Search

The relations between humans and animals extend into socio-cultural aspects that go beyond the mere acquisition of food, meaning that animals constitute cultural resources that fulfill diverse roles in social and cultural systems. Visual images in different media, including rock art, represent one of the ways in which these complex relationships take place. While in the New World few comparative analyses of archaeofaunal and visual data have been addressed, in the Old World these studies have been framed by a dichotomist view between drawn (thought) and consumed (eaten) understanding, both terms as separate and disconnected social realms. This view also structures an abstract, non-pragmatic, rather passive, world drawn in art, against a concrete, practical, active world of consumption. The analysis we present here, based on principles of substantive economy theory, explores the relation between humans and animals in the prehistory of the Atacama Desert (ca. 13,000–410 BP), by comparing visual images of fauna depicted in rock art (engravings and paintings) with archaeofaunal remains from domestic and funerary contexts. The dataset (comprised of 1534 archaeofaunal items and 729 rock art animal motifs from 117 sites) was standardized by calculating the percentage of ubiquity of each animal item per period of time, using Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients to identify synchronic and diachronic changes in the relative importance of certain animals consumed. We observed important temporal and contextual variations in the consumption of animals drawn in rock art in the Atacama Desert, and we conclude that they reflect a selection of a wide range of ritual and utilitarian, but not mutually exclusive, functions. In particular, images of camelids emphasized the importance of providing fiber for the creation of textile artifacts and camelid use as pack animals in the caravan trade, both activities that were fundamental in the economy of local societies.

Se presentan los resultados del análisis zooarqueológico de dos conjuntos de artefactos Tiwanaku (400-1100 DC), procedentes de la localidad de Amaguaya, en Bolivia. Los conjuntos se componen de una importante cantidad de artefactos orgánicos (estuches, bolsas de cuero, textiles y fibras de lana). Mediante el análisis microscópico de pelos y fibras provenientes de los artefactos y su comparación con muestras de colecciones de referencia, se logró la identificación de la totalidad de las muestras estudiadas. Se determinó que, con excepción del jaguar (Phantera onca), el resto de las pieles y fibras con que fueron elaborados los artefactos pertenecen a especies de distribución local. Los conjuntos de Amaguaya proporcionan importante información acerca del ritual en Tiwanaku así como de las relaciones de intercambio e interacción generadas con la región de la Cordillera Oriental durante el Horizonte MedioIn this article I present the results of the zooarchaeological analysis of two archaeological sets of Tiwanaku (AD 400-1100) artifacts from Amaguaya, Bolivia. These sets are formed by an important quantity of organic elements (e.g. cases and leather bags, textiles and wool fibers). The identification of the entirety of the studied samples was achieved through the microscopic analysis of the hairs and fibers of the archaeological samples and their comparison with samples derived from a reference faunal collection. Excluding the cases that were made with jaguar leather (Phantera onca),the rest of the artifacts were elaborated with skins and fibers of animal species with a local distribution. The Amaguaya sets provide important information about the relationships of exchange and interaction between Tiwanaku and the eastern cordilleran region of the Andes during the Middle Horizon