shade, did not harbor two-spotted spider mites ( Tetranychus urticae Koch) or catfacing insects (Hemiptera), inhibited populations of ring nematodes ( Criconemella xenoplax (Raski) Luc and Raski), and survived winter weather with little injury. Nimblewill successfully crowded out most weed species, but it did not appear to be highly competitive with peach trees for water and nutrients even when growing directly under the tree canopy.

The effect of dormant oil treatments on the overwintering parasite complex of white peach scale, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni-Tozzetti) was evaluated in a peach orchard in the southern coastal plain of North Carolina in 1988 and 1989. Oil treatments resulted in significant reductions in the emergence of adult hymenopteran parasites in both years. However, mortality was not complete, and a sufficient number of parasites survived to repopulate the orchard in spring.

(1990). Democratic Values and Their Development. The Social Studies: Vol. 81, No. 5, pp. 197-201.

Previous studies of shareholder rights plans (poison pills) have emphasized short-term valuation effects in the context of specific takeover attempts. This paper analyzes rights largely adopted in ‘neutral’ environments. Using a paired-case control approach, differences between rights and non-rights firms are examined. Positive long-term valuation effects are associated with restructurings, while negative performance is associated with ownership/control influences. The evidence supports a multiple signalling model in which investors use subsequent information to revise probabilities concerning control preferences of management and directors.

Natural host plant resistance to the leafhopper Scaphytopius magdalensis (Provancher) was evaluated across 169 genotypes representing 14 blueberry species in four sections of Vaccinium native to North America. Plants were screened by caging neonate nymphs on individual leaves and recording development time (and mortality) through five molts. Highly resistant clones were found in five species: V. ashei Reade, V. crassifolium subsp. crassifolium Andrews, V. elliottii Chapman, V. staminium L., and V. arboreum Marshall. Physical characteristics of the leaves (thickness, glandular density, glaucousness, and toughness) were poorly correlated with resistance in V. ashei, but a possible correlation with leaf toughness was found in V. crassifolium. Lineage of the resistant trait is illustrated for V. ashei cultivars.

Hymenopteran parasites (adults) and mobile stages (crawlers, adult males) of white peach scale, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni-Tozzetti), were monitored biweekly (1986) or weekly (1987) in a peach orchard from April to December. The scale exhibited three peaks of crawler emergence, and a partial fourth generation was observed in both years. Three species of hymenopteran parasites consistently collected from traps were the primary parasites Encarsia berlesi (Howard) and Aphytis proclia (Walker), and the hyperparasite Marietta carnesi (Howard). Populations of all three parasites showed seasonal peaks of activity that differed in the two years of this study. Winter samples taken in 1985, and from 1987 through 1989 indicated differences between years in the ratio of parasites to hyperparasites overwintering.

Endemic infestations of the blueberry maggot, Rhagoletis mendax Curran, are sparsely distributed in North Carolina because not all blueberry ( Vaccinium spp.) fields, or even areas within one field, support these populations. Physical site characteristics of cultivated high bush blueberry fields associated with the presence or absence of blueberry maggot infestations were measured, and discriminant analysis was used to classify the sites. A quadratic discriminant function using four variables (bush height, percentage of shade, percentage of soil organic matter, and percentage of sand) provided the best discrimination. A two-variable function using only bush height and percentage of shade proved more economical to use and a chart was developed that allows field determination of the probability of an infestation by blueberry maggots. This method predicted infestation with 100% accuracy on a validation data set. These data represent the first successful application of this forest pest and fire management strategy to a horticultural crop. Because the variables associated with infestation all directly affect the character and temperature dynamics of soils, we believe that desiccation of the puparia in the soil limits maggot distribution in North Carolina. Thus, altering the crop environment through irrigation may increase the likelihood of an infestation.

The British Transport Act of 1985 ordered one of the most radical efforts to privatize and deregulate local public services in a developed country. With the exception only of companies serving the Greater London metropolitan area, all public bus companies in Great Britain were ordered reorganized as for-profit corporations; any bus company could offer any unsubsidized (commercial) bus services simply by giving local authorities notice; and local authorities could supplement the commercial services with subsidized ones, but only through competitive bidding among the newly privatized carriers. This article examines the experience of the first two years of the new British policy and argues that it offers important, and generally hopeful, lessons about the potential for privatizing and deregulating local buses and other services in the United States and elsewhere.

(2005). The Brave New World of Embryonic Stem Cell Research: Utilitarian Consequentialism and Faulty Moral Reasoning. The Linacre Quarterly: Vol. 72, No. 4, pp. 319-330.

Mating disruption theory predicts that high concentrations of female pheromone, and/or large numbers of release sites, should confuse males orienting to "calling" females, reduce the number of successful matings, and decrease the reproductive potential of the population. In this scenario, females are regarded as stationary point sources of pheromone. Past behavioral observations, however, have shown virgin female grape root borers, Vitacea polistiformis Harris, significantly alter their behavior in mating disruption treatments. Treated females call at different heights, move less before call initiation, and move more after call initiation than control females. Pheromone gland dragging and wing fanning also increase significantly during pheromone treatments. These behavioral differences are significant only if they alter the mating success of females. Because long-term field studies are impractical, we used known behavior of male and female GRB to build a Fortran language time step model, adding the effects of female movement to past models of male pheromone plume following. Females were distributed randomly, and then assigned a conditional movement strategy. If females were within the competitive portion of another female's plume, the downwind female moved. Except in the lowest population density tested, females moving upwind and crosswind when in a competing female's pheromone plume mated significantly more often than females remaining stationary. In all population simulations, mating success was significantly reduced when females moved downwind. These field and simulation studies provide strong evidence for female movement as a previously overlooked potential mechanism for resistance to mating disruption treatments, as well as a shaping behavior in the evolution of pheromone communication systems.

Anicetus carolinensis Meyer (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) is proposed as the name of a new species found parasitizing terrapin scale, Mesolecanium nigrofasciatum (Pergande) (Hemiptera: Coccidae), in North Carolina. Both sexes are described and illustrated together with notes on the life history, host range, and reproductive behavior of the species.

Soils suppressive to Thielaviopsis basicola typically have low pH values and high levels of exchangeable aluminum (Al). A series of experiments was conducted to determine the sensitivity of T. basicola to Al. All experiments were conducted in Al-amended carrot agar medium buffered at pH 5.0, except for experiments to determine effects of pH. Isolates of T. basicola from suppressive and conducive soils responded similarly to Al in most tests, but where differences were observed, the isolate from a suppressive soil was less sensitive to Al than was the conducive-soil isolate. Germination of endoconidia and chlamydospores of T. basicola decreased significantly when exposed to 0.55 or 1.1 meq of Al (1 meq=9 ppm of Al) compared with Al-free controls [...]

Peach trees (`Biscoe'/Lovell) were planted in March, 1988 in ten different ground cover management systems. The trees were planted at the Sandhills Research Station in Southeastern North Carolina on a Candor sand and Eunola sandy loam. In December, 1991 the trench profile method was used to evaluate root distribution under the six orchard floor management systems of nimblewill, bare ground control, centipedegrass, brome, bahiagrass, and weedy control. Trenches were dug parallel to the tree row 60 cm from the center of the row on both sides of the tree. Grids 1 meter square, sectioned into 10 cm squares, were placed on the profile walls and root distribution (in three size categories) was recorded for 1 meter on each side of the tree in each trench. Root numbers were greatly reduced under the vegetative covers that provided the greatest suppression of vegetative tree growth. Total root densities under the trees in the vegetative covers were ranked into three size categories which were correlated with the amount of vegetative tree growth.

Twelve fields infested with Thielaviopsis basicola, selected from 80 surveyed the previous year, were planted with cultivars of burley tobacco with either low (B21× Ky 10) or moderate (Ky 14) resistance to black root rot. One week after transplantation, soil samples were taken around 20 individual plants in each field to determine the inoculum density of the pathogen and to conduct soil chemical analyses. Severity of black root rot, evaluated on each of the same plants 6 wk later, depended on inoculum density, level of host resistance, and soil chemistry (...)

Soils suppressive to black root rot were detected in fields in which the pathogen was present but in which little or no disease had developed on susceptible cultivars of burley tobacco. Suppressive soils were characterized by low base saturation, low calcium, exchangeable aluminum levels of 1 meq/100 g of soil or higher, and soil pH less than 5. Suppressiveness was confirmed under controlled environmental conditions with fumigated field soils reinfested with Thielaviopsis basicola (...)

Field-collected Scaphytopius spp. adults were marked with fluorescent pigment, released in a cultivated blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) field and an adjacent wooded site in Bladen Lakes State Forest, NC, and recaptured on yellow sticky traps. Of those S. magdalensis (Provancher) released in the wooded site, 17.3, 27.1 and 43.7% were recaptured in the wooded area during generations I-III, respectively. Of those S. magdalensis released in the cultivated field, recapture in the same field was 11.5 and 27.9% during the first two generations, but only 1.5% at the beginning of the 3rd generation. Adults apparently moved out of the wild habitat during the 1st generation and out of cultivated fields during the 3rd. This movement pattern was not found in S. verecundus (Van Duzee). First-generation S. magdalensis should be controlled during their flight into cultivated fields.

Z,Z-3,13-Octadecadien-l ol acetate (hereafter called Z,Z-ODDA), the major pheromone component of the peachtree borer, Synanthedon exitiosa (Say), was evaluated in grape vineyards in Arkansas and North Carolina as a mating disruptant and population suppressant of the grape root borer (GRB), Vitacea polistiformis (Harris). An analysis of covariance was performed using the presence and absence of pheromone as the treatment grouping and the initial 1981 GRB emergence data from each plot as the covariate. The adjusted (least squares) mean number of GRB pupal skins per pheromone-treated plot in 1983 was significantly less (P = 0.088) than the number of skins counted in the check plots, indicating that the GRB density decreased two fold faster in the pheromone-treated plots than in the check plots. Field observations showed that the attractancy and eventual mating with calling GRB females by conspecific males was reduced to nearly zero in the plots air-permeated with Z,Z-ODDA. The GRB population decreased in all untreated plots except one where it actually increased. The decreases were attributed to low rainfall throughout the GRB egg hatch period whereas the increase in one plot was attributed to more rainfall and use of overhead irrigation.

Early-stage lesions of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) are composed of single-layered, highly flattened cells lining collagen bundles, whereas late-stage lesions contain densely packed, spindle-shaped cells. We examined the progression of KS lesions in oral mucosa and lymph nodes from patients with AIDS, using antibodies specific for blood vascular endothelial cells (Factor VIII-related antigen) and their basement membrane (Type IV collagen and laminin). In addition, the plant lectin Ulex europaeus, which selectively stains blood vessels, was also used. In early-stage KS lesions, fibronectin, laminin and Type IV collagen were co-distributed at the interface between KS cells and collagen bundles; Factor VIII-related antigen and Ulex europaeus lectin staining was present in vascular channels and in the KS cells. However, in late-stage lesions, few if any KS cells stained with antibody to Factor VIII-associated antigen, although endothelial cells lining blood vessels were positive. Strong staining for laminin and Type IV collagen was present in a pericellular pattern throughout the nodular late-stage lesions. Since lymphatic capillary endothelium does not produce basement-membrane-specific macromolecules, these results support the conclusion that KS cells are related to blood vascular endothelium but eventually lose certain endothelium-specific markers as the cells are transformed into the spindle-shaped cell type.

Regression analysis on data from a 1981 survey of commercial peach orchards in North Carolina demonstrated a significant correlation between catfacing damage and chemical insect control, weed management, density of winter annuals, orchard size, and geographic location. Cultivar, surrounding edge vegetation, and edge direction showed no correlation with damage. In 1983, two commercial orchards were used to evaluate the impact of weed management on the incidence of catfacing in peaches. A χ2 analysis of data showed amount of fruit damaged by catfacing in herbicide-treated blocks to be significantly less than that of fruit sampled from control blocks.

The action spectrum of positive phototaxis in adult alfalfa weevils, Hypera postica (Gyllenhal), was evaluated by placing groups of 50 starved weevils in a closed cylindrical orientation chamber illuminated at one end by a Bausch and Lomb monochromator. Weevils responded well to green light (500–550 nm), but they were most strongly attracted to wavelengths in the far red and near infrared region. The response to red light was almost completely eliminated when the vertex of each weevil's head capsule was covered with an opaque lacquer. Weevils with clear shellac over the top of the head capsule had the same bimodal response to colored light as unpainted weevils, so illumination of the head must either stimulate an extra-ocular photoreceptor or else somehow change the sensitivity of the compound eyes. Three structures which lie just below the cephalic exoskeleton have been identified as possible photoreceptors: the brain, a pair of tegumentary nerves, and an elongate pit at the top of the frons which could mark the site of an internal ocellus.

Scaphytopius spp. were sweep-sampled weekly from 20 April to 20 November 1984 in creeping blueberry, Vaccinium crassifolium Andrews, near a commercial blueberry field in North Carolina to establish migration patterns. Population growth curves of adults were compared to those of 5th-instar nymphs. Differences in curve patterns indicated adult dispersal from creeping blueberry during the first two generations and return in the 3rd generation. Adults were sampled in wild highbush blueberry, V. corymbosum L.; sheepkill, Kalmia angustifolic (Small); huckleberry, Gaylussacia frondosa (L.) Torrey & Gray; and creeping blueberry to determine inter-host dispersal and host preference. Analysis of variance on numbers of captured males showed significant differences between host species for S. magdalensis (Provancher), but none for S. verecundus (Van Duzee). The former species preferred sheepkill, highbush blueberry and huckleberry, while the latter was uniformly distributed among all four host species. It was recommended that sampling programs for wild S. magdalensis be conducted in huckleberry due to abundance of this host and ease of sampling.

A bioassay was developed which could be used to determine what sensory modalities were involved in host finding by the alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica (Gyllenhal), or whether the orientation process was entirely random. Weevils in the bioassay chamber responded more actively (by a ratio of about 3:1) to a flat of living alfalfa than to a control flat of dead alfalfa painted green. This non-random response persisted when the direction of air flow was reversed. In fact, the only alterations which diminished the standard response were those which changed or reduced the visual stimuli reflected from the flat of living alfalfa. From this it was concluded that weevils are primarily attracted by visual properties of their host plants; olfactory cues play a subordinate role, and may be limited to the perception of a humidity gradient surrounding the plant material at very short distances.

Dispersal of young was studied in a non-migratory population of the Black-capped Chickadee (Parus atricapillus) in southeastern Wisconsin. Eighty-eight chickadees were color-banded as nestlings. After fledging, the birds remained with their parents on or near the parental territory for about 3 weeks. In late June or early July family breakup occurred suddenly, with the young moving rapidly away. Most of the birds disappeared completely from the area; 6 were later discovered in the breeding population at distances of 0.4 to ca. 11 km, with a median dispersal distance of 1.1 km. This movement appeared to be an innate dispersal mechanism. In contrast, among 103 chickadees first trapped in July and early August as independent juveniles and later found on their breeding territories, the median distance from point where banded to territory was 204 m (maximum = 1,160 m). As distances up to 2.4 km could have been detected in our study area, we conclude that by late July and August chickadees have virtually finished dispersing and are developing site tenacity in the places where they will subsequently breed. Whether dispersal also occurs in spring was investigated using the monthly patterns of arrivals and disappearances from winter feeders. Adults and summer-banded juveniles inhabiting the parts of the study area nearest the feeders arrived for the first time at the feeders in November and December, but birds from more remote areas continued to arrive through the winter and spring. In previously unbanded juveniles there was an increase in arrivals in March and April. On the basis of an analysis of loss rates by sex and age, we conclude that only about 5% of yearling males and 9% of yearling females undertake some dispersal or spacing movements in spring. Thus, in the Black-capped Chickadee the main dispersal mechanism is an innate, rapid, fairly long-distance movement of the juvenile, taking place in summer just after family breakup. A small fraction of the yearling population undertakes some dispersal movement in the winter or spring.