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Yttrium orthoferrite thin films with a thickness of about 0.4 μm were prepared on glass substrates by using a metal-organic decomposition method. Our studies reveal that it is possible to reduce the crystallization temperature of the yttrium orthoferrite by the substitution of the yttrium ion with bismuth. For the samples BixY1−xFeO3 with x=0.3 and x=0.4, orthorhombic yttrium orthoferrite characteristic peaks in the X-ray diffraction spectra have been detected. The lattice constants of the Bi0.3Y0.7FeO3 film were a=5.905 A, b=7.66 A, c=5.256 A with an average grain size of about 40 nm. The magnetization data indicate that the film has in-plane easy axis and weak coercivity which might be explained by a possible secondary garnet phase crystallization. Faraday rotation angle of the sample was measured to be about 0.3°/µm.

Received 25 September 2015Received in revised form 28 October 2015 25 December 2015Accepted 28 December 2015The purpose of this study is to develop a checklist for helping students write scientific inquiry reports after conducting open inquiry. To do this, eight scientifically gifted middle school students’ worksheets for open inquiry, inquiry activities during conducting open inquiry, and final scientific inquiry reports were analyzed. Parts that were considered unsuitable in the writing inquiry reports as well as good parts were identified, and using this result, a checklist for helping students write good inquiry reports was developed. The checklist consisted of five categories and 46 items. The checklist was applied to inquiry reports written by seven other gifted students. Analyzing agreement rates of the checklists with two evaluators, high reliability could be obtained. Finally, recommendations for more effective use of the developed checklist were discussed.

Magnetic nanoparticles are used in various biological applications such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), biological separation, drug delivery or as biomarker. In the case of biomarker, the magnetic particle and a measurand are combined via biological reactions and then detected by magnetic field sensors for a qualitative or quantitative measurement. In the present work, we introduce a commercially available giant magnetoresistive (GMR) sensor for the quantitative measurement of superparamagnetic nanoparticles, which were injected into a glass capillary tube. A pair of permanent magnets standing diagonally opposite to each other was utilized to provide vertical and horizontal magnetic fields for particle magnetization and sensor bias, respectively. In addition, the permanent magnets solved the uniformity problem of generated magnetic fields in previous biomarker detection systems. Using the proposed measurement setup, an output signal change of 0.407 V was achieved for a 1 μg change in the magnetic particle mass. The detection limit was 43.5 ng.

Teaching creativity is one of the major goals of science class. This study examined how much time is necessary to conduct a scientific creativity task requiring fluency in middle schools. To accomplish this, 76 and 45 scientifically gifted and ordinary students respectively generated as many ideas as possible for the creativity task. The results revealed that ordinary students spent, on average, approximately 20 minutes to generate 3.49 ideas per student. However, gifted students concentrated on the task for a longer time (roughly 60 minutes), and consequently generated greater (11.53) and more elaborate ideas. In comparing the ordinary students’ fluency with their school science scores, no relationship was found between them. This indicates that only teaching science cannot guarantee the development of creativity. Therefore, it is concluded that teaching fluency in middle schools is necessary and can possibly encourage creativity, provided that teachers can secure a minimal amount of time required to do so. Finally, the limitations of this study and further studies are discussed. Key words: fluency, gifted education, scientific creativity, teaching creativity.

Received 10 April 2015Received in revised form2 June 201522 June 2015Accepted 22 June 2015This study assumes that recognition about scientific creativity may differ according to teacher, students and parents, and that this difference can affect the actual teaching, encouragement, and development of scientific creativity. Based on teacher’s free responses and literature reviews about features of scientific creativity, we extracted 16 items describing contrary views about scientific creativity. Using these 16 items, we obtain responses from 652 students, teachers, soon-to-be-teachers (college of education students) and parents about whether they agree with each item or not. Results show that 1/4 of the participants agreed with the views contrary to the views accepted in literature. And we found out which views contrary to the accepted views in literature were agreed upon by participants, and that which items divided the groups for having contrary views. From these results, we discuss the possible effects of participants’ recognition on teaching, encouragement and development of scientific creativity, and suggest so further studies.

This paper presents a methodology to evaluate actuators of a manipulator for dismantling nuclear power plants. Actuators are the most dominant components because a dismantling manipulator relies heavily on the actuator type used. To select the most suitable actuator, evaluation criteria are presented in four categories based on the nuclear dismantling environment. A mathematical model is presented and evaluation results are calculated with weights and scores for each criterion. The proposed evaluation method is expected to be used for determining other aspects of the design of dismantling manipulators.

Using numerical hydrodynamics code, we perform various idealized galaxy merger simulations to study the star formation (SF) of two merging disk galaxies. Our simulations include gas accretion onto supermassive black holes and active galactic nucleus (AGN) feedback. By comparing AGN simulations with those without AGNs, we attempt to understand when the AGN feedback effect is significant. With ~70 simulations, we investigated the SF with the AGN effect in mergers with variety of mass ratios, inclinations, orbits, galaxy structures and morphologies. Using these merger simulations with AGN feedback, we measure merger-driven SF using the burst efficiency parameter introduced by Cox et al. We confirm the previous studies that, in galaxy mergers, AGN suppresses SF more efficiently than in isolated galaxies. However, we additionally find that the effect of AGNs on SF is larger in major mergers than in minor mergers. In minor merger simulations with different primary bulge-to-total ratios, the effect of bulge fraction on the merger-driven SF decreases due to AGN feedback. We create models of Sa, Sb and Sc type galaxies and compare their SF properties while undergoing mergers. With the current AGN prescriptions, the difference in merger-driven SF is not as pronounced as that in the recent observational study of Kaviraj. We discuss the implications of this discrepancy., 16 pages, 10 figures, 2 tables, accepted for publication in ApJ

Bismuth-substituted yttrium iron garnet films with a thickness of about 0.8–1.2 μm were fabricated on glass substrates by using a metal–organic decomposition method. We observed that thick samples fabricated by intermediate short time sintering (pre-crystallization process) showed enhanced magneto-optical properties, good crystallinity, and high saturation magnetization. For the sample prepared with the pre-crystallization process the Faraday rotation angle was measured to be −3.75°/μm which was larger compared to the thick film prepared without pre-crystallization. The lattice constant and the grain size of the film were about 12.45 A and 43.8 nm, respectively.

Received 24 March 2014Received in revised form29 April 20144 May 2014Accepted 9 May 2014In this study, to disseminate the Practical On-site Cooperation Model (POCoM) for practical improvement of science teaching and learning through cooperation between researcher and teacher, an in-service program has been developed, applied and evaluated. The in-service program emphasizes the following three aspects; (1) video-recording of actual science teaching has been used as a primary resource, (2) communication between teacher and researcher and among teachers have been emphasized, (3) activities have been mainly included. The in-service program has been implemented for nine hours, and 17 science teachers have been recruited as volunteers. The result shows that, by checking the agreements between raters, we found that teachers’ expertise in analyzing the science class using the Korean Teaching Observation Protocol (KTOP) has improved, and we have confirmed that teachers are able to judge whether the science class has improved or not. Through the questionnaire, various highly positive responses could be obtained from teachers. And through the observation of teachers’ activities during the in-service program, teachers’ questions, their difficulties in doing activities, and their comments for improving the program has also been analyzed. Finally, based on the results, a list of recommendations for a more effective in-service program have been suggested. It is expected that this list can be utilized for more effective and meaningful design and implementation of in-service course.

An observational instrument called the KTOP (Korean Teaching Observation Protocol) was developed to analyze science teaching and to identify the components of teaching that need improvement. To diminish the gap between theory and practice in science teaching, the method for developing the KTOP was structured as consisting of three steps: the first version of the KTOP was developed through direct observation of science classes at the first step, revised through literature review with consideration of the Korean national curriculum and comparison with other observational instruments in the second step, and finalized after application to actual teaching context. As a result, the KTOP was determined to consist of 30 items of 10 sub-categories in 4 main categories. The content was validated through 48 teachers’ responses to the questions asking if each indicator of the KTOP is worthwhile to be considered in their teaching. Reliability was obtained by agreement (72~90%) and correlation (r=0.90) among observers’ KTOP scores. Finally, the cases of applying the KTOP to improve science classes and to develop teachers’ expertise through an in-service program were described. Key words: analysis of science teaching, improving science teaching, observational instrument, teacher’s teaching expertise.

Two studies demonstrate that strong brand relationship quality (BRQ) enhances consumer judgments about brand extensions. Different methods (survey vs. experiment), participants (real consumers vs. college students), and cultural contexts (Korea vs. Canada) demonstrate that this effect generalizes. Study results suggest that this effect only occurs for two moderately-low-fit extensions: the extension and the parent are similar product categories with inconsistent attributes, or dissimilar product categories with consistent attributes. Two different cognitive processes underlie the BRQ effects depending on these conditions.

Background: The purpose of the present study was to examine the effectiveness of paricalcitol for the prevention of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Materials and Methods: Human peritoneal mesothelial cells (HPMCs) were cultured in media containing transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) with or without paricalcitol. Forty-two male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups. In the control group, the catheter was inserted but no dialysate was infused. The peritoneal dialysis (PD) group was infused with a conventional 4.25% dialysis solution. The paricalcitol group was infused with 4.25% dialysis solution and cotreated with paricalcitol. Results: Exposure of HPMCs to TGF-β1 decreased the protein level of the epithelial cell marker and increased the expression levels of the mesenchymal markers. Cotreatment with paricalcitol increased the protein levels of the epithelial cell marker and decreased those of mesenchymal markers compared with their levels in cells treated with TGF-β1 alone. Exposure of HPMCs to TGF-β1 significantly increased the phosphorylation of Smad2 and Smad3. Cotreatment with paricalcitol significantly decreased the phosphorylation of Smad2 and Smad3 compared with that of cells treated with TGF-β1 alone. After 8 weeks of experimental PD in rats, the thickness of the peritoneal membrane in the PD group was significantly increased compared with that of the control group. Cotreatment with paricalcitol decreased peritoneal thickness. Conclusion: The present study showed that paricalcitol attenuates the TGF-β1-induced EMT in peritoneal mesothelial cells. We suggest that paricalcitol may preserve peritoneal mesothelial cells during PD and could thus be of value for the success of long-term PD.

of a pre-crystallization process, which was an intermediate shorttime sintering during the fabrication of thick Bi-YIG films. The Bi-YIG thick films prepared with a pre-crystallization process showed enhanced magneto-optical properties, high crystallinity and high saturation magnetization. For the Bi-YIG thick films prepared with the pre-crystallization process, the Faraday rotation angle was measured to be 0.4 /µm, which is twice as large as the values for other Bi-YIG thick films.

In this study, to clearly establish the concept of a geometric modeling I apply for the concept of Pushbroom, limited to two-dimensional radiation Locator to provide a three-dimensional information purposes. Respect to the radiation scanner Pushbroom modeling techniques, geometric modeling method was presented introduced to extract three-dimensional information as long as the rotational component of the Gamma-Ray Linear Pushbroom Stereo System, introduced the two-dimensional and three-dimensional spatial information in the matching relation that can be induced. In addition, the pseudo-inverse matrix by using the conventional least-squares method, GCP(Ground Control Point) to demonstrate compliance by calculating the key parameters. Projection transformation matrix is calculated for obtaining three-dimensional information from two-dimensional information can be used as the primary relationship, and through the application of a radiation image matching technology will make it possible to extract three-dimensional information from two-dimensional X-ray imaging.

This paper introduces a specialized robotic system under development for radiosurgery using a small-sized linear accelerator. The robotic system is a 5-DOF manipulator that can be installed above a patient to make an upper hemispherical workspace centered in a target point. In order to determine the optimal lengths of the link, we consider the requirements for the workspace of a linear accelerator for radiosurgery. A more suitable kinematic structure than conventional industrial manipulators is proposed, and the kinematic analysis is also provided. A graphic simulator is implemented and used for dynamic analysis. Based on those results, a prototype manipulator and its control system are under development.

Finding out about and then understanding the forces acting on a moving object, based on a description of the change in motion of this object, is an important part of the conceptual understanding of Newton’s law of motion. Using Hempel’s deductive–normative model for scientific explanation, we developed a deductive explanation task (DET), and we applied this task in teaching students to improve their knowledge about force and motion. The results showed that many students received benefits and reached a good conceptual understanding by using the DET. Also, many students responded that learning physics through deductive thinking was less difficult, and in fact, this method of learning was even interesting. Based on the research results, we present some recommendations and suggestions for further study for more effective physics teaching.

Background/Aims: The objective of the present study was to evaluate the clinical association between periodontitis and a high urinary albumin/creatinine ratio (UACR) in individuals without diabetes mellitus. Methods: Data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were used for this analysis. A high UACR was defined as UACR≥3.9 mg/g for men and UACR≥7.5 mg/g for women. The WHO community periodontal index (CPI) was used to define periodontitis and assess its severity. Results: The numbers of participants without and with periodontitis were 3,046 and 8,571, respectively. The UACR values were higher in participants with periodontitis than in those without periodontitis. Logistic regression showed that the OR for a high UACR with the presence of periodontitis was 1.14 (P=0.044) on multivariate analysis. CPI score was positively associated with UACR. Conclusions: Periodontitis was associated with UACR in the non-diabetic participants in this study. Therefore, participants with periodontitis should be closely monitored for UACR, which can function as an early marker for renal injury.

The Stereo X-ray inspection system is designed for effectively providing the additional information of objects than the conventional inspection system that offers only 2D cross-section of objects. We studied the geometric improvement of the stereo X-ray inspection system, the stereo matching algorithm of the single object using the edge and the volume reconstruction method for the inspected object. In this paper, we conduct a matching algorithm to find the correspondences between the images and reconstruct 3-D shapes of real objects using the stereo X-ray images. Also, we apply a new 3D reconstruction algorithm for the discrimination of two objects. For the separation of the overlapping objects, we calculate the vector of the object and divide inner and outer voxel of objects. And for the elimination of the overlapping area, we study the reconstruct 3D shapes using the threshold based Z-axis. The experimental results show that the proposed technique can enhance the accuracy of stereo matching and give more efficient visualization for overlap objects in the restricted environment.

In four experiments, participants made a purchase decision about a counterfeit product under either constrained or unconstrained cognitive resource conditions. Participants were less likely to purchase the counterfeit when their cognitive resources were constrained than when they were not. However, this difference was evident only when individuals had strong (vs. weak) moral beliefs, or when they had low (vs. high) accountability for their decisions. These and other results suggest that the effect of cognitive resource availability on counterfeit purchase was mediated by participants’ perceptions of justification about the purchase.

People are more likely to invest their money, time, and efforts to attain a desired outcome if they have already devoted resources to its attainment than if they did not. This “sunk cost effect” is robust and has been demonstrated in a wide range of settings. Four experiments in the present research show that the effect is significantly smaller under regulatory mismatch, i.e., when there is a mismatch between the decision makers’ regulatory focus and the characteristics of the desired outcome, than under regulatory match. This difference is not attributable to the operation of value-from-fit but mediated by differences in future regret that people anticipate experiencing when they fail to devote additional resources to the attainment of the outcome, and consequently fail to realize it.

The oxygen imaging technique to obtain a 2-D distribution is a convenient method because it does not require individual addressing of each sensing element in a sensor array. Until recently, color charge coupled devices (CCDs) have rarely been used for oxygen imaging in spite of usefulness for analyzing the spectral content of images. In this work, a color CCD camera was used for luminescence intensity imaging. Two methods of color intensity analysis are investigated and compared. The first method is to analyze the total Red-Green-Blue (RGB) color intensity of the original color image. The second method involves extracting the red color element to enhance the sensitivity of oxygen measurement. Both commercial RedEye oxygen sensor patches and lab-made photopatterned hydrogel (polyethylene glycol) sensor arrays were used to verify these methods. The linearity and sensitivity of oxygen detection based on the red intensity analysis was improved to those of spectrometric measurement and total color intensity analysis. This method also has potential applications in lifetime imaging, multi-analyte detection, and simultaneous structural and functional imaging of biological systems.

This article describes the results of a pilot study that tested the feasibility of estimating quantitatively the regional and economic impacts of NSF-supported Engineering Research centers. For regional impacts, we combined estimates of the direct plus indirect and induced economic impacts of ERC expenditures generated from a regional input–output model with estimates of the additional impact on the state due to center-based start-up companies, licensing income from intellectual property produced by the center, the cost savings enjoyed by local firms that had hired center graduates, and advice and consulting to local firms by center faculty. For national economic impact, a suitably modified version of the regional approach was employed, supplemented by use of a consumer surplus model to estimate the net public benefits of newly commercialized technologies based in center research. As the project proceeded, it became clear that efforts to focus solely on economic impacts that could be quantified relatively easily would greatly underestimate the actual national economic impact of ERCs. The types of impacts included and the kinds of data collected from centers and their collaborating companies were therefore expanded in the later case studies. Results of the first three cases are described here; findings from the remaining two studies did not change our overall results or conclusions. The profile of regional and, especially, national economic impact estimates varied widely across the centers studied. Only some of these variations could be attributed to ERC characteristics; most were the result of variations in the amount and type of data that could be obtained from the centers involved and the companies they worked with. We concluded that even the most conscientious and costly data collection efforts would be unlikely to yield comparable data across centers because the accessibility of key data, especially proprietary data, will differ unpredictably from center to center. Further, focusing on narrowly-conceived, quantifiable economic data alone should be avoided in these kinds of impact studies. Doing so distorts the amount and characteristics of actual impacts, many of which—perhaps most of which—cannot feasibly be converted to monetary terms. Such a narrow focus will greatly underestimate the impact of ERC-like centers, masking the much broader and, based on our findings, larger and more significant impacts on society.

Once a product has been evaluated for use, the circumstances can change and it must be reevaluated for use at a different time. Four experiments investigated processes underlying these reevaluations. Participants received information about a product that had implications for both desirability and the feasibility of using it, while anticipating either its immediate or future use. They were later asked to reevaluate the product for use at either the same or a different point in time. Participants who reevaluated the product for future use based their judgments on desirability considerations regardless of when they had considered using it initially. However, participants who reevaluated the product for immediate use also based their judgments on desirability considerations unless they had initially considered immediate use as well. These results were consistent with a conceptualization of consumer judgment processes that incorporated implications of research on construal level theory and on person memory and judgments.

A new class of optical oxygen sensor that can be photopatternable by traditional UV lithography is presented. They are fabricated using photopatternable spin-on silicone (polydimethyl-siloxane, PDMS) with oxygen sensitive luminescent dyes. It has a good adhesion property and can be applied on glass or on photopolymer (SU-8) without any additional surface treatments. The optimum mixture composition for patternable oxygen sensitive membranes is investigated and its optical properties are characterized. Proof-of-concepts for two applications, intensity-based oxygen sensing with SU-8 based structure and self-calibration fluidic oxygen sensor, are described. These photopatternable optical membranes will find many applications wherever small patterns of oxygen sensitive membranes are required.

People have a tendency to sell stocks more quickly if their value has increased since the time they were purchased than if their value has decreased during this period. This “disposition effect” can sometimes have negative financial consequences. Based on an analysis of transaction data in a simulated trading environment, Study 1 provides evidence of the disposition effect in a newly emerging Internet-based stock trading (“e-trading”) situation. Three laboratory studies then examine the mechanisms that underlie the effect. The magnitude of the disposition effect is unaffected by experimental manipulations of the subjective likelihood of future gains or losses. However, it is eliminated by inducing participants to define gains and losses in similar subjective units. Furthermore, the effect depends on whether participants make selling decisions on their own stocks or serve as an agent for someone else. Thus, the disposition effect is largely a result of differences in the subjective value that participants attach to possible gains and losses rather than of differences in their beliefs that these outcomes will occur. The authors discuss theoretical and managerial implications of the findings.

This study investigates embarrassment related to condom purchase, carrying, storage, use, and disposal in three countries. We identify the consequences of purchase embarrassment for condom use and explore strategies that individuals use to cope with purchase-related embarrassment. Surveys were distributed in Shanghai, China and Seoul, Republic of Korea based on a survey developed and previously distributed in Vancouver, Canada. Despite different levels of development and differences in attitudes and policies toward sexuality in these countries, we find remarkably similar results. In all three countries, condom-related embarrassment extends beyond condom use to pre- and post-use situations. The embarrassment associated with purchasing condoms exceeds that of using condoms, and purchase-related condom embarrassment significantly and negatively impacts the frequency of condom use. Individuals use multiple coping strategies to combat purchase-related embarrassment until this embarrassment decreases with age and experience, and coping strategies are no longer needed to enable condom purchase. In short, embarrassment associated with condoms goes beyond embarrassment about condom use. Purchase-related embarrassment and the strategies individuals use to cope with this embarrassment must be considered in order to promote consistent condom use and improve sexual and reproductive health worldwide.

Investigation of scientists’ actual processes of conducting research can provide us with more realistic aspects of scientific inquiry. This study was performed to identify three aspects of scientists’ actual research: their motivations for scientific inquiry, the scientific inquiry skills they used, and the main types of results obtained from their research. To do this, we interviewed six prominent physicists about why and how they researched and what they obtained from their research results. We also analyzed their published papers. In the previous part of this study, types and features of the physicists’ research motivations were identified (Park and Jang, Journal of the Korean Physical Society, 47(3), 401–408, 2005). In this article, as the second part of the study, it was found: (1) Various inquiry skills including theoretical as well as experimental research skills and the social skills of scientific inquiry were used in physicists’ research. (2) New inventions, articulation of, and falsification of the previous findings were regarded as important research results. (3) Physicists’ research processes were often non-linear and cyclical. For each of these findings, implications for teaching scientific inquiry in schools were developed. Finally, we proposed a model of scientific inquiry process consisting of research motives, scientific inquiry skills, and results of inquiry.

This study examines the effect of investment by universities on student entrepreneurial activities, with an emphasis on the mediating effect of educational support. The effectiveness of university support on students’ entrepreneurial aspirations and motivations has long been of interest to researchers; however, the outcomes of previous studies are inconclusive. These studies mostly used survey data from a fraction of universities in a given country. To treat this topic more comprehensively, we empirically analyze how university support of entrepreneurial activities affects the number of student founders using a nationwide panel data set annually collected by a government agency in South Korea. Our findings suggest a significant and positive effect of university investment in entrepreneurship on the number of student founders. Differential mediating effects are observed according to the type of educational support. The results of this study may provide guidance in policy development for university and college educators in the form of a few recommendations for policymakers based on an understanding of the effectiveness of investments related to entrepreneurial activities.

Three experiments demonstrate that the simultaneous introduction of two brand extensions can have a positive influence on their evaluations independently of parent–extension similarity. This “synergy” effect occurs when the extensions are complementary (e.g., a digital camera and a digital photo printer) but is not evident when they belong to the same category (two models of digital cameras) or to unrelated categories (a digital camera and a snowboard). In addition, the effect is restricted to extension products that are introduced by the same manufacturer. Finally, it occurs only among participants who are promotion focused and therefore are disposed to consider the benefits of owning the extensions rather than the disadvantages of doing so. These and other results suggest that the synergy effect is due to the appeal of completing a set of related products from the same manufacturer rather than the physical or functional similarity of their features to those of either the parent or each other.

From the viewpoint of internal marketing, employees who are content in their job may be motivated to satisfy their customers better than ones who are not content. Another relevant premise is that the content employees, because of their work motivation, would eventually help improve the performance of their firm. To verify these relationships, some previous studies looked into the effects of organisational service orientation on employee's satisfaction. But only few of them investigated the mediating effects of variables such as service value and customer orientation for their role in linking service orientation to business performance. This study examines how an organisation's service orientation had an effect on its performance at hospitals. For this purpose, verification of the mediating role of service value perceived by employees as well as the role of customer orientation on the firm's performance was attempted. For this study, a total of 292 usable questionnaires were collected from hospital staffs ...

Van Dokkum and Conroy revisited the unexpectedly strong Na i lines at 8200 Å found in some giant elliptical galaxies and interpreted them as evidence for an unusually bottom-heavy initial mass function. Jeong et al. later found a large population of galaxies showing equally extraordinary Na D doublet absorption lines at 5900 Å (Na D excess objects: NEOs) and showed that their origins can be different for different types of galaxies. While a Na D excess seems to be related to the interstellar medium (ISM) in late-type galaxies, smooth-looking early-type NEOs show little or no dust extinction and hence no compelling signs of ISM contributions. To further test this finding, we measured the Doppler components in the Na D lines. We hypothesized that the ISM would have a better (albeit not definite) chance of showing a blueshift Doppler departure from the bulk of the stellar population due to outflow caused by either star formation or AGN activities. Many of the late-type NEOs clearly show blueshift in their Na D lines, which is consistent with the former interpretation that the Na D excess found in them is related to gas outflow caused by star formation. On the contrary, smooth-looking early-type NEOsmore » do not show any notable Doppler components, which is also consistent with the interpretation of Jeong et al. that the Na D excess in early-type NEOs is likely not related to ISM activities but is purely stellar in origin.« less