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An adaptive neural network fault‐tolerant control method is proposed for the non‐affine multi‐agent systems with actuator failure and input saturation. Through the transformation of the original multi‐agent systems, an equivalent model is proposed. Considering that the signal input of multi‐agent systems is limited, this article will solve the input saturation problem. But in a real system, the actuator would probably fail. Therefore, a fault tolerant control algorithm is proposed to solve the fault problem in the systems. In this article, an adaptive distributed controller is designed to eliminate the uncertainty of the systems. At the same time, the integral barrier Lyapunov function is selected to verify the stability. Finally, a simulation example is given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we proposed an efficient and high-precision process for fabricating large-area microlens arrays using thermal reflow combined with ICP etching. When the temperature rises above the glass transition temperature, the polymer cylinder will reflow into a smooth hemisphere due to the surface tension effect. The dimensional differences generated after reflow can be corrected using etching selectivity in the following ICP etching process, which transfers the microstructure on the photoresist to the substrate. The volume variation before and after reflow, as well as the effect of etching selectivity using process parameters, such as RF power and gas flow, were explored. Due to the surface tension effect and the simultaneous molding of all microlens units, machining a 3.84 × 3.84 mm2 silicon microlens array required only 3 min of reflow and 15 min of ICP etching with an extremely low average surface roughness Sa of 1.2 nm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Cotton fiber, a natural fiber widely used in the textile industry, is differentiated from single cell of ovule epidermis. A large number of genes are believed to be involved in fiber formation, but so far only a few fiber genes have been isolated and functionally characterized in this developmental process. The Kinesin13 subfamily was found to play key roles during cell division and cell elongation, and was considered to be involved in the regulation of cotton fiber development. Results The full length of coding sequence of GhKIS13A1 was cloned using cDNA from cotton fiber for functional characterization. Expression pattern analysis showed that GhKIS13A1 maintained a lower expression level during cotton fiber development. Biochemical assay showed that GhKIS13A1 has microtubule binding activity and basal ATPase activity that can be activated significantly by the presence of microtubules. Overexpression of GhKIS13A1 in Arabidopsis reduced leaf trichomes and the percentage of three-branch trichomes, and increased two-branch and shriveled trichomes compared to wild-type. Additionally, the expression of GhKIS13A1 in the Arabidopsis Kinesin-13a-1 mutant rescued the defective trichome branching pattern of the mutant, making its overall trichome branching pattern back to normal. Conclusions Our results suggested that GhKIS13A1 is functionally compatible with AtKinesin-13A regarding their role in regulating the number and branching pattern of leaf trichomes. Given the developmental similarities between cotton fibers and Arabidopsis trichomes, it is speculated that GhKIS13A1 may also be involved in the regulation of cotton fiber development.

Equus Linnaeus animals, as large non-ruminant herbivores, harbor a diverse array of microorganisms in their gastrointestinal tract, and the microbial composition varies across different segments of the gut. These microorganisms play a crucial role in the efficient utilization of feed, especially for nutrients that cannot be readily degraded by endogenous enzymes or are minimally susceptible to endogenous enzymatic breakdown. The intestinal microbiota of Equus Linnaeus animals interacts with the host, participating in energy metabolism and immune regulation. External factors (such as diet composition and environmental conditions) and internal factors (including age, gender, and genetic background) can disrupt the balance of intestinal microorganisms, leading to digestive system disorders such as diarrhea, colic, and colitis. The article provides an overview of core microbial communities in the Equus Linnaeus animals intestinal tract, community structures in different gut segments, factors influencing gut microbiota, and the relationship between gut microbiota and overall health. The aim is to serve as a reference for research related to the intestinal microbiota of Equus Linnaeus animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cytoplasmic linker-associated proteins (CLASPs) are microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) involved in regulation of dynamics of microtubules (MTs) that play an important role in plant growth and development. In this study, we identified cotton CLASP genes and investigated the function of GhCLASP2. GhCLASP2 was mainly expressed in stem and developing fibers, especially in fibers of the secondary cell wall deposition stage. Ectopic expression of GhCLASP2 in Arabidopsis increased the branching number of leaf trichomes and rescued the defective phenotypes of clasp-1. In cotton, overexpression of GhCLASP2 increased fiber strength, probably related to enhanced expression levels of tubulin, cellulose synthase, and expansin genes. Suppression of GhCLASP2 caused shorter internodes and semi-dwarfism, abnormal flower stigma, aborted anthers without pollen grains, and sterility. These changed phenotypes were similar to those observed in the Arabidopsis clasp-1 mutant. GhCLASP2 was co-localized with MTs according to transient experiment. These results suggest that GhCLASP2 functions similarly as AtCLASP, acting as a MAP and controlling cotton growth and development by regulating MTs.