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El libro se adentra en el análisis de problemáticas que cobran dimensión e importancia distinta a la habitual al ubicarse en el contexto de la metrópoli, ya sea por las razones administrativas que ello implica, ya por la complejidad de la raigambre social y cultural que acompaña a cada una de las partes que construyen el fenómeno metropolitano. Se trata de una visión académica y crítica que se sitúa como testigo de la noción contemporánea de lo urbano desde la perspectiva de sus componentes: vivienda, espacio público y patrimonio edificado. Asume que la construcción del futuro depende del cabal entendimiento de una cuestión compleja que se debe imaginar, gestionar y construir desde la cooperación solidaria de todos los actores intervinientes en los procesos cotidianos, en respeto y armonía con el territorio, el medio natural, los valores y afectos locales, además del conocimiento y aplicación de las tecnologías y herramientas actuales. Aborda lo metropolitano desde diferentes escalas de sitio: el lugar de actuación urbana a pequeña escala, el barrio, la ciudad y la región. Entiende que lo metropolitano es en sí la suma de diversas características urbanas que se agregan para construir un todo que es vivido y entendido de manera distinta y subjetiva. Esta obra compila una síntesis académica inacabada que deja interrogantes abiertas para poder ser continuadas en indagatoria y reflexión, permite el intercambio de voces y pensamientos entre investigadores de distintas corrientes y nacionalidades. Despierta la curiosidad y el ánimo de seguir investigando.

Ensayos sobre la pandemia reúne las experiencias y miradas de cinco destacados profesionales quienes, desde sus distintas áreas, reflexionan sobre las consecuencias personales de la pandemia. El escritor Juan Manuel Chávez y su testimonio desde la perspectiva del difícil reencuentro de un limeño residente en España, con su caótica ciudad natal en plena pandemia; la docente Giancarla Di Laura nos revela sobre el impacto que ha sido para las mujeres la propagación del Covid 19, siendo durante el confinamiento el período más terrible en el incremento de sus obligaciones y sobre exigencias físicas, mentales y emocionales; el educador venezolano Félix José Colina nos escribe sobre la vida del migrante en plena crisis sanitaria, asumiendo un punto de vista desde los valores humanos y lo espiritual; el comunicador Jorge Paredes Laos, explica sobre la obligada reinvención del ejercicio periodístico, para así lograr sobrevivir en medio de la más fuerte crisis mundial de la historia moderna; y Rafael Duran Galdo, ganador del concurso de ensayos sobre la pandemia convocada por nuestra universidad, hace un análisis crítico desde la fragmentación del sistema sanitario y la importancia de la revalorización de las ciencias sociales, con el fin de crear políticas públicas que promuevan un cambio en la salud de acuerdo con cada realidad y contexto histórico.

La investigación titulada: Talento humano y desempeño académico de la Escuela Profesional de Humanidades, La Cantuta, 2020, tuvo como objetivo demostrar la relación existente entre el talento humano y el desempeño docente en la Escuela Profesional de Humanidades. Fue un estudio de enfoque cuantitativo, descriptivo correlacional, transversal, retrospectivo; con una muestra censal de 60 unidades, a quienes se aplicaron dos instrumentos tipo escala con cuestionario cerrado. Los resultados indican que la prueba de correlación (rho) Spearman, con un nivel de confianza de 95%, tuvo un coeficiente de correlación de 0.639 > 0.089. Se comprueba que existe un sostenible desarrollo cualitativo del talento humano en el desempeño académico de los docentes de esta institución.

El presente artículo tiene como objetivo, revisar la producción científica sobre el aporte de la inteligencia artificial en influenciar el futuro del marketing en sus contenidos y procesos virtuales Método Es de naturaleza descriptiva, se va a ocupar de describir eventos y hechos acontecidos sin encargarse de hacer predicciones correlaciones o predicciones, se ha realizado una búsqueda de información en las principales bases de datos relacionados al objetivo. El resultado de la investigación permite apreciar el impacto material de la Inteligencia Artificial en el marketing para resolver las actividades requeridas con eficiencia, velocidad y costos conforme a las necesidades de sus clientes Conclusiones El continuo desarrollo de la inteligencia artificial va a transformar y consolidar en el futuro la relación existente entre el marketing y su cliente.

The use of nanoparticles as drug delivery systems has increased in importance in the last decades. Despite the disadvantages of difficulty swallowing, gastric irritation, low solubility, and poor bioavailability, oral administration stands out as the most widely used route for therapeutic treatments, though it may not always be the most effective route. The effect of the first hepatic pass is one of the primary challenges that drugs must overcome to carry out their therapeutic effect. For these reasons, controlled-release systems based on nanoparticles synthesized from biodegradable natural polymers have been reported to be very efficient in enhancing oral delivery in multiple studies. Chitosan has been shown to have an extensive variability of properties and roles in the pharmaceutical and health fields; of its most important properties are the ability to encapsulate and transport drugs within the body and enhance the drug interaction with the target cells, which improves the efficacy of the encapsulated drugs. The physicochemical properties of chitosan give it the ability to form nanoparticles through multiple mechanisms, which will be addressed in this article. The present review article focuses on highlighting the applications of chitosan nanoparticles for oral drug delivery.

Objetivo, revisar la producción científica sobre la capacidad de las pymes de emplear la inteligencia artificial apoyando su desarrollo empresarial para que sea una empresa sostenible y viable en el tiempo. Método Es de naturaleza descriptiva, se va a ocupar de describir eventos y hechos acontecidos sin encargarse de hacer predicciones correlaciones o predicciones, se ha realizado una búsqueda de información en las principales bases de datos relacionados al objetivo. El resultado de la investigación permite apreciar el rol relevante de la Inteligencia Artificial en resolver las actividades requeridas con eficiencia, velocidad y costos conforme a sus posibilidades financiera de las pymes Conclusiones Las pymes requieren tener una igualdad en la oferta de los servicios tecnológico desarrollados de acuerdo a su factibilidad económica como empresa.

La actividad económica resultado de la elaboración de quesos artesanales, es de gran importancia para la economía local, no existe un estudio de este tipo que permita a los productores conocer a detalle los costos de manufactura del queso artesanal, actualmente los productores sólo tienen aproximaciones y sus precios de venta los determinan de acuerdo al comportamiento del mercado, sin tener certeza acerca del margen de utilidad. Por ello, se realizó este trabajo que consistió en determinar la estructura de costos en cada tipo de queso artesanal, que se elabora en la Quesería “El Bejucal”. Esta empresa es una de las más emblemáticas debido a su tradición y prestigio, ubicada en el municipio de Balancán, Tabasco, y cuya marca está protegida ante el Instituto Mexicano de la Propiedad Industrial (IMPI). Se realizaron cálculos basados en la clasificación de costos directos, indirectos y gastos de administración y ventas. Se encontró que el queso de poro es el producto que más alto costo de producción tiene, respecto a los demas productos, debido principalmente al elevado costo del material de empaque. Sin embargo, el ingreso por la comercialización del queso de poro corresponde al 70% y el restante a los otros quesos; el queso de poro es de pasta friable,blanda y prensada; ligeramente madurado, elaborado a partir de leche bronca, se comercializa en piezas de aproximadamente 300 g.

The aim of this work was to optimize unidirectional buccal patches loaded with metoprolol (MT-MBPs) to provide adequate mucoadhesive and water uptake properties as well as controlled drug release for the effective treatment of different cardiovascular diseases. The patches were prepared layer-by-layer using the solvent casting method. A central composite design was employed to statistically optimize the formulation variables. Chitosan and Pluronic® F-127 (poloxamer 407) concentrations were chosen as the independent variables, while ex vivo mucoadhesive force, ex vivo residence time, in vitro water uptake (%), and in vitro drug release (%) were to be considered the dependent variables. The optimized formulation was also characterized and evaluated in terms of morphology, thermal behavior, tensile strength, elongation at break, and ex vivo drug permeation. The optimized MT-MBPs were successful in terms of mucoadhesive force (3.58 ± 0.62 N), residence time (342.67 ± 17.21 min), and water uptake at 1 h (24.53 ± 3.62%). A controlled drug release was obtained for 8 h. Thermal and morphologic analyses demonstrated that metoprolol was homogeneously distributed throughout the microporous chitosan-based polymer matrix. Furthermore, the MT-MBPs exhibited a tensile strength of 3.76 ± 0.55 N/mm2 and an elongation at break of 36.52 ± 13.88%. The results of ex vivo permeation through pig buccal mucosa indicated that therapeutic metoprolol concentrations can be reached by using a patch of 5.62 cm2. Optimal composition of the MT-MBPs included 2.9% (w/v) and 2.6% (w/v) of chitosan and Pluronic® F-127, respectively, which constitutes the most suitable makeup for metoprolol buccal delivery.

IntroductionThe CYP450 complex participates in the metabolism of ifosfamide, an antineoplastic drug used to treat solid tumors. genes contain several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that confer different activity towards the enzyme. The aim of our study was to analyze gene frequencies of allelic variants and their association with ifosfamide blood levels and patient prognosis.Material and methods148 DNA samples from children were analyzed. Genotyping was performed by real-time PCR with TaqMan probes and ifosfamide levels were determined in dried blood drop by UPLCMS/MS.ResultsIfosfamide levels increased according to the genotype, and patients with the variant rs1799853 in CYP2C9 genotype CC had lower levels of ifosfamide (median = 1.8 µmol/l, Q25 0.9–Q75 4.6) compared with patients with genotype TT + CT (median = 2.8 µmol/l, Q25 1.9–Q75 5.1), p < 0.001. In the case of the rs2740574 variant in the CYP3A4 gene, patients with normal genotype (TT) presented median = 1.4 µmol/l, (Q25 0.7–Q75 2.7), while patients with the CC + TC genotype had higher levels of ifosfamide (median = 2.0 µmol/l, Q25 1.0–Q75 4.3), p = 0.024. In addition, patients with CC + CT genotype of this variant had a higher risk of non-response to treatment compared to patients with TT genotype (RR = 1.3, 95% CI: 1.07–1.59, p = 0.03).ConclusionsPolymorphisms in CYP2C9 and CYP3A4 genes are associated with high levels of ifosfamide. In addition, the polymorphism rs2740574 in CYP3A4 was associated with a worse therapeutic response.

La Abadía de Montserrat es un lugar en las montañas de la provincia de Barcelona, en España, con una historia que se remonta a un milenio atrás. Entre turistas y peregrinos, cada año llegan en promedio tres millones de personas; el número representa las tres cuartas partes de los turistas extranjeros que visitaron el Perú en 2017. Este nivel de atención se explica no solamente por los caprichos geológicos del paisaje, con rocas en pie que simulan frailes aglomerados y la monumentalidad arquitectónica del monasterio benedictino con sus arcos verticales, sino porque ahí se conserva a La Moreneta, Virgen negra que es la patrona de Cataluña. Se custodia, también, un libro del poeta César Vallejo.

The objective of this research is to experimentally evaluate the anaerobic co-digestion of slaughterhouse residues in the city of Guaranda with straw residues from agriculture, such as: amaranth, quinoa and wheat. The study was carried out on a laboratory scale using 311 ml biodigesters under mesophilic conditions of 37 °C. Anaerobic co-digestion resulted in methane yields of 407 ml CH4/g VS, with a methane content in the biogas of 77% for the mixture of slaughterhouse waste and quinoa (RM-QU (25:75)). The increase in inoculum in the mixtures composed of slaughterhouse residues and quinoa increased the biodegradability between 17 and 22%. However, in the mixtures of slaughterhouse waste and amaranth (RM-AM (0:100)), a further increase in inoculum decreased biodegradability by 5%. To predict and simulate methane production, 5 kinetic models were used: modified Gompertz, logistic equation, transfer, cone and Richards. The cone model was the one that best adjusted the experimental values ​​with those predicted with an R2 of 0.982 to 0.999 and RMSE of 0.61 to 6.92 ml CH4/g VS. The calculation of the theoretical yield was carried out by stoichiometry and elemental analysis of the samples. Theoretical yields ranged between 480-564 ml CH4/g VS for all mixtures of RM with agricultural residues.

Pulmonary hypertension is a rare condition that impairs patients’ quality of life and life expectancy. The development of noninvasive instruments may help elucidate the prognosis of this cardiorespiratory disease. We aimed to evaluate the utility of routinely performed noninvasive test results as prognostic markers in patients with pulmonary hypertension. We enrolled 198 patients with mean pulmonary artery pressure &gt, 25 mmHg measured at cardiac catheterisation or echocardiographic pulmonary artery systolic pressure &gt, 40 mmHg and tricuspid regurgitation Vmax &gt, 2.9 m/s, and clinical information regarding management and follow-up studies from the date of diagnosis. Multivariate analysis revealed that female sex [HR: 0.21, (95% CI: 0.07–0.64), p = 0.006], the presence of collagenopathies [HR: 8.63, (95% CI: 2.38–31.32), p = 0.001], an increased red blood cell distribution width [HR: 1.25, (95% CI: 1.04–1.49), p = 0.017] and an increased electrocardiographic P axis (P°)/T axis (T°) ratio [HR: 0.93, (95% CI: 0.88–0.98), p = 0.009] were severity-associated factors, while older age [HR: 1.57, (95% CI: 1.04–1.28), p = 0.006], an increased QRS axis (QRS°)/T° ratio [HR: 1.21, (95% CI: 1.09–1.34), p &lt, 0.001], forced expiratory volume in 1 s [HR: 0.94, (95% CI: 0.91–0.98), p = 0.01] and haematocrit [HR: 0.93, (95% CI: 0.87–0.99), p = 0.04] were mortality-associated factors. Our results support the importance of red blood cell distribution width, electrocardiographic ratios and collagenopathies for assessing pulmonary hypertension prognosis.

El presente artículo tiene como objetivo, revisar la producción científica sobre la capacidad de disminución del riesgo crediticio de la banca después de la pandemia Covid-19. Método Es de naturaleza descriptiva, se va a ocupar de describir eventos y hechos acontecidos sin encargarse de hacer predicciones correlaciones o predicciones, se ha realizado una búsqueda de información en las principales bases de datos relacionados al objetivo. El resultado de la investigación permite apreciar el rol de forma relevante que le corresponde liderar a los bancos en la orientación al mundo empresarial hacia su recuperación económica, al tiempo que preservan la salud de sus clientes Conclusiones A la banca le atañe una actuación trascendente que asumir en sostener a sus clientes para su restablecimiento económico ,por esa causa, opinan que la banca debe reformularse para entrar a una nueva normalidad que nos tocara vivir a todos sin excepción.

This paper evaluates the anaerobic digestion of agricultural waste, manure and slaughterhouse residues of species typical of the Andes, such as llama, vicuna and guinea pig; quinoa, amaranth and wheat straw in order to be able to use them as a renewable energy source and boost rural development in the region. Has been used sludge from a WWTP as inoculum, evaluating the effect of two relationships between the substrate and inoculum (RSI) for both livestock and agricultural waste. The highest cumulative maximum methane production rate was obtained for the residues of flame manure and quinoa straw for an RSI of 1:2 with productions of 376.08 ml CH4/g SV and 377.02 ml CH4/g SV respectively. In these materials an RSI of 1:2 obtained increases of 22.56% and 37.54% compared to the RSI 1:1. Also, the kinetic analysis showed that the modified Gompertz model is the one that best fits performance, with constant differences of 7.06% between the experimental and predicted values. On the other hand, the modified Gompertz model was adjusted to the experimental results with an r2 of (0.998) and an RMSE of 4.09 ml/g SV at 17.12 ml/g SV.

Objetivo: Determinar la relación que existe entre la planificación de inventarios y el costo de capital en las MYPES de Cercado de Lima dedicadas a la comercialización de dispositivos médicos. Método: El tipo de estudio fue correlacional para lo cual se diseñó una investigación no experimental de corte transversal. La población de estudio fue determinada por las 07 MYPES comercializadoras de dispositivos médicos del Cercado de Lima. La prueba de hipótesis se realizó mediante el modelo de regresión lineal simple procesando los datos en el software estadístico SPSS21. Resultados: Se determinó, según la comprobación de las hipótesis con base a los coeficientes de correlación de Pearson, que en las MYPES analizadas existe una deficiente planificación de inventarios dado que no cuentan con una adecuada política de compras, lo cual genera un exceso de existencias y pérdidas por obsolescencia de productos. Conclusiones: El estudio concluye que la planificación de inventarios se relaciona directamente con el aumento en el costo de capital de las MYPES que comercializan dispositivos médicos, toda vez que se obtuvo un coeficiente de correlación de Pearson de 0,736, ello significa que, sin una óptima planificación de inventarios mayores son los incrementos en el costo de capital.

Con la presente investigación se pretende diseñar y construir una máquina CNC en el Instituto Superior Tecnológico Carlos Cisneros que permita controlar el movimiento de un cabezal láser para realizar el grabado de texto en la superficie de madera. A través de una investigación experimental se establece el mecanismo para el desplazamiento del cabezal en tres ejes del sistema cartesiano con el uso de bandas, rodamientos y poleas, calibrado a través de hardware y software para grabar los diseños creados en la superficie de la madera; la velocidad y la corriente son los factores a controlar en el proceso. La fiabilidad del prototipo se establece al verificar la calidad del grabado, estableciendo el nivel de nitidez y claridad del texto plasmado en la madera. Al utilizar el diodo led azul la calidad es similar a trabajos realizados por equipos comerciales y prototipos fabricados.

Se hace una revision de la literatura sobre la relacion medico paciente , donde se consultaron 7 referencias bibliograficas que nos brindaron la informacion sobre los diferentes modelos que intentaron sentar pautas acerca de la misma como resultado de un enfoque mas humano que respondio al enfoque biopsicosocial introducido a la practica medica a principios del siglo XX, no obstante se muestra la necesidad de una comprension mas amplia y compleja, teniendo en cuenta las caracteristicas de los integrantes, las circunstancias y el contexto en que esta relacion alcanza su concrecion. Por otra parte, se significa la repercusion que los cambios socioeconomicos y tecnologicos han tenido en esta relacion.

Dexmedetomidine (DEX) is an α-2 adrenergic agonist with sedative and analgesic properties. Although not approved for pediatric use by the Food and Drug Administration, DEX is increasingly used in pediatric anesthesia and critical care. However, very limited information is available regarding the pharmacokinetics of DEX in children. The aim of this study was to investigate DEX pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics (PK–PD) in Mexican children 2–18 years of age who were undergoing outpatient surgical procedures. Thirty children 2–18 years of age with American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status score of I/II were enrolled in this study. DEX (0.7 µg/kg) was administered as a single-dose intravenous infusion. Venous blood samples were collected, and plasma DEX concentrations were analyzed with a combination of high-performance liquid chromatography and electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. Population PK–PD models were constructed using the Monolix program. A 2-compartment model adequately described the concentration–time relationship. The parameters were standardized for a body weight of 70 kg by using an allometric model. Population parameters estimates were as follows: mean (between-subject variability): clearance (Cl) (L/h × 70 kg) = 20.8 (27%); central volume of distribution (V1) (L × 70 kg) = 21.9 (20%); peripheral volume of distribution (V2) (L × 70 kg) = 81.2 (21%); and intercompartmental clearance (Q) (L/h × 70 kg) = 75.8 (25%). The PK–PD model predicted a maximum mean arterial blood pressure reduction of 45% with an IC50 of 0.501 ng/ml, and a maximum heart rate reduction of 28.9% with an IC50 of 0.552 ng/ml. Our results suggest that in Mexican children 2–18 years of age with American Society of Anesthesiologists score of I/II, the DEX dose should be adjusted in accordance with lower DEX clearance. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives License 4.0 (CCBY-NC-ND), where it is permissible to download and share the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially without permission from the journal.

Introducción: La tasa de mortalidad de este tipo de cáncer se ha duplicado de 1997 a 2014. Un informe del hospital de Solca, en Guayaquil, lo ubica en el quinto lugar en mortalidad. Su incidencia también aumenta a medida que las familias tienen mayor acceso a consumir carnes rojas y procesadas. Materiales y métodos: La muestra fue de 109 pacientes que presentaron Cáncer Colorrectal incluidos 41 nuevos casos del Hospital Guayaquil en el período de tiempo de estudio establecido, se trata de un estudio de corte transversal, retrospectivo, descriptivo y observacional. Resultados: La mayor incidencia de casos de Cáncer Colorrectal se diagnosticó por encima de los 56 años de edad, Se determinó que entre 109 pacientes que fueron tratados e ingresados en el Hospital Abel Gilbert Pontón en el 2016, 41 fueron diagnosticados durante este mismo año, correspondiendo al 37,6% de la muestra, El tipo de tumor más frecuente fue el ADENOCARCINOMA COLORRECTAL. Se Observó una mayor incidencia de Cáncer Colorrectal en pacientes masculinos con el 76,1% del total.

Summary Following the implementation of the National Cancer Prevention and Control Results-based Budget Programme (PpR Cancer–024) in 2011, the Peruvian Government approved the Plan Esperanza—a population-based national cancer control plan—in 2012. Legislation that ensured full government-supported funding for people who were otherwise unable to access or afford care and treatment accompanied the Plan. In 2013, the Ministry of Health requested an integrated mission of the Programme of Action for Cancer Therapy (imPACT) report to strengthen cancer control in Peru. The imPACT Review, which was executed in 2014, assessed Peru's achievements in cancer control, and areas for improvement, including cancer control planning, further development of population-based cancer registration, increased prevention, early diagnosis, treatment and palliative care, and the engagement and participation of civil society in the health-care system. This Series paper gives a brief history of the development of the Plan Esperanza, describes the innovative funding model that supports it, and summarises how funds are disseminated on the basis of disease, geography, and demographics. An overview of the imPACT Review, and the government's response in the context of the Plan Esperanza, is provided. The development and execution of the Plan Esperanza and the execution of and response to the imPACT Review demonstrates the Peruvian Government's commitment to fighting cancer across the country, including in remote and urban areas.

Metformin pharmacokinetics in a liquid extemporaneous formulation from commercial tablets was determined in paediatric patients. A randomized, transversal clinical trial was conducted in 34 children and adolescents between 7 and 17 years of age. 17 children were randomized to take metformin in the liquid formulation and, after a 1-week wash period, a 500 mg metformin tablet was administered to them. Blood samples were obtained in Whatman 903® cards at 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12 and 24 hours. Extraction was made by direct precipitation with acetonitrile (ACN) and methanol, detection by UPLC and tandem mass spectrometry. The method was accurate, precise, selective and linear from 50 to 1000 ng/mL (r = .9982). Comparative pharmacokinetics, tablet vs formulation, were as follows: Cmax1503.2 ng/mL vs 1521.4, Tmax1.5 h vs 2.3, and half-life 8.2 vs 7.5 h. The liquid formulation of metformin showed similar pharmacokinetics to the tablet, and the ratios (90% CI) of geometric mean for metformin were 100.63% (89.13–113.6), 98.08% (88.04–109.2), and 97.52% (84.9–112.01), for Cmax, AUC0-t, and AUC 0-∞, respectively. Pharmacokinetics was determined using WinNonlin Pro 3.1 software. The liquid formulation of metformin showed similar pharmacokinetics to the tablet, allowing a more precise dose adjustment and ease of administration.

The main purpose of this research is to combine two techniques used in the construction of intelligent systems, through the use of the Alyuda Forecaster XL software and the SPSS statistical analysis software in order to create a neural network to reduce occupational accidents that may occur in the different projects of the company COSMO ASTRAL, depending on the factors considered critical of SPSS. Regarding the use of the Alyuda Forecaster software, forecasts of possible accidents were made taking as a source of information the database of the study carried out with the company's collaborators.

El propósito principal de esta investigación es combinar dos técnicas utilizadas en la construcción de sistemas inteligentes, mediante el uso del software Alyuda Forecaster XL y el software de análisis estadístico SPSS con el propósito de crear una red neuronal para reducir los accidentes laborales que pueden darse en los diferentes proyectos de la empresa COSMO ASTRAL, en función de los factores considerados como críticos con SPSS. En cuanto al uso del software Alyuda Forecaster se realizaron pronósticos de accidentes posibles tomando como fuente de información la base de datos del estudio realizado con los colaboradores de la empresa.

Aims: Biodegradable polymeric microneedles containing atorvastatin calcium were developed in order to improve the percutaneous absorption of the drug, useful for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. Background: The use of physical enhancers like microneedles have shown good results to increase the delivery of drugs through the skin, the use of microneedles has very important advantages for transdermal drug delivery, for example, they are painless, easy to use and safe, they increase time interval of drug activity, dose, and reductions in adverse reactions, they also offer, the facility to remove the system instantly of the skin. Objective: Develop polymer microneedles loaded with a calcium atorvastatin and evaluate them by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), bioadhesion, postwetting- bioadhesion, breaking strength, drug release test and in vitro percutaneous absorption studies to demonstrate the use of microneedles atorvastatin is able to cross the skin. Methods: The microneedles were made with poly (methyl vinyl ether-alt-maleic acid) as biodegradable polymer using the technique of casting in solution in a mold. After solidification these microneedles were characterized by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), bioadhesion, post-wetting-bioadhesion, breaking strength, drug release test and in vitro percutaneous absorption studies. Results: In general, the performances were satisfactory for optimal formulation in terms of DSC with no interactions between drug and excipients, SEM shows microneedles with a conical shape, bioadhesion of 1570 g.f, post wetting-bioadhesion of 1503.4 g.f, breaking strength of 1566.7g.f that is sufficient to disrupt Stratum corneum, good drug release and a flux of 33.4 μg/cm2*h with a tLag of 15.14 h for the in vitro percutaneous absorption. Conclusion: The results indicate that it is possible to generate microneedles to increase the percutaneous absorption of calcium atorvastatin transdermally, with the potential to be used as an alternative to the oral route for the treatment of dyslipidemias.

espanolEl presente estudio busca explorar el reconocimiento de emociones en personas con discapacidad intelectual. El reconocimiento de emociones es importante para una correcta interaccion social. Haciendo que la estimulacion y desarrollo de estas habilidades sea indispensable para generar vinculos nuevos, comprender el medio en el cual se encuentra el sujeto y la adquisicion de un conocimiento positivo gracias al aprendizaje social. En esta investigacion se empleo la fotografia como un medio de expresion y de mejoramiento de habilidades cognitivas y sociales. Evaluando mediante un test previamente creado para poblacion ecuatoriana. El estudio intenta comprobar si: a. Las personas con discapacidad intelectual presentan mayores problemas en el reconocimiento de emociones que poblacion general, y: b. Aprender fotografia mejora el reconocimiento de emociones en personas con discapacidad intelectual. Como principales resultados tenemos que: a. Existe diferencia significativa (X2= 37.29 P EnglishThe current study aims to explore emotion recognition in people with intellectual disabilities. The skill of emotion recognition is important for an adequate way of social interactions. Making the stimulation and development of these skills very important to generate new relations, understand the environment in which the subject is developing and the acquisition of a positive knowledge through social learning. For this research photography was used as a tool for expression and improvement of cognitive and social skills. Evaluating through a test created specifically for the Ecuadorian population. The study tries to test if: a. People with intellectual disabilities have more difficulty in recognizing emotions than the general population, and: b. Studying photography improves emotion recognition skills in people with intellectual disabilities. As main results we found that: a. There is a significant difference (X2 = 37.29 P

The arboreal, nocturnal and widely distributed snake Bothrops bilineatus smaragdinus has a registered diet that consists in frogs, lizards, birds and rodents; items that were, with some exceptions, rarely identified to species level. In this work we report three new items for its diet consisting in an adult frog Dendropsophus marmoratus (Anura, Hylidae), an adult lizard Thecadactylus solimoensis (Reptilia, Phyllodactylidae) and an adult bat Carollia brevicauda (Chiroptera, Phyllostomidae) which is the first record of predation on Chiroptera by this species.

Purpose: The objective of this study was to determine whether a comorbidity index could be used to predict mortality in pediatric patients with chemotherapy-treated solid tumors. Methods: Pediatric patients who underwent chemotherapy treatment for solid tumors were included, and demographic, clinical, and comorbidity data were obtained from patient electronic records. Results: A total of 196 pediatric patients with embryonic solid tumors were included. Metastatic tumors were the most frequently observed (n = 103, 52.6%). The most common comorbidities encountered for the Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) were cellulitis (n = 24, 12.2%) and acute renal failure (n = 15, 7.7%). For the Pediatric Comorbidity Index (PCI), the most frequent comorbidities were pneumonia and sepsis, with n = 64 (32.7%) for each. We evaluated established the prognostic values for both indexes using Kaplan-Meier curves, finding that the CCI and PCI could predict mortality with p < 0.0001. Conclusion: Using the PCI, we observed 100% survival in patients without comorbidities, 70% survival in patients with a low degree of comorbidity, and 20% survival in patients with a high degree of comorbidity. Greater discrimination of probability of survival could be achieved using degrees of comorbidity on the PCI than using degrees of comorbidity on the CCI. The application of the PCI for assessing the hospitalized pediatric population may be of importance for improving clinical evaluation.

Liver cirrhosis is a worldwide public health problem, and patients with this disease are at high risk of developing complications, bacterial translocation from the intestinal lumen to the mesenteric nodes, and systemic circulation, resulting in the development of severe complications related to high mortality rate. The intestinal barrier is a structure with a physical and biochemical activity to maintain balance between the external environment, including bacteria and their products, and the internal environment. Patients with liver cirrhosis develop a series of alterations in different components of the intestinal barrier directly associated with the severity of liver disease that finally increased intestinal permeability. A "leaky gut" is an effect produced by damaged intestinal barrier; alterations in the function of tight junction proteins are related to bacterial translocation and their products. Instead, increasing serum proinflammatory cytokines and hemodynamics modification, which results in the appearance of complications of liver cirrhosis such as hepatic encephalopathy, variceal hemorrhage, bacterial spontaneous peritonitis, and hepatorenal syndrome. The intestinal microbiota plays a fundamental role in maintaining the proper function of the intestinal barrier; bacterial overgrowth and dysbiosis are two phenomena often present in people with liver cirrhosis favoring bacterial translocation. Increased intestinal permeability has an important role in the genesis of these complications, and treating it could be the base for prevention and partial treatment of these complications.

El presente artículo surge como resultado de la investigación denominada “docentes amenazados en el marco del conflicto armado colombiano, en una zona rural del departamento de Nariño”, inspirada en una experiencia de violencia vivida por ocho docentes de centros educativos rurales del sur del departamento de Nariño (Colombia), quienes desarrollan su labor educativa en ambientes de amenaza constante, por parte de grupos armados ilegales. La investigación buscó comprender la incidencia que tiene la dinámica del conflicto armado en la labor docente. Los resultados evidencian la transformación en las actitudes, las relaciones con la comunidad educativa y en la percepción y desempeño del rol profesional que se producen en la vida cotidiana de los docentes tras las afectaciones emocionales, psicológicas y físicas que genera una situación de amenaza. La investigación se desarrolló desde una perspectiva cualitativa, enmarcada en el enfoque histórico-narrativo de estudio de casos, la sistematización de la experiencia involucró tres fases a saber: la reconstrucción, la interpretación y la potenciación del problema. Se encontró principalmente, que la situación de amenaza implica en el docente un cambio no solo a nivel profesional, sino también a nivel personal y familiar, puesto que se generan actitudes que afectan la estabilidad emocional, física y psicológica, tales como el aislamiento, la prevención y la restricción en la comunicación y la interacción social; por otra parte, en cuanto a las relaciones interpersonales, estas se dan en climas de desconfianza, por ello se limitan únicamente al factor laboral, es decir, el docente tiene miedo de establecer relaciones de confianza y camaradería con sus compañeros, con los estudiantes y con los demás actores de la comunidad educativa, para evitar cualquier relación con la problemática del conflicto y ahondar la gravedad de su situación; finalmente sobre la percepción del rol docente, este se asume a partir de la situación de amenaza, únicamente para cumplir con su responsabilidad profesional, se va perdiendo la libertad de desarrollar su papel social y se dejan a un lado las actividades de desarrollo comunitario; esto implica insatisfacción en el docente y en la comunidad.

An analysis about the status of the wood industry in the state of Veracruz, Mexico is done, simultaneously, it is assessed that established in the states of Puebla, Mexico, Tlaxcala and Hidalgo. For the objectives of this paper, these states are considered to be grouped in the mid-west region. Also, to outline the situation of Veracruz in the national context, it is compared with the most important states regarding wood production, which are: Durango, Chihuahua and Michoacan. The relationship with the midwest region is that, because of geographical reasons, the region becomes the natural market for Veracruz forest products. The analysis was based in a survey applied by the Secretary of the Environment, Natural Resources and Fisheries, to the national forest industry, during September-December 1995. This diagnostic includes: number of industries, municipalities in which they are located, type of ownership, industrial capacity and its current state of use and type of industry. The industry potential is assessed, taking into account the forest land and the volume that could be exploited per state and for the region. For the state of Veracruz the level of wood prices are given, comparing them with the national average, and taking into account the sale point: standing, in the road and in the yard. Survey’s results point out that, the sawing industry prevails; the average industry works at 39% of its capacity. Since the 50's, wood industry production in Veracruz has been falling and its industrial capacity is underutilized. The situation could be partially explained by the conversion of forestlands to agricultural uses, mainly for cattle ranching.