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A solution of 0.5 g of meropenem (MEPM) in 100 ml of saline was administered to adult patients before the orthopaedic surgery via intravenous drip infusion for 30 minutes. Eleven samples of bone marrow blood, 13 bone, 8 joint fluid and 8 joint tissues obtained from 15 clinical cases were analyzed for MEPM levels. At the same time, blood samples were taken from peripheral veins and serum served as control was analyzed. The concentration of MEPM in the marrow blood at 30 minutes after administration of MEPM reached 15.4 micrograms/ml, which was above 50% of the maximum concentration in serum. Ratios of concentration in bone marrow to that in serum were between 93% and 105% at that time. MEPM levels were 5.74-0.40 micrograms/g in bones, 20.3-4.55 micrograms/ml in joint fluid and 18.2-4.05 micrograms/g in joint tissues at 30 to 75 minutes after administration. In joint fluid and joint tissues, the concentration above 50% of maximum level in serum were maintained for more than an hour. MEPM is thought to be useful for the treatment of bone and joint infections and also prophylaxis of infections in cases of major surgery of skeletal tissue in the field of orthopaedic surgery.

Long-Evans Cinnamon (LEC) rats are autosomal recessive mutants that develop hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Because copper accumulates in the livers of these rats, and some of their clinical and pathological features are similar to those of patients with Wilson's disease, LEC rats are proposed as an animal model of Wilson's disease. It has been thought that unbound copper generates free radicals, which act as hemolytic and hepatocytotoxic agents. To examine the effects of vitamin E as an antioxidant on hereditary hepatitis in LEC rats, we fed 3-week-old rats for 25 weeks either vitamin E-deficient, control, or vitamin E-supplemented diets which contained0.01 mg of total tocopherols, 2 mg of d,l-alpha-tocopheryl acetate (2 I.U.), and 58.5 mg of d,l-alpha-tocopheryl nicotinate (50 I.U.), respectively, per 100 mg of feed. In males, body weight loss was first observed in the vitamin E-deficient group, and mean ages at which jaundice occurred were in the order: deficient younger than control younger than supplemented groups. The ages when plasma glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and glutamic pyruvic transaminase activities began to increase sharply and peaked followed the same order. Thus, it is likely that free radicals are involved in jaundice and hepatitis in LEC male rats, and they are a model for studying the relationship of copper, free radicals, and hepatitis. Conversely, in females, no apparent differences in clinical and biochemical changes were observed among the three groups. Causes for the discrepancy between the sexes remain to be clarified.

A long-term observation has been made in 58 patients (30 males and 28 females) with severe sequelae of neonatal anoxic encephalopathy. They aged from 8 months to 65 years. All of them had motor disturbances and profound mental retardation. Motor function was improved in 4 patients with aging. In contrast, motor activity deteriorated in 11 cases, of which 4 showed a mental regression. Among them, patients who had originally better motor ability than sitting were likely to deteriorate by uncontrollable epilepsy and/or excessive administration of anticonvulsants. Regression of the patients with worse motor ability like bedridden appeared to attributable hypertonia of muscles and bodily deformation. Fifteen cases showed an exacerbation of general condition which originated predominantly to respiratory distress. Twelve patients died including 6 exacerbated cases. Exacerbation or death may have occurred frequently in specific periods of infancy, adolescence and youth with the patients who showed very low motor function such as bedridden and no locomotion.

The influence of dislocation core on the interaction between an edge dislocation and a spherical precipitate was investigated using the combination of the parametric dislocation dynamics and the boundary element method with a dislocation core model. In the results of the simulations, the dislocation core of the edge dislocation behaves differently between inside and outside the precipitate. The calculated critical resolved shear stress is strongly affected by the dislocation core. Therefore, it could be found that the influence of dislocation core is a dominant factor in determining the strength of the interaction. Then, we derived an equation for evaluating the influence of dislocation core on the critical resolved shear stress. The derivation was done using the difference between the γ-surface energy in iron and that in copper, because there is a significant difference in-between. The equation can be solved without any simulation runs. The result of the equation was then compared to that of the simulations, which showed that the equation gives a good evaluation of the influence of dislocation core. Since the equation is derived without any limitation on the kind of materials, it can be applicable to the evaluation of the strength of the other alloys with precipitates.

Inflammatory factors appear to play an important role in the development of otitis media with effusion (OME). However, otitis media experimentally induced by endotoxin injection or secondary immunoresponse was not persistent. In order to produce refractory OME, two pathologic conditions were necessarily combined: tubal ventilatory dysfunction and suppression of the immunologic defense mechanism by immunosuppressive drugs. In the presence of these two pathologic conditions, all cases that evidenced negative middle ear pressure due to tubal dysfunction developed OME. In the control group with either tubal dysfunction or immunosuppression alone, only 1 of 20 ears developed OME. Transtubal infection due to negative middle ear pressure caused by tubal ventilatory dysfunction may be one of the most important etiologic factors in OME.

1. 1. The HCl-methanol (HCl-MeOH) soluble fraction from the puparial cuticle of yellow, black and ebony of D. melanogaster was hydrolyzed in hydrochloric acid and examined for β-alanine, ketocatechol, and acetic acid. 2. 2. Between β-alanine and ketocatechol and between β-alanine and acetic acid, a quantitatively inverse relationship was found, respectively. The former relationship was further confirmed by the feeding experiment of β-alanine to black . 3. 3. Of total β-alanine in the HCl-MeOH extract, the proportion of those having free amino group was 74.8 per cent. 4. 4. All these results indicate that the HCl-MeOH soluble fraction of the puparial cuticle may be useful for investigating the cross-link structure of the cuticle.

Panipenem/betamipron (PAPM/BP), a new parenteral carbapenem antibiotic, was investigated with regard to their levels in sera and various tissues collected from patients under orthopedic surgery. The subjects were 17 patients, complaining low back pain and hospitalized for surgical operations. PAPM/BP was administered by intravenous drip infusion for 30 minutes of a dose of 500 mg/500 mg. Serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimens were taken from 8 patients at 15-70 minutes after administration and assayed for PAPM and BP levels. Serum, bone, and joint capsule samples where taken from the other 9 cases at 25-127 minutes after administration and assayed. PAPM levels in CSF were considerably lower than those in serum. They were 23.74-1.11 micrograms/ml in sera, 0.31-0.05 micrograms/ml in CSF's during 15 to 70 minutes after administration. PAPM levels were 27.85-2.97 micrograms/ml in sera, 2.54-0.20 micrograms/g in bones, 5.63 and 1.67 micrograms/g in joint capsules during 25 to 127 minutes after administration. BP levels in sera and various tissues were low compared to those of PAPM. These results showed that PAPM was detected at higher levels than 0.2 microgram/g in various tissues, except CSF during 20 to 120 minutes after drip infusion of PAPM/BP 500 mg/500 mg for 30 minutes.

Barium ferrite particulate media have been applied to recording tapes for a high-band 8 mm VCR, with full compatibility with metal particulate tapes, although they have remarkably different magnetic and recording characteristics. The compatibility of barium ferrite tapes to metal particulate tapes has been attained by adopting barium ferrite particles with an average diameter of 50 nm and a diameter to thickness ratio of 3.5, orienting the particles longitudinally, and adjusting coercivity to about 1300 Oe, which is about 200 Oe lower than the coercivity of metal particulate tapes. >

We reported an additional case of Arima's syndrome with slowly progressive renal insufficiency and epilepsy. The patient is a 20-year-old man whose parents are consanguineous. He had a history of mild asphyxia at birth, and unexplained tachypnea developed during the neonatal period. But it disappeared later, and he have had no respiratory problem since then. Physical examination on admission at the age of 19 years revealed bilateral blephaloptosis, narrow palate, searching nystagmoid movement, absence of light reflex, muscle hypotonia and wasting of extremities. Funduscopic study showed optic hypoplasia, choroid coloboma and narrowing of vessels. Head CT scan showed agenesis of cerebellar vermis and hypoplasia of brainstem. CT scan and echography of the kidney disclosed the bilateral multiple cysts. Liver was hyperechoic in echographic study; this finding is consistent with fatty change. EEG showed dysrhythmic slow wave activity with sporadic spike and wave complex. Compared with previously reported cases, the present case has the following features: (1) slowly progressive renal insufficiency, (2) generalized tonic clonic convulsion developing from the age of 11 months, (3) ABR abnormalities including the right-sided shortening of wave I-II interpeak latency and bilateral ill-defined wave V. Slow progress of renal failure in our case may reflect the mild pathological process of the kidney with sparing functional nephrons. It shows the diversity of the kidney pathology in Arima's syndrome. Epilepsy is a less common association in the syndrome, whereas EEG abnormalities were reported. ABR abnormalities may reflect the morphological alteration of the brainstem structure including auditory pathway. In our case it is uncertain whether the neonatal tachypnea was due to birth asphyxia or brainstem malformation responsible for abnormal respiration as suggested in Joubert's syndrome.

We reported an 11-year-old boy who suffered from transient hypernatremia, hypothermia, and circadian rhythm disturbances of sleep-wakefulness and body temperature from the age of 4 years, as sequelae of acute subdural hematoma. T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain revealed low intensity consistent with necrotic change in the whole left cerebral hemisphere, hypothalamic region, and the right-sided brain stem including tegmentum, while the pituitary structure was well preserved. Anterior pituitary function was almost normal. ADH (antidiuretic hormone) was neither stimulated by hyperosmolality nor suppressed by hyposmolality but continued to be secreted at almost constant level approximating the normal basal state. This pattern seemed to be due to complete destruction of the osmoreceptor located in the anterior hypothalamus. He exhibited a dispersed-type sleep with differentiated stages of NREM (non-rapid eye movement), although the percentage of sleep was higher at night than in the daytime. It is suggested that circadian rhythm of sleep-wakefulness and differentiation of NREM sleep stages are regulated by different neuromechanisms. Brain stem lesion on MRI may be connected with the pathogenesis of the dispersed-type sleep with special respect to amplitude reduction of sleep-waking circadian rhythm. Circadian rhythm of body temperature (BT) was irregular in amplitude, phase, and period without synchronization with sleep-wakefulness rhythm. Hypothermia was also demonstrated at the basal state, while BT increased when he suffered from respiratory infection. It is likely that hypothermia in our case is caused by the BT shift to the lower side due to malfunction of BT integrating system including preoptic area and anterior hypothalamus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

We have developed two-site immunoradiometric assay (IRMA) for quantitation of human serum IgE, using two different anti-IgE monoclonal antibodies which recognize different epitopes on IgE molecule. We obtained 25 different monoclonal antibodies classified seven groups, and then two different monoclonal antibodies were selected for bead coater and tracer after checking the titer and specificity of each antibody. IgE IRMA we developed here showed good performance in terms of specificity, sensitivity and reproducibility. No cross-reactivity to IgG, IgM and albumin in the level of normal range was observed. The sensitivity for IgE assay was 0.6 x 10(-3) IU/tube and measurable range was 0.01-20.0 IU/tube (0.5-10(3) IU/ml). Coefficient of variations of Intra assay were 2.2-4.3% and average recovery yield was 92.5-108%. Good correlations with Phadebas IgE PRIST and Pharmacia IgE RIA were obtained i.e., y = 1.12x-0.19 (r = 0.96) and y = 0.97x-5.9 (r = 9.7), respectively. These results indicate that the assay system will contribute much to the routine diagnosis for atopic allergy disease and parasitic infections.

Among 848 cases of profound mental retardation with motor disturbance admitted to Metropolitan Medical Center of Severely Handicapped in the last 20 years, 98 died. The 94 cases whose cause of death was determined were clinically investigated. There was no difference in sex, and 72% of the patients died before the age of 15 years. Half of the patients died of pneumonia; sudden death occurred in 9, and ileus in 8. These three were thought to be the most important and characteristic causes of death in severely handicapped patients. In recent years, deaths due to pneumonia have decreased and those due to ileus have disappeared, but deaths due to malignant neoplasm have begun to be recognized. There were also some deaths from intracranial hemorrhage in young children, and some deaths from tracheal bleeding in those who had tracheal tubes. These two were also important causes of death in the patients. Sudden death had certain characteristics: most cases were adolescent or young patients with mixed quadriplegia who were sensitive to environmental changes and often showed marked hypertonia by athetosis, and in addition, all of their acute changes occurred between 5 and 8 a.m. or between 6 and 9 p.m.

Gangliosides of hepatomas have been analyzed by using a monoclonal antibody directed to N-acetylneuraminosyl(alpha 2-6)lactoneotetraosylceramide (sialyl(alpha 2-6)paragloboside), which was prepared by injecting the monosialoganglioside fraction of human meconium into BALB/c mice. The monoclonal antibody, named MSG-15, was found to bind sialyl(alpha 2-6)paragloboside, but it failed to react with other gangliosides, including N-acetylneuraminosyl(alpha 2-3)lactoneotetraosylceramide (sialyl (alpha 2-3)paragloboside) and "Ii"-type gangliosides. MSG-15 was found to recognize NeuAc alpha 2-6Gal beta structure of the ganglioside. Gangliosides obtained from human hepatomas were analyzed by immunostaining on high-performance thin-layer chromatography plates using the monoclonal antibody MSG-15. All primary hepatoma samples used in this study (nine samples) were found to contain sialyl(alpha 2-6)paragloboside, which accounted for 13-31% of the monosialoganglioside fractions in the hepatomas. Furthermore, MSG-15 recognized several monosialogangliosides in addition to sialyl(alpha 2-6)paragloboside. These gangliosides apparently also contain a terminal NeuAc alpha 2-6Gal beta structure. Other ganglioside fractions obtained from hepatoma and meconium were immunostained on thin layer chromatography plates with MSG-15. Additionally, another monoclonal antibody (H-11), which recognizes terminal lactosamine structure, was used to immunostain these fractions after sialidase treatment. Bands stained with both monoclonal antibodies showed similar mobilities to each other in the di- and trisialoganglioside fractions as well as monosialoganglioside fraction. In control liver, GM3 ganglioside accounted for 92% of monosialoganglioside fraction, and sialyl(alpha 2-6)paragloboside accounted for less than 1% of the fraction. Immunohistochemical study by using MSG-15 in tissue sections from hepatocellular carcinoma and normal liver tissues demonstrated that only hepatocellular carcinoma cells gave a positive reaction. These results suggest that the biosynthetic pathway of gangliosides containing NeuAc alpha 2-6Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc beta structure is activated in hepatoma cells.

The authors present a 16-channel 2D VCSEL-array module. The module uses a plastic-based receptacle package, directly joined to a push/pull fibre connector. The VCSEL-array was passively self-aligned to the package. This module exhibits floorless BER performance at 1 Gbit/s without an isolator, a sensitivity of 26.0 dBm/spl plusmn/0.9 dB, and a coupling loss of 2.1 dB/spl plusmn/0.8 dB.

Ein Schliesungsmodell zweiter Ordnung wird entwickelt zur Beschreibung der Turbulenz innerhalb eines Pflanzenbestandes. Hierbei werden die Einflusse der Wide rstandskrafte der Pflanzenelemente auf die Parametrisierungsformeln einzelner Terme der Gleichung fur die Reynoldssche Spannung wie die der thermischen Schichtung behandelt. Mit dem Schliesungsmodell zweiter Ordnung wird ein Windkanalexperiment analysiert und mit Hilfe der durch these Analyse gewonnenen Kenntnisse werden die Gleichungen vereinfacht. Dadurch erhalt man eine einfache Gleichung zur Beschreibung der Turbulenzintensitat innerhalb eines Pflanzenbestandes. Es besteht eine gute Ubereinstimmung zwischen den berechneten und den direkt gemessenen Turbulenzintensitatsprofilen. Jedoch wird ebenfalls auf eine Schwache der vereinfachten Gleichung hingewiesen.

This paper reports on a study of several techniques of fabricating an efficient Ga 1-x Al x As IRED with high power. Smooth epitaxial layers are grown on a substrate containing a thick Ga 1-x Al x As epitaxial layer which is used to form a hemispherical emitting surface. This is achieved by using a melting-back technique without up-heating. An effect of the AlAs molefraction ratio between n- and p-type regions was clearly found by measurement of a large number of diode chips, and the best performances were obtained on the junctions with the ratio X_{n}/X_{p} \simeq 1.5 . Ohmic contacts to the p and n regions were applied on the same surface of the wafer using only one metallic source for the vacuum deposition. A cerium-oxide film serves as an antireflection coating when deposited on the hemispherical surface and increases the optical output power by more than 30 percent. External quantum efficiencies of 28 percent (current density: 400 A/ cm2) and optical output power of 96 mW (drive current: 300 mA, current density: 1500 A/cm2) have been observed from diodes emitting at 8300 A under dc operation at room temperature.

Optimal conditions for hemagglutination (HA) by canine parvovirus (CPV) strains were investigated using several buffers. Porcine erythrocytes often agglutinated spontaneously in phosphate-buffered salt solution, isotonic saline solution or barbitone-complement-fixation buffer. Results were reproducible when borate-buffered saline (BBS) was used as the diluent for antigen, and "virus adjusting diluent" (VAD), containing 0.15 M NaCl and 0.3 M phosphate was used as the diluent for erythrocytes. Highest HA titers were obtained at pH 6.0 using BBS and VAD. Specific HA with CPV was observed not only at 4 degrees C but at 37 degrees C, and erythrocytes from horse, shrew mouse, hamster, cat, sheep and dog, as well as pig and African green monkey were agglutinated by CPV using the improved method.

Cyproheptadin ist seit Jahren als Antimetabolit des Serotonins verwendet worden. Es wurde uber eine Wirksamkeit desselben bei extrapyramidalen Hyperkinesien (von den Angelsachsen als „tardive dyskinesia“ bezeichnet) nach Neuroleptika-Medikation berichtet. Wir behandelten 11 Patienten, die wegen chronischer Schizophrenie behandelt wurden und schwere Dyskinesien aufwiesen, Cyproheptadin (Periactinol®, Periactin) verabreicht. In vier Fallen verschwand unter dieser Medikation das extrapyramidale hyperkinetische Syndrom vollstandig, bei vier weiteren Fallen trat eine befriedigende Besserung auf. Im Verlaufe der Therapie wurden keine nennenswerten Nebenwirkungen beobachtet, die eindeutig auf das Cyproheptadin zuruckzufuhren gewesen waren.

Characteristic alterations at the surface of chick embryo cells infected with the HF-TC strain of rabies virus and the binding sites of hemadsorption were studied employing both scanning and transmission electron microscopes. The initial alteration of the cell surface structure revealed by scanning electron microscopy was an appearance of elongated and reticulated microvilli on the 2nd day after virus inoculation. On the 3rd day, numerous bullet-shaped virions could be seen budding as single, tetrapod-like structures and as radial projections both from the perikarya and microvilli. Thereafter, elongation of microvilli, formation of numerous blebs in various sizes, disappearance of filopodia, and rounding up of infected cells were observed as characteristic cytopathic effects by rabies virus infection. The attachments of goose erythrocytes to the infected cells occured in two forms. The one was adsorption of erythrocytes to the cell surface involving microvilli and filopodia in the absence of detectable virus, and the other was adsorptio n of erythrocytes to the virus particles budding from cell surface. The former could be seen from the early stage of infection through the end of observation period, while the latter was observed only on and after the 3rd day after virus inoculation. These findings were also confirmed with transmission electron microscopy.

Diphenylamine (DPA) induces cyst formation in the rat kidney. To define mechanisms by which it might act in vivo, the effects of DPA on sodium and water transport were studied in the isolated toad (Bufo marinus) skin and urinary bladder. When DPA (5 mg/100 ml) was added in skin experiments to the outside bathing medium, the short-circuit current (SCC) decreased rapidly and reached a plateau in 40–50 min. The effect of DPA on SCC was not modified in the presence of antidiuretic hormone (ADH); nor did DPA interfere with the usual action of ADH to increase SCC. The reduction in SCC due to DPA was accompanied by a reduction in influx of Na, the magnitude of reduction in SCC being equivalent to that in net Na flux. DPA failed to alter Cl influx or outflux. In the urinary bladder with 1:5 choline chloride-Ringer on the mucosal side and full NaCl Ringer on the serosal side, the osmotic water transfer induced by ADH was significantly reduced in the presence of DPA on either the serosal or the mucosal side. These results indicate that DPA inhibits both active sodium transport and ADH-induced passive water transport in vitro. Such actions, were they to occur in vivo, could play a role in facilitating renal cyst formation.

The angular momentum distribution of OH* split from H2O2 by electron impact or ultraviolet irradiation is quite abnormal in appearance. A statistical interpretation is presented of the relative population of the excited rotational levels of OH* in the dissociation process of H2O2 into two hydroxyl radicals. The phase volume is calculated under the constraints of the conservation of energy, momentum, and angular momentum by the method using delta and step functions. A discrepancy which takes place beyond K=24 between the calculated curve and the observational plots is attributed to the predissociation of OH*.

SummaryAn established monolayer line of Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells was infected with FeLV. The infected culture grew in a steady-state noncytocidal manner during 57 subcultures over 1 year while continuously producing virus. Electron microscopic examination revealed virus budding from cells and in the 1.13 to 1.17 g/cm3 density range of sucrose gradients. FeLV antigen in the culture supernatant was found by immunodiffusion and complement-fixation techniques. Approximately the same amount of antigen was found at subcultivations 8, 12, 22, 33, and 57 following infection.

The congruently melting compounds, Ga6Sb5Te and In6Sb5Te, and the peritectic compound, In7SbTe6 were found as a result of a study of the GaSb (or InSb)-GaTe (or InTe) pseudobinary phase diagrams. Zone melting was used to prepare polycrystalline samples of these compounds for electrical measurements. Here electrical conductivity, Hall effect, optical absorption, Seebeck coefficient and thermal conductivity data are reported. Possibility of the thermoelectric device, based on these compounds, is discussed. The energy gap of the forbidden band of Ga6Sb5Te (Eg0=0·80 eV, Eg300=0·65 eV) is determined. Other related materials, which exist as intermediate phases of the pseudobinary systems InAs-InTe and In2Te3-Sb2Te3 (or Bi2Te3), are reported.

Zwei verschiedene HEDP-Kits (Kit A, HEDP: 1 mg, SnCl2 · 2H2O: 0,5 mg; und Kit B, HEDP: 10 mg, SnCl2 · 2H2O: 0,5 mg) wurden auf ihre Verdünnungs-Resistenz ausgewertet. Die aus den beiden Kits hergestellten 99mTc-HEDP-Lösungen wurden von 10 bis 6000mal mit 0,9% NaCl-Lösung unmittelbar vor der Auswertung sowohl in vivo als auch in vitro verdünnt. Im Falle des Kits A wurden eine signifikante Speicherung in weichem Gewebe in vivo und eine Freisetzung von Pertechnetat in vitro nach der Verdünnung der 99mTc-HEDP-Lösung beobachtet. Andererseits wurde festgestellt, daß die aus Kit B hergestellte 99mTc-HEDP genügend resistent gegenüber einer Verdünnung war. Die Resistenz der beiden verdünnten 99mTc-HEDP-Lösungen wurde stark von ihrer HEDP-Konzentration beeinflußt. Eine vorläufige Analyse der Absorptionsspektren beider Lösungen deutete auf die Bildung von zwei verschiedenen 99mTc-HEDP-Komplexen je nach HEDP-Konzentration hin. Diese Ergebnisse lassen vermuten, daß ein kaltes Reagenz wie Kit A nach seiner Verdünnung in vivo während klinischer Knochenszintigraphien eine höhere Speicherung im weichen Gewebe verursachen könnte.

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection during pregnancy in man may result in abortion, fetal death, perinatal infection and malformations (1–6). The source of infection in the newborns is obscure; it is unknown whether they are infected in utero transplacentally or their infection is acquired during delivery through the birth canal. There is some evidence suggesting vertical transmission of HSV infection in the mother (7–9). In animal experiments, vertical transmission of HSV infection has been demonstrated in rabbit, mouse, hamster and cat (10–14). We have documented elsewhere (15) that type 1 and 2 HSV caused placental lesions and vertical transmission of the infection in the mother into the fetus when the virus was inoculated intravenously (IV) at the middle and late stage of pregnancy.

A new method is described in which Pt-Sn or Sn-Sn electrodes are used to activate 99mTcO4-. The 99mTc is incorporated into phytic acid by stannous ion released from a tin anode by the corrosive reaction. The most suitable pH for labeling phytic acid by this method was below 5 and the 99mTc-phytate formed could be precipitatedd with Ca+2 at a pH above 3.5. Though 99mTc-phytate is soluble in aqueous solution, it forms an insoluble species with Ca+2 in vivo and is trapped in the reticuloendothelial system. More than 93% of the 99mTc-phytate localized in the liver of mice; here its biologic half-time is about 112 hr. The 99mTc-phytate prepared by this method promises to be useful as a liver-scanning agent. Since our method does not require an applied electric potential, it appears to be one of the most convenient methods for labeling compounds with 99mTc.

To relate the structural characteristics of the glucose pyranose ring to feeding elicitation, biochemically and structurally similar glucose analogues were investigated to determine if they could elicit short- or long-term effects on food intake in rats. Testing solutions were infused once into unrestrained and unanesthetised rats through a chronically indwelling cannula in the third ventricle. D-Glucose markedly decreased meal size in doses from 6 to 24 mumol, but it's epimers, D-mannose, D-allose and D-galactose, did not affect food intake. Among the glucose analogues modified at C-2, rats treated with 12 mumol D-glucosamine ate a much larger size of meal than those with 12 mumol halogenglucoses or 24 mumol 2-deoxy-D-glucose, while 2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose with 2-chloro-2-deoxy-D-glucose induced a more potent feeding than 2-deoxyglucose. Glucosamine also induced hyperglycaemia, but did not affect plasma insulin. Activity of glucose, sensitive neurons in the lateral hypothalamus was increased by electro-osmotic application of 2-deoxyglucose or glucosamine, and the reciprocity was observed on neurons of the ventromedial hypothalamus. One-aminoglucose (beta-D-glucopyranosylamine), which is an aminoglucose analogue modified on C-1, increased meal size and more potently prolonged the duration of the meal compared to 1-deoxyglucose (1,5-anhydroglucitol). Together with the behavioural and structural characteristics of glucose analogues, a hydroxyl group on C-1 or C-2 is involved in feeding elicitation. The magnitude of the effect can be partly explained by the chemical concept of 'inductive effect'.