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El Estado a través de sus políticas en cabeza del Ministerio de Agricultura, ha venido definiendo mecanismos a través de los cuales se han fortalecido los sistemas comerciales binacionales, aprovechando ampliamente las fortalezas productivas y las oportunidades de expansión presentes en mercados logrados tradicion0almente al aprovechamiento y uso del cacao en este caso, permitiéndole a países como Colombia, no sólo mejorar su capacidad agrícola, sino hacer parte de cadenas y clusters altamente comprometidas con el crecimiento y mejoramiento de las regiones como de la calidad de vida de quienes hacen parte de los grupos de interés, entiéndase productores, comercializadores, compradores, inversionistas y transformadores del producto. La producción de América Latina y el Caribe y de Asia y Oceanía se destaca con producción de cacaos especiales tipo fino o de aroma que se concentran en sectores y territorios naturales al cacao por sus suelos y posición geográfica, entre ellos, Colombia. El cacao provee un sistema de ingreso a más de 70 millones de personas a nivel global, de los cuales el 95 son pequeños y medianos productores (1 hectárea a 4 hectáreas) (Iniciativa Cluster Cacao Antioquia, 2020, p. 11). Es importante destacar en este caso que, productores de cacao en el país, han venido masificando su cultivo gracias a la diversificación del mismo, a las propiedades de cada clasificación, a la ampliación en los usos del mismo tanto en materia alimenticia como de belleza y de bienestar en general, y el conocimiento que se ha logrado del mismo en mercados poco explorados, al punto de ampliar las posibilidades de exportación y posicionamiento en nuevos entornos y donde se ha reconocido las ventajas frente al consumo permanente del mismo. No obstante, siguen existiendo regiones donde la producción del cacao se da en menores porcentajes dada la baja exploración del mercado, pese a que la calidad del mismo se ha reconocido en eventos, ferias y participaciones donde departamentos como Boyacá, viene abriéndose campo con gran éxito dada la delicadeza del sabor y las propiedades nutricionales y de salud en las que el cacao se emplea como mayor firmeza. En reiteradas ocasiones se ha reconocido el amplio potencial agrícola del departamento de Boyacá, y donde se le ha catalogado como una de las principales despensas del país, gracias a la cultura productiva de la mayor parte de las extensiones rurales y cuya vocación ha venido de generación en generación, aprovechando cada vez más las ventajas asociadas al mejoramiento de las semillas, a la tecnificación, sistemas de mercadeo, formación y capacitación, ampliación de las fronteras comerciales, entre otros muchos aspectos que han permitido el desarrollo integral del sector. El departamento de Boyacá produjo 1.280 toneladas de cacao el año pasado, una cifra que representa el 2% de la producción total nacional, que alcanzó las 63.416 toneladas de las cuales Santander, Antioquia y Arauca aportaron el 41%, el 9% y el 8% respectivamente, según las cifras consolidadas por la Federación (Silvera, 2021). Pese a toda esta situación, la producción se ha quedado estancada debido a que no se cuenta con una línea clara de comercialización que permita el ingreso del cacao en mercados internacionales, de tal manera que ello fortaleza tanto el cultivo como el posicionamiento en nuevos entornos como el asiático, aprovechando las ventajas de calidad, sabor, suavidad, variedad propias de una región como el occidente en Boyacá, además que ello favorece a las familias que han decidido emprender la ardua tarea de abandonar los cultivos ilícitos para hacer parte de la producción cacaotera, tomando en cuenta los beneficios que ellos les proporciona. Por lo anterior, la investigación pretende determinar la viabilidad de mercados para la exportación del cacao boyacense hacia el mercado asiático, apoyados en el análisis de la tendencia del mercado de cacao con alto potencial, con revisión de variables como la oferta, la demanda, el nivel de consumo, los requisitos de exportación, documentación, requisitos y condiciones legales para llevar a cabo el proceso de conformidad con las exigencias y formalidades de comercialización del producto en el nuevo mercado. A su vez, se realizará una investigación de mercado para definir los posibles países objetivo basándose en beneficios sostenibles para el proyecto, apoyada en las herramientas administrativas y comerciales que amplían la información sobre el país destino en Asia. The State, through its policies headed by the Ministry of Agriculture, has been defining mechanisms through which binational trade systems have been strengthened, taking full advantage of the productive strengths and expansion opportunities present in markets traditionally achieved by exploiting and using cocoa in this case, allowing countries like Colombia, not only to improve their agricultural capacity, but to be part of chains and clusters highly committed to the growth and improvement of the regions as well as the quality of life of those who are part of the groups of interest, understood as producers, marketers, buyers, investors and processors of the product. The production of Latin America and the Caribbean and Asia and Oceania stands out with the production of special fine-type or aroma cocoas that are concentrated in sectors and territories natural to cocoa due to their soils and geographical position, including Colombia. Cocoa provides an income system for more than 70 million people globally, of which 95 are small and medium producers (1 hectare to 4 hectares) (Cluster Cacao Antioquia Initiative, 2020, p. 11). It is important to highlight in this case that, cocoa producers in the country, have been massifying their cultivation thanks to its diversification, the properties of each classification, the expansion of its uses both in terms of food and beauty and of well-being in general, and the knowledge that has been achieved of it in little-explored markets, to the point of expanding the possibilities of exportation and positioning in new environments and where the advantages have been recognized compared to its permanent consumption. However, there are still regions where cocoa production occurs in lower percentages given the low market exploration, despite the fact that its quality has been recognized in events, fairs and participations where departments such as Boyacá have been opening the field with great success. given the delicacy of the flavor and the nutritional and health properties in which cocoa is used as greater firmness. On repeated occasions, the wide agricultural potential of the department of Boyacá has been recognized, and where it has been cataloged as one of the main pantries in the country, thanks to the productive culture of most of the rural extensions and whose vocation has come from generation in generation, increasingly taking advantage of the advantages associated with the improvement of seeds, modernization, marketing systems, education and training, expansion of commercial borders, among many other aspects that have allowed the integral development of the sector. The department of Boyacá produced 1,280 tons of cocoa last year, a figure that represents 2% of the total national production, which reached 63,416 tons, of which Santander, Antioquia and Arauca contributed 41%, 9% and 8 % respectively, according to figures consolidated by the Federation (Silvera, 2021). Despite all this situation, production has stagnated due to the lack of a clear marketing line that allows cocoa to enter international markets, in such a way that it strengthens both cultivation and positioning in new environments such as the Asian, taking advantage of the advantages of quality, flavor, softness, variety typical of a region like the west in Boyacá, in addition to this favoring families who have decided to undertake the arduous task of abandoning illicit crops to be part of cocoa production , taking into account the benefits that they provide. Due to the above, the research aims to determine the viability of markets for the export of cocoa from Boyacá to the Asian market, supported by the analysis of the trend of the cocoa market with high potential, with a review of variables such as supply, demand, level of consumption, export requirements, documentation, requirements and legal conditions to carry out the process in accordance with the demands and formalities of marketing the product in the new market. In turn, market research will be carried out to define the possible target countries based on sustainable benefits for the project, supported by administrative and commercial tools that broaden the information on the destination country in Asia. Profesional en Negocios Internacionales Pregrado

This study presents the optical design of light guide prisms for automotive tail light applications to obtain the optimum luminous intensity and the illuminance uniformity. The design was achieved using optical design software, SPEOS. By considering the axial luminous intensity and legal requirements, the optimum prism angles of light guides were determined by simulations. After determining the prism angles, the effect of different surface roughness on the luminous intensity and the illuminance uniformity was investigated. The light guides designed by considering data from the simulation were manufactured as prototypes and their photometrical measurements were made. These measurements were compared to the simulation results. It was observed that simulation and prototype results are well in agreement with each other. Furthermore, it was found that as the surface roughness increases both the luminous intensity decreases and the illumination becomes more uniform. T.C. Sanayi ve Teknoloji Bakanlığı (0143.STZ.2013-1) Farba Otomotiv A. Ş.

This deliverable is an updated version of the practices that will be followed by eTryOn in order to ensure that all ethical, legal and privacy requirements are adopted throughout both the implementation of the eTryOn technologies as well as the interaction with end users during the piloting phase, that were initially presented in D8.4. It provides the general guidelines for the data collection and ownership processes during the project pilots and research activities. This updated version includes the detailed Information Sheet and Consent Form that will be collected from users during pilots. The Privacy Policy for all eTryOn services is also added. Finally, two versions of the Terms and Conditions are provided, for the two types of end users involved: fashion designers for Designer App, and consumers and fashion influencers for DressMeUp and Magic Mirror.&nbsp

El aumento de las nuevas empresas en Colombia ha traído consigo la necesidad de velar por la integridad del recurso humano que es el principal motor que impulsa a cualquier organización, por ello, dar cumplimiento a los diferentes requisitos legales, identificar los peligros y evaluar los riesgos, disminuir y evitar la accidentalidad, las enfermedades en el trabajo, requiere de la implementación del sistema de gestión en la seguridad y salud en el trabajo bajo criterios normativos nacionales y bajo criterios normativos internacionales como lo es la ISO 45001:2015. El proceso metodológico que se ha contemplado en el presente trabajo de investigación ha implicado realizar una extensa investigación sobre los conceptos que fundamentan lo relacionado con las diferentes normatividades existentes y vigentes, como también las cifras oficiales que dan soporte de la necesidad de su implementación y sus requisitos legales que en la actualidad se rigen en el país, lo que conduce a elaborar estrategias innovadoras que permitan su cumplimiento en materia de seguridad y salud en el trabajo. Este proyecto de investigación aporto a la empresa EVOLQUIM LTDA en el diseño del Sistema de Seguridad y Salud en el Trabajo, con la particularidad de la incorporación de la herramienta tecnológica en la gestión de los requisitos aplicables en materia de seguridad y salud en el trabajo, tuvo como base la normatividad vigente actual. La metodología usada en este proyecto de investigación es exploratoria-descriptiva con un enfoque investigativo cualitativo, basada en los conocimientos del tema, en la recolección de información. Este proyecto de investigación permite visualizar y determinar la importancia de la detección de requisitos aplicables en materia de Seguridad y salud en el trabajo para MIPYMES como EVOLQUIM LTDA., y el cómo una herramienta tecnológica puede aportar de manera significativa en la gestión del sistema de forma regularizada, estructurada, eficiente y eficaz. The increase in new companies in Colombia has brought with it the need to ensure the integrity of human , which is the main engine that drives any organization, therefore, comply with the different legal requirements, identify the dangers and evaluate the risks. , reduce and avoid accidents, illnesses at work, requires the implementation of the occupational health and safety management system under national regulatory criteria and under international regulatory criteria such as ISO 45001:2015. The methodological process that has been contemplated in this research work has involved carrying out extensive research on the concepts that support what is related to the different existing and current regulations, as well as the official figures that support the need for its implementation and its legal requirements that are currently governed in the country, which leads to the development of innovative strategies that allow compliance in terms of safety and health at work. This research project contributed to the company EVOLQUIM LTDA in the design of the Safety and Health at Work System, with the particularity of incorporating the technological tool in the management of the applicable requirements in terms of safety and health at work, It was based on the current regulations in force. The methodology used in this research project is exploratory-descriptive with a qualitative research approach, based on the knowledge of the subject, in the collection of information. This research project makes it possible to visualize and determine the importance of detecting applicable requirements in terms of Health and Safety at work for MSMEs such as EVOLQUIM LTDA., and how a technological tool can contribute significantly to the management of the system in an efficient way. regularized, structured, efficient and effective. Introducción 6 Resumen 8 Palabras clave 9 Abstract 10 Keywords 10 Problema de investigación 11 Descripción del problema 11 Formulación del problema 12 Objetivo General 13 Objetivos Específicos 13 Justificación 14 Delimitación 15 Limitaciones 15 Marcos de referencia 17 Estado del arte 17 Estados del arte internacional 17 Estados del arte nacional 20 Marco teórico 23 Marco legal nacional 32 Marco legal internacional 36 Marco metodológico de la investigación 39 Resultados y/o propuesta de solución 46 Análisis financiero (Costo – beneficio) 54 Conclusiones y recomendaciones 55 Referencias bibliográficas y webgrafía 56 Especialización Especialista en Gerencia de la Seguridad y Salud en el Trabajo Especialización en Gerencia de la Seguridad y Salud en el Trabajo

Bakgrund: Hållbarhetsrapportering omfattar företagets redovisning av miljömässiga, ekonomiska och sociala påverkan. Enligt svensk lag är det obligatoriskt för större företag att upprätta en hållbarhetsrapport men det finns även mindre företag som väljer att upprätta en hållbarhetsrapport trots att de inte omfattas av detta lagkrav. Trots tidigare forskning inom hållbarhetsrapportering och dess olika motiv går det inte att precisera varför mindre företag väljer att frivilligt hållbarhetsredovisa och vilka de främst riktar sig till. De flesta studier som genomförts inom området riktas mot större företag och med en kvantitativ forskningsmetod. Syfte: Studiens syfte är att undersöka vilka motiv som ligger till grund för svenska mindre företags val att frivilligt upprätta hållbarhetsredovisning. Studien syftar också till att identifiera vilka intressenter som företagen tar hänsyn till vid upprättandet och riktar sina rapporter mot. Metod: Vi har använt oss av en kvalitativ metod och genomfört olika typer av intervjuer med representanter för 6 mindre företag. Urvalet grundas på mindre svenska företag som väljer att upprätta en hållbarhetsredovisning trots att de inte är skyldiga till detta enligt lag. För att analysera materialet har en tematisk analys genomförts. Slutsats: Studien fann att en anledning till att mindre företag väljer att hållbarhetsredovisa är av legitimitetsskäl. De vill förmedla att de arbetar för ett hållbart och fungerande samhälle där de tar sin del av det gemensamma ansvaret. En annan orsak är för att minska den informationsasymmetri som finns mellan företaget och dess intressenter. Informationen som redovisas anpassas efter de huvudsakliga intressenterna för företaget, som för mindre företag visade sig vara kunder, leverantörer och anställda. Background: Sustainability reporting includes the company's disclosure of environmental, economic and social impacts. According to Swedish law, it’s mandatory for larger companies to prepare a sustainability report, but there are also smaller companies that choose to prepare a sustainability report even though they are not covered by this legal requirement. Despite previous research in sustainability reporting and its various motives, it’s not possible to specify why smaller companies choose to voluntarily report on sustainability and which stakeholders they mainly target. Most studies conducted in the field are aimed at larger companies and with a quantitative research method. Purpose: The purpose of the study is to investigate what motives is the basis for Swedish small companies' choice to voluntarily produce sustainability reports. The study also aims to identify which stakeholders the companies take into account when establishing and direct their reports to. Method: We have used a qualitative method and conducted various types of interviews with representatives of 6 smaller companies. The selection is based on smaller Swedish companies that choose to produce a sustainability report even though they are not obliged to do so by law. To analyze the material, a thematic analysis has been implemented. Conclusion: The study found that one reason why smaller companies choose to report sustainability is for legitimacy reasons. They want to show that they work for a sustainable and functioning society where they take their share of the joint responsibility. Another reason is to reduce the information asymmetry that exists between the company and its stakeholders. The information that’s reported is adapted to the main stakeholders for the company, which for smaller companies turned out to be customers, suppliers and employees.

Bakgrund: Webbtillgänglighet är mer aktuellt än någonsin med införandet av nya lagkrav och då webben har en så viktig roll i samhället. Bristande tillgänglighet på webbplatser kan orsaka problem för individer med olika funktionsvariationer att interagera med webben och vara delaktiga på lika villkor. Syfte: Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka hur tillgänglighetstester av webbsidor kan genomföras för att säkerställa att de lagkrav som finns följs, samt att undersöka vilka delar av testprocessen som kan automatiseras. Metod: Vi har använt oss av en kvalitativ studie där datainsamlingen har skett i form av intervjuer. För att utröna vilka delar av testprocessen som kan automatiseras utvecklades en webbsida med ett antal tillgänglighetsbrister, som evaluerades med olika valideringsverktyg. Resultat och slutsatser: Av de automatiska valideringsverktyg som utvärderades presterade Axe DevTools i kombination med Axe Linter bäst och upptäckte flera tillgänglighetsbrister. Att automatisera tillgänglighetstestning underlättar testarbetet och medför att många tillgänglighetsbrister upptäcks som kan vara svåra att upptäcka manuellt, vilket är ett argument att för att implementera det i testprocessen. Background: Web accessibility is more relevant than ever with the introduction of new legal requirements and when the web has such an important role in society. Lack of accessibility on websites can cause problems for individuals with different functional variations to interact with the web and participate on equal terms. Purpose: The purpose with the essay is to investigate how accessibility tests of websites can be carried out to ensure that the legal requirements are complied with, and to investigate which parts of the testing process can be automated. Method: The authors have used a qualitative study where data collection has taken place in the form of interviews. To find out which parts of the test process can be automated, a website was developed with a number of accessibility shortcomings that various validation tools evaluated. Results and conclusions: Of the automatic validation tools that were evaluated, Axe DevTools in combination with Axe Linter performed best and discovered several accessibility shortcomings. Automating accessibility testing facilitates the test work and means that many accessibility shortcomings are discovered that can be difficult to detect manually, which is an argument for implementing it in the testing process.

Biosafety laboratory accidents are a normal part of laboratory science, but the frequency of such accidents is unclear due to current reporting standards and processes. To better understand accident reporting, a survey was created, with input from ABSA International, which included a series of questions about standards, requirements, and likely motivations for reporting or nonreporting. A total of 60 biosafety officers completed the survey. Respondents reported working with more than 5,000 people in laboratories, including more than 40 biosafety level 3 or animal biosafety level 3 laboratories, which work with higher-risk pathogens. Most of the respondents were located in the United States, Canada, or New Zealand, or did not identify their location. Notable results included that 97% of surveyed biosafety officers oversee laboratories that require reporting exposure to at least some pathogens. However, 63% relayed that the reports are not usually sent outside of the institution where they occurred. A slight majority (55%) stated that paper reports were used, with the rest reporting they used a variety of computer systems. Even in laboratories that used paper-based reporting systems, 67% relayed that these reports were used alongside, or entered into, a digital system. While 82% of these biosafety officers agreed that workers understood the importance of reporting for their own safety, 82% also agreed that a variety of disincentives prevent laboratory workers from reporting incidents, including concerns about job loss and loss of funding.

[EN] The aim of the present study was to compare a new housing (NC) for rabbit does and their kits that complies with German welfare regulations with established wire mesh cages (CC) on a commercial rabbit farm. Rabbit does were single-housed from five days antepartum until weaning at 31 d postpartum either in large pens (80×80 cm with an open top) with slatted plastic flooring (11 mm slats and 11 mm gaps), nestbox, elevated platform (15% perforated) and different manipulable materials (NC) or in cages (70×50×30 cm) with wire mesh flooring (12×70 mm holes and 3 mm wire diameter), nestbox and one gnawing stick (CC). Skin lesions, weight development, fertility, morbidity, cleanliness and kit performance of 272 rabbit does in a total of six batches were investigated. While there was no difference in performance of their kits, rabbit does showed an impaired performance with less weight gain and less body weight at weaning, lower fertility, more injuries and a higher incidence of mastitis and diarrhoea at the end of the rearing period in NC housing compared to CC housing. Additionally, soiling of hind feet was higher in NC than in CC housing. Overall, the poor hygienic conditions may have affected the animals’ health and make an improvement in the new housing system necessary, especially with regard to the floor design., This study was funded by the Agricultural European Innovation Partnership (EIP-AGRI) in a framework of the project “Rawecoh-Le”. The authors wish to thank the participating farm staff and colleagues for their assistance, and especially Harald Ulbrich and Kai Göbel for their technical support in data collection.

Objectives This study has analyzed the policy-making requirements related to basic health insurance package at the national level with a systematic view. Results All the documents presented since the enactment of universal health insurance in Iran from 1994 to 2017 were included applying Scott method for assuring meaningfulness, authenticity, credibility and representativeness. Then, content analysis was conducted applying MAXQDA10. The legal and policy requirements related to basic health insurance package were summarized into three main themes and 11 subthemes. The main themes include three kinds of requirements at three level of third party insurer, health care provider and citizen/population that contains 5 (financing insurance package, organizational structure, tariffing and purchasing the benefit packages and integration of policies and precedents), 4 (determining the necessities, provision of services, rules relating to implementation and covered services) and 2 (expanded coverage of population and insurance premiums) sub themes respectively. According to the results, Iranian policy makers should notice three axes of third party insurers, health providers and population of the country to prepare an appropriate basic benefit package based on local needs for all the people that can access with no financial barriers in order to be sure of achieving UHC.

Background Respect for patient autonomy and the requirement of informed consent is an essential basic patient right. It is constituted through international conventions and implemented in health law in Norway and most other countries. Healthcare without informed consent is only allowed under specific exceptions, which requires a record in the patient charts. In this study, we investigated how surgeons recorded decisions in situations where the elderly patient’s ability to provide a valid informed consent was questionable or clearly missing. Method We investigated all medical records of patients admitted to surgical departments in a Norwegian large academic emergency hospital over a period of 38 days (approximately 5000 patients). We selected records of patients above the age of 70 (570 patients) and searched through these 570 medical records for any noted clear indications of inability to consent such as “do not understand”, “confused” etc. (102 patients). We read through all the medical records on these 102 patients noting any recordings on lack of informed consent, any recordings on reasoning and process hereto. We also took note whether there were clear indications on the use of coercion. Results None of the 102 included patients´ charts contained legally valid recorded assessments (for example related to the patients´ competence to consent) when patients without the ability to consent were admitted and provided healthcare. Some charts contained records that the patient resisted treatment, thus indicating treatment with coercion. In these situations, we did not find any documentation related to legal requirements that regulate the use of coercion. Discussion and conclusion We found a substantial lack of compliance with the legal requirements that apply when obtaining valid informed consent. There are many possible reasons for this: Lack of knowledge of the legal requirements, disagreement about the rules, or that it is simply not possible to comply with the extensive formal and material legal requirements in clinical practice. The results do not point out whether the appropriate measures are amending the law, educating and requiring more compliance from surgeons, or both.

This Special Issue of the European Quarterly of Political Attitudes and Mentalities (EQPAM) presents a collection of papers contributing to the understanding of the increasingly relevant topic of legal requirements analysis and engineering in complex sociotechnical contexts, with an eye to the complex intertwining between law and technological systems development and implementation for the public service provision.

El objetivo de este trabajo es contribuir a delimitar los márgenes legales entre los que debe oscilar la información que se ofrece a las donantes de óvulos; información en la que no siempre se incluye, por ejemplo, todas las molestias, daños o riesgos que potencialmente tienen que soportar. Con la finalidad de poder evaluar dichos márgenes, contrastaremos el origen jurídico de la obligación de brindar esta información con el actual estado de la regulación de la donación de óvulos en España. Se sigue, por tanto, una metodología de lo abstracto a lo específico para establecer las coordenadas legales del objeto de investigación. A propósito de la legislación española, se observan los requisitos estándares del consentimiento informado y de los criterios para otorgar consentimiento en la donación de óvulos. El criterio general se caracteriza por la protección de la salud del paciente en relación con todas las cuestiones en las que pueda verse involucrado en el proceso médico. Mas en el caso de la donación de óvulos debe completarse con un segundo criterio, que procede de la segunda ley: los fines y las consecuencias del acto de donación. The objective of this work is to define the legal margins between which the information offered to egg donors must range; information that does not always include, for example, all the annoyances, damages, or risks that they potentially must bear. To be able to evaluate these margins, we will contrast the legal origin of the obligation to provide this information with the current state of the regulation of egg donation in Spain. Therefore, a methodology from the abstract to the specific is followed to establish the legal coordinates of the research object. Regarding the Spanish legislation, the standard requirements for informed consent are observed. The general criterion is characterized by the protection of the patient's health in relation to all matters in which she is being involved in the medical process. But in the case of egg donation, it must be completed with a second criterion, which comes from the second law: the purposes and consequences of the act of donation