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The Datangpo‐type manganese ore deposits, which formed during the Nanhuan (Cryogenian) period and are located in northeastern Guizhou and adjacent areas, are one of the most important manganese resources in China, showing good prospecting potential. Many middle‐to‐large deposits, and even super‐large mineral deposits, have been discovered. However, the genesis of manganese ore deposits is still controversial and remains a long‐standing source of debate; there are several viewpoints including biogenesis, hydrothermal sedimentation, gravity flows, cold‐spring carbonates, etc. Geochemical data from several manganese ore deposits show that there are positive correlations between Al2O3 and TiO2, SiO2, K2O, and Na2O, and strong negative correlations between Al2O3 and CaO, MgO, and MnO in black shales and manganese ores. U, Mo, and V show distinct enrichment in black shales and inconspicuous enrichment in Mn ores. Ba and Rb show strong positive correlations with K2O in manganese ores. Cu, Ni, and Zn show clear correlations with total iron in both manganese ores and black shales. ∑REE of manganese ores has a large range with evident positive Ce anomalies and positive Eu anomalies. The Post Archean Australian Shale (PAAS) normalized rare earth element (REE) distribution patterns of manganese ores present pronounced middle rare earth element (MREE) enrichment, producing "hat‐shaped" REE plots. ∑REE of black shales is more variable compared with PAAS, and the PAAS‐normalized REE distribution patterns appear as "flat‐shaped" REE plots, lacking evident anomaly characteristics. δ13C values of carbonate in both manganese ores and the black shales show observable negative excursions. The comprehensive analysis suggests that the black shales formed in a reducing and quiet water column, while the manganese ores formed in oxic muddy seawater, which resulted from periodic transgressions. There was an oxidation–reduction cycle of manganese between the top water body and the bottom water body caused by the transgressions during the early Datangpo, which resulted in the dissolution of manganese. Through the exchange of the euphotic zone water and the bottom water, and episodic inflow of oxygenated water, the manganese in the bottom water was oxidized to Mn‐oxyhydroxides and rapidly buried along with algae. In the early diagenetic stage, Mn‐oxyhydroxides were reduced and dissolved in the anoxic pore water and then transformed into Mn‐carbonates by reacting with HCO3− from the degradation of organic matter or from seawater. In the intervals between transgressions, continuous supplies of terrigenous clastics and the high productive rates of organic matter in the euphotic zone resulted in the deposition of the black shales enriched in organic matter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Rapid one step achieving of fluorine-free superhydrophobicity on aluminum substrates with corrosion inhibition efficiency as high as 99.94%. Abstract The potential marine corrosion-resistant and anti-biofouling applications of superhydrophobic materials arouse tremendous attention of researchers and engineers. Herein, we report an ultrafast (∼120 s) and eco-friendly one step electrodeposition strategy to construct fluorine-free superhydrophobic aluminum surface with outstanding water repellency and ultrahigh corrosion resistance to inhibit marine corrosion. As characterized through Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Atomic force microscopy (AFM), Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), the as-constructed non-fluorinated superhydrophobic surface is composed of manganese palmitate complex featuring with a typical dual-scale hierarchical papillae structures and low surface energy. In addition, the as-fabricated superhydrophobic surfaces possess extremely low surface adhesive force and excellent self-cleaning ability. The results of electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS) tests demonstrate a remarkable augment of charge transfer resistance of the corrosion process, suggesting a prominent anticorrosion performance. We believe this rapid, cost-effective and environmental friendly one step approach could find broad prospects in creation and application of metallic superhydrophobic surfaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • A prediction model for chloride transport in unsaturated concrete was proposed. • A new device was developed to simulate marine tidal and splash zones. • The chloride content in concrete under drying-wetting cycles was measured. • Numerical simulation and tests of moisture and chloride transport were carried out. Abstract Based on the establishment of a moisture transport model, a prediction model for chloride transport in unsaturated concrete was developed. The moisture transport model considers both the diffusion of water vapor and seepage of liquid water in concrete under drying-wetting conditions. The moisture transport model was verified by wetting and drying tests. In the transport model of chloride ions, both diffusion and convection were considered. Tests of specimens under drying-wetting cycles with four types of cycles were carried out to verify the chloride transport model. Furthermore, a new device was developed to mimic tidal and splash zones of a marine environment to achieve different time ratios of drying-wetting. The measured results of chloride content corresponded with the simulated results. The results showed that the chloride content in concrete displayed no relationship with the ratio of drying and wetting times. The chloride content of concrete in mimicked tidal and splash zones significantly varied with height, especially in the surface layer of concrete, and the chloride content of concrete at the junction of the splash and tidal zones was the highest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract 316L stainless steel has been widely used for orthopedic devices. Inflammatory response and direct contact with abundant proteins after implantation lead to corrosion issues of biomedical stainless steels. The effect of combination of H 2 O 2 and albumin on the corrosion of 316L stainless steel has been investigated for the first time in simulated body fluids at 37 °C with electrochemical and long term immersion tests. ICP-MS measurement after 16 weeks immersion reveals that the total concentration in the presence of both species was substantially higher than physiological saline alone, and even higher than the sum of H 2 O 2 alone and albumin alone. Electrochemical polarisation curves and electrochemical impendence spectra show that albumin accelerated anodic dissolution and suppressed cathodic reaction, while H 2 O 2 promoted cathodic reaction. Also, H 2 O 2 and/or albumin promoted meta-stable/stable pitting corrosion and decreased charge transfer resistance. Accelerated corrosion of 316L stainless steel in the presence of both species was attributed to the promoted formation of Fe oxides and CrOOH by H 2 O 2 and the largely favoured dissolution of these oxides by the addition of albumin, significantly accelerating Fe and Cr release. The synergistic interaction between both species indicates significant underestimation of corrosion rate evaluated solely in physiological saline. These findings suggest the necessity of using more realistic solutions to evaluate corrosion resistance of biomedical alloys for future in-vitro studies. Graphical abstract Unlabelled Image Highlights • The effect of H 2 O 2 and albumin on 316L ss corrosion was studied for the first time. • A synergistic interaction of H 2 O 2 and albumin was found regarding total release. • H 2 O 2 favours formation of Fe and Cr oxides/hydroxyl oxides. • Albumin promotes dissolution of oxides and largely facilitates Fe and Cr release. • Significantly underestimated corrosion rate was induced by current ASTM standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A NIR-II FRET platform is established using lanthanide downshifting nanoparticles. • This NIR-II FRET platform exhibits extraordinary anti-interference in whole blood. • This NIR-II FRET platform enables a maximum FRET efficiency as high as 92.2%. • This NIR-II FRET platform can realize highly sensitive detection in whole blood. Förster or fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) enables to probe biomolecular interactions, thus playing a vital role in bioassays. However, conventional FRET platforms suffer from limited sensitivity due to the low FRET efficiency and poor anti-interference of existing FRET pairs. Here we report a NIR-II (1000–1700 nm) FRET platform with extremely high FRET efficiency and exceptional anti-interference capability. This NIR-II FRET platform is established based on a pair of lanthanides downshifting nanoparticles (DSNPs) by employing Nd3+ doped DSNPs as an energy donor and Yb3+ doped DSNPs as an energy acceptor. The maximum FRET efficiency of this well-engineered NIR-II FRET platform reaches up to 92.2%, which is much higher than most commonly used ones. Owing to the all-NIR advantage (λ ex = 808 nm, λ em = 1064 nm), this highly efficient NIR-II FRET platform exhibits extraordinary anti-interference in whole blood, and thus enabling background-free homogeneous detection of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies in clinical whole blood sample with high sensitivity (limit of detection = 0.5 μg/mL) and specificity. This work opens up new opportunities for realizing highly sensitive detection of various biomarkers in biological samples with severe background interference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anomalous trajectory detection is an essential research hotspot of mobile trajectory big data mining and analytics, significantly improving residents' travel experience and strengthening urban public security management in intelligent transportation systems. Most of the existing anomalous trajectory detection methods only employ spatial features rather than temporal features to mine and analyze anomalous trajectories of passenger travel, especially with low efficiency and accuracy problems. To this end, this paper proposes a c ost- f actor-based a nomaly s core m odel (ASM-CF) to detect anomalous trajectories of detour behavior. Specifically, we first design an urban road network rasterization approach that expresses the trajectory in a grid sequence. The trajectory is enhanced to obtain a continuous grid sequence trajectory, which solves the problem of driving the same path but recoding different trajectory points. Then, a method for accurately detecting anomalous trajectories of taxi drivers' detours is put forward to identify anomalous travel trajectories based on detours. Next, a cost factor based on distance and duration is constructed, and an ASM-CF model is established by the cost factor to improve the accuracy of anomalous trajectory detection. Finally, the experimental results from an empirical study demonstrate that the F1-score of ASM-CF is 0.960, 0.977, 0.927, 0.976, and 0.993 in different trajectory pair datasets based on the real-world taxi trajectory big data, which can effectively detect trajectory anomaly degree and accurately identify anomalous behaviors such as not following the normal route and malicious detours. In particular, compared with the iBAT, ATDC, XGBoost, and ATD-RNN models, the F1-score of ASM-CF is improved by at least 8.045%, 3.644%, 8.166%, and 12.835%, respectively. • A new anomalous trajectory definition method is put forward to address the taxi detour problem. • A novel cost-factor-based anomaly score model is constructed to detect anomalous trajectories. • The ASM-CF model identifies anomalous trajectories of detour behavior with taxi mobile trajectory big data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evidence suggests that gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) improve osteogenic differentiation of periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs), PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1) dependent mitophagy modulates inter-clonal communication among PDLSCs with osteogenic heterogeneity, but the mechanism remains vague. Therefore, the current research assessed the influence of AuNPs on proliferation, osteogenic differentiation and mitophagy of PDLSCs and the potential mechanism was analyzed. Gold nanospheres with a diameter of 5, 10, 20, 40, and 80 nm were synthesized and characterized through transmission electron microscopy, and rat PDLSCs were isolated using flow sorting. Next, PDLSCs were treated with AuNPs or PINK1 lentivirus to obtain its overexpression or suppression. Proliferation and osteogenic differentiation were evaluated by CCK-8, ALP staining, ARS staining, and immunoblotting of OCN, OPN, RUNX2, ALP, BMP2, and COL1. Mitochondrial quality, homeostasis and quantity were assessed though JC-1 staining, immunoblotting of Tom20, Tim23 and HSP60 and mitochondrial ROS detection. PINK1, Parkin, Beclin1 and LC3 expression was quantified to investigate mitophagy, using RT-qPCR and immunoblotting and the formation of RFP-GFP-LC3-labeled autophagosomes were also measured. The proliferation ability of PDLSCs almost reached the maximum under 20 nm AuNPs for 24 h. AuNPs enhanced the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of PDLSCs, improved mitochondrial quality and homeostasis as well as attenuated mitochondrial quantity. Additionally, mitophagy was enhanced by PDLSCs. Activation of PINK1 synergistically enhanced AuNPs-mediated mitophagy, mitochondrial quality, homeostasis and osteogenic differentiation in PDLSCs, obtaining opposite effects when PINK1 was suppressed. AuNPs enhance proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of PDLSCs through PINK1-mediated mitophagy. • Gold nanoparticles play roles in modulating the osteogenic differentiation of periodontal ligament stem cells. • Gold nanoparticles activating PINK1-mediated mitophagy in periodontal ligament stem cells. • Gold nanoparticles with defined size are possible materials for periodontal bone regeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To extend the upper operating temperature range of melt processable PIs, two series of end-capped copolyimides based on hydroquinone diphthalic anhydride (HQDPA) isomers were designed by varying the contents of appropriate diamines. Thus, copolyimides PI-(0a∼20a) based on 3,3′-HQDPA were prepared by varying the ratio of rigid 2-(4-aminophenyl)-5-aminobenzimidazole (BIA) and flexible 4,4′-oxydianiline (ODA). The resulting copolyimides demonstrated good properties, such as excellent solubility, high T g ranging from 328 to 354 °C as determined by dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA), besides, exhibited good thermal stability based on 5% weight loss temperature ( T 5% ) of 502–514 °C and low melt viscosity in the range of 291–935 Pa·s. Most importantly, PI-20a showed a good combination of low melt viscosity simultaneously with significantly high T g (328 °C). Furthermore, this system was modified by copolymerization with different feed ratio of 4,4′-HQDPA isomer and produced another series PI-(20a∼20e), that exhibited high T g in the range of 315–330 °C with T 5% of 502–543 °C and minimum complex viscosity in the range of 291–479 Pa·s. All PIs form tough and flexible films that have remarkable tensile strength and moduli in the range of 93–116 MPa and 3.7–4.7 GPa, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microalgal oils, depending on their degree of unsaturation, can be utilized as either nutritional supplements or fuels; thus, a feedstock with genetically designed and tunable degree of unsaturation is desirable to maximize process efficiency and product versatility. Systematic profiling of ex vivo (in yeast), in vitro , and in vivo activities of type-2 diacylglycerol acyltransferases in Nannochloropsis oceanica (NoDGAT2s or NoDGTTs), via reverse genetics, revealed that NoDGAT2A prefers saturated fatty acids (SFAs), NoDGAT2D prefers monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), and NoDGAT2C exhibits the strongest activity toward polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). As NoDGAT2A , 2C , and 2D originated from the green alga, red alga, and eukaryotic host ancestral participants of secondary endosymbiosis, respectively, a mechanistic model of oleaginousness was unveiled, in which the indigenous and adopted NoDGAT2s formulated functional complementarity and specific transcript abundance ratio that underlie a rigid SFA:MUFA:PUFA hierarchy in triacylglycerol (TAG). By rationally modulating the ratio of NoDGAT2A : 2C : 2D transcripts, a bank of N . oceanica strains optimized for nutritional supplement or fuel production with a wide range of degree of unsaturation were created, in which proportion of SFAs, MUFAs, and PUFAs in TAG varied by 1.3-, 3.7-, and 11.2-fold, respectively. This established a novel strategy to simultaneously improve productivity and quality of oils from industrial microalgae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, exciplex-based OLEDs (ExOLEDs) are fabricated with 1,1-bis((di-4-tolylamino)phenyl)cyclohexane (TAPC) as the donor and a series triazine derivatives, e.g., 2,4,6-tris(biphenyl-3-yl)-1,3,5-triazine (T2T), 2,4,6-tris(3-(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)phenyl)-1,3,5-triazine (3P-T2T), and 2,4,6-tris(m-(diphenylphosphinoyl)phenyl)-1,3,5-triazine (PO-T2T), as the acceptors. With different acceptors and mole ratios of donor:acceptor, the effects of the photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY), charge carrier balance, and exciton lifetime on the EQE and efficiency roll-off are systematically investigated. It is found that the external quantum efficiency (EQE) of the ExOLEDs is primary determined by the PLQY of the mixed donor:acceptor film and tuned in a certain extent by the charge carrier balance. Furthermore, the efficiency roll-offs of different ExOLEDs are all less than 20%, which are simultaneously determined by the photoluminescence (PL) lifetime and the charge carrier balance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Planar CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 perovskite based photodetectors are fabricated by a facile and low-cost one-step method. The devices show broad spectral photoresponse from the ultraviolet to whole visible region and the performance can be significantly improved by the introduction of a bipolar transporting MoO 3 interface layer between CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 film and Au electrode. The photocurrent of the device with an optimized MoO 3 layer is about twice that of the reference device without MoO 3 layer, which results in a high ON/OFF current ratio of 5.9 × 10 3 at 5 V. Besides, slightly increased photoresponse speed is also found in the optimized device with rise time and decay time of 21.6 and 9.9 ms, respectively. The improvement can be attributed to the improved hole and electron collection efficiency and the quickly filled in or emptied trap states at the CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 /Au interface due to the introduction of the bipolar transporting MoO 3 layer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conventionally, production of methyl ester fuels from microalgae occurs through an energy-intensive two-step chemical extraction and transesterification process. To improve the energy efficiency, we performed in situ enzymatic conversion of whole algae biomass from an oleaginous heterokont microalga Nannochloropsis oceanica IMET1 with the immobilized lipase from Candida antarctica. The fatty acid methyl ester yield reached 107.7% for dry Nannochloropsis biomass at biomass to t-butanol to methanol weight ratio of 1:2:0.5 and a reaction time of 12 h at 25 °C, representing the first report of efficient whole algae biomass conversion into fatty acid methyl esters at room temperature. Different forms of algal biomass including wet Nannochloropsis biomass were tested. The maximum yield of wet biomass was 81.5%. Enzyme activity remained higher than 95% after 55 days of treatment (equal to 110 cycles of reaction) under the conditions optimized for dry algae biomass conversion. The low reaction temperature, high enzyme stability, and high yield from this study indicate in situ enzymatic conversion of dry algae biomass may potentially be used as an energy-efficient method for algal methyl ester fuel production while allowing co-product recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Here we present our findings of superhydrophilic (SHPL)/superhydrophobic (SHPB) Dianthus caryophyllus -like hierarchical structure for corrosion inhibition and biofouling mitigation through a relatively high-speed hard anodisation (HA) technique. The surface morphologies, chemical compositions were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer (FTIR). The static and dynamic behaviors of water droplets and water stream demonstrate the extremely low contact angle of SHPL surface and the low adhesive force of SHPB surface. Electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS) in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution and settlement experiments in Chlorella vulgaris -inoculated culture medium revealed that the SHPL surface cannot efficiently protect the underlying substrates from corrosion and Chlorella vulgaris cell adhesion, whereas the SHPB surface exhibited noticeable corrosion inhibition and biofouling mitigation. In addition, the synthetic SHPB surface presents good self-cleaning ability to contamination and thermal stability to hot water droplets. We believe that our findings of the anodized SHPL/SHPB Dianthus caryophyllus -on-nanowires structure are helpful in understanding the difference between superhydrophilicity and superhydrophobicity, which is beneficial for designing new bio-inspired interfacial materials with super-wettability for potential marine applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) is considered as a rate-limiting enzyme of triacylglycerol (TAG) biosynthesis in many organisms including algae. Many algae have multiple DGAT genes in their genomes. It is crucial to clarify substrate specificity and activity of different DGATs for understanding their biological roles. The current in vitro DGAT assays involve predominantly the use of radiolabeled substrates, either acyl-CoA or diacylglycerol (DAG). The availability of limited radiolabeled substrates and technical difficulties to conduct radiolabeled experiments have limited the use of these assays. Therefore, an assay without the involvement of radiolabeled substrates is needed. In the present study, we developed a novel in vitro DGAT assay using non-radiolabeled substrates and optimized its conditions including buffer pH and concentration, Mg concentration, microsomal protein amount, acyl-CoA concentration, and incubation time. CrDGTT1, a type 2 DGAT from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, was used to assess the feasibility of our non-radiolabeled in vitro assay toward different acyl-CoAs and DAGs. In addition, the substrate preference and activity of ScDGA1, a yeast-derived type 2 DGAT, were evaluated with our assay method, and the results obtained were consistent with those from a previous radiolabeled assay. We also demonstrated the suitability of this assay for the activity of phospholipid:diacylglycerol acyltransferase, an enzyme responsible for the acyl-CoA-independent TAG biosynthesis. Taken together, the in vitro acyltransferase assay developed here eliminates the use of radiolabeled substrates, is simple and reproducible, and allows the investigation of enzyme specificity and activity over a wide range of substrates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marine corrosion and biofouling on metallic materials are sticky problems. Herein, we prepared hierarchical structured superhydrophobic (SHPB) surfaces via a versatile one step electrodeposition approach. The synthetic SHPB surface was employed as an efficient barrier against corrosion and Chlorella vulgaris -induced biofouling. The surface morphology and chemical compositions were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer (FTIR) and Energy-dispersive spectrum (EDS). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), potentiodynamic polarization and immersion test in Chlorella vulgaris -inoculated culture medium were carried out to evaluate the anti-corrosion and anti-biofouling performance of the obtained SHPB surface. The results demonstrated that the synthetic SHPB surface exhibits great enhanced corrosion resistance and biofouling mitigation. Moreover, the as-fabricated SHPB surfaces retain superhydrophobicity in wicked environment such as strong acid and alkali conditions, showing good chemical stability. We believe that the SHPB surfaces over metallic substrates provide a potential and worthful strategy for marine corrosion and biofouling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The as-cast, homogenized, and peak-aged AZ63 alloys are investigated via microstructure observation, EDS analysis, hydrogen evolution, and electrochemical tests. The results suggest that the heat treatments exert an influence on the corrosion behavior of AZ63 alloy via the microstructure transformation. The corrosion of homogenized alloy is retarded by protective oxide layer at first, but achieves highest corrosion rate among the three alloys owing to the less protective products film. The micro-galvanic couples endow the as-cast and peak-aged alloys high dissolution activity, but the adhesive products alleviate the corrosion. Two models are proposed to interpret the dissolution mechanism for these alloys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Triacylglycerols (TAGs) are highly reduced energy storage molecules ideal for biodiesel production. Microalgal TAG biosynthesis has been studied extensively in recent years, both at the molecular level and systems level through experimental studies and computational modeling. However, discussions of the strategies and products of the experimental and modeling approaches are rarely integrated and summarized together in a way that promotes collaboration among modelers and biologists in this field. In this review, we outline advances toward understanding the cellular and molecular factors regulating TAG biosynthesis in unicellular microalgae with an emphasis on recent studies on rate-limiting steps in fatty acid and TAG synthesis, while also highlighting new insights obtained from the integration of multi-omics datasets with mathematical models. Computational methodologies such as kinetic modeling, metabolic flux analysis, and new variants of flux balance analysis are explained in detail. We discuss how these methods have been used to simulate algae growth and lipid metabolism in response to changing culture conditions and how they have been used in conjunction with experimental validations. Since emerging evidence indicates that TAG synthesis in microalgae operates through coordinated crosstalk between multiple pathways in diverse subcellular destinations including the endoplasmic reticulum and plastids, we discuss new experimental studies and models that incorporate these findings for discovering key regulatory checkpoints. Finally, we describe tools for genetic manipulation of microalgae and their potential for future rational algal strain design. This comprehensive review explores the potential synergistic impact of pathway analysis, computational approaches, and molecular genetic manipulation strategies on improving TAG production in microalgae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The aim of the present comment is to point out that the q-Recursive relation introduced by Singh et al. is wrong. These errors have been corrected in the comment. The numerical experiments show that the correct recurrence relation is consistent with the original q-Recursive method. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Diacylglycerol acyltransferases ( DGATs) catalyze a rate-limiting step of triacylglycerol ( TAG) biosynthesis in higher plants and yeast. The genome of the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii has multiple genes encoding type 2 DGATs ( DGTTs). Here we present detailed functional and biochemical analyses of Chlamydomonas DGTTs. In vitro enzyme analysis using a radiolabel-free assay revealed distinct substrate specificities of three DGTTs: Cr DGTT1 preferred polyunsaturated acyl CoAs, Cr DGTT2 preferred monounsaturated acyl CoAs, and Cr DGTT3 preferred C16 CoAs. When diacylglycerol was used as the substrate, Cr DGTT1 preferred C16 over C18 in the sn-2 position of the glycerol backbone, but Cr DGTT2 and Cr DGTT3 preferred C18 over C16. In vivo knockdown of Cr DGTT1, Cr DGTT2 or Cr DGTT3 resulted in 20-35% decreases in TAG content and a reduction of specific TAG fatty acids, in agreement with the findings of the in vitro assay and fatty acid feeding test. These results demonstrate that Cr DGTT1, Cr DGTT2 and Cr DGTT3 possess distinct specificities toward acyl CoAs and diacylglycerols, and may work in concert spatially and temporally to synthesize diverse TAG species in C. reinhardtii. Cr DGTT1 was shown to prefer prokaryotic lipid substrates and probably resides in both the endoplasmic reticulum and chloroplast envelope, indicating its role in prokaryotic and eukaryotic TAG biosynthesis. Based on these findings, we propose a working model for the role of Cr DGTT1 in TAG biosynthesis. This work provides insight into TAG biosynthesis in C. reinhardtii, and paves the way for engineering microalgae for production of biofuels and high-value bioproducts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate and timely traffic flow prediction is crucial to proactive traffic management and control in data-driven intelligent transportation systems (D 2 ITS), which has attracted great research interest in the last few years. In this paper, we propose a Spatial–Temporal Weighted K -Nearest Neighbor model, named STW-KNN, in a general MapReduce framework of distributed modeling on a Hadoop platform, to enhance the accuracy and efficiency of short-term traffic flow forecasting. More specifically, STW-KNN considers the spatial–temporal correlation and weight of traffic flow with trend adjustment features, to optimize the search mechanisms containing state vector, proximity measure, prediction function, and K selection. Furthermore, STW-KNN is implemented on a widely adopted Hadoop distributed computing platform with the MapReduce parallel processing paradigm, for parallel prediction of traffic flow in real time. Finally, with extensive experiments on real-world big taxi trajectory data, STW-KNN is compared with the state-of-the-art prediction models including conventional K -Nearest Neighbor (KNN), Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs), Naïve Bayes (NB), Random Forest (RF), and C4.5. The results demonstrate that the proposed model is superior to existing models on accuracy by decreasing the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) value more than 11.59% only in time domain and even achieves 89.71% accuracy improvement with the MAPEs of between 3.34% and 6.00% in both space and time domains, and also significantly improves the efficiency and scalability of short-term traffic flow forecasting over existing approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High efficiency and stable hole transporting material-free (HTM-free) planar heterojunction (PHJ) perovskite solar cells are constructed by directly thermal evaporating perovskite materials onto indium tin oxide substrate. A condense and homogeneous morphology is found for this perovskite film even without any annealing process. The optimized HTM-free CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3− X Cl X /C 60 PHJ device with a 35 nm ultra-thin CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3− X Cl X layer presents a high hole extraction efficiency and a low charge carrier recombination probability, which results in a high short circuit current and fill factor. The HTM-free device shows a high power conversion efficiency of 8.37%, which is one of the highest efficiency among reported inverted HTM-free perovskite solar cells even that a thinner perovskite film is used. More importantly, the device also exhibits a superior stability in ambient conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conformation and microstructure of soy glycinin were investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy after dry heating and autoclaving thermal treatments. The changes in frequency and signal intensity of infrared bands revealed the thermal denaturation on the solid-state structure of glycinin. The Fourier transform infrared spectral changes were subsequently assessed using the second derivative spectroscopy in the amide I region (1700–1600 cm−1). The bands at 1618 cm−1and 1682 cm−1were considered to reflect the formation of intermolecular and intramolecular aggregates (A1 and A2), and the contents of β -sheet indicated the degree of denaturation. In autoclaved samples, the contents of the glycinin α -helix, turn, random coil, and A2 significantly increased (P< 0.05), while the contents of the glycinin β -sheet and A1 significantly decreased (P< 0.05). The dry heating slightly affected the secondary structures of glycinin. The scanning electron microscopy results showed that the autoclaving treatment glycinin had denser and more uniform gel with homogeneous pores and heterogeneous granular structure, and the dry heating glycinin had crumbled multi-layered sheet like structure. The data suggested that the conformations of the autoclaved glycinins had more changes than dry thermally treated glycinins. While both dry thermally treated and autoclaved treated samples showed a high content in β -sheet structures which may adversely affect protein utilization. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Energy-intensive chemical conversion of crude algal oils into biodiesel is a major barrier for cost-effective algal biofuel production. To overcome this problem, we developed an enzyme-based platform for conversion of crude algal oils into fatty acid methyl esters. Crude algal oils were extracted from the oleaginous microalga Nannochloropsis oceanica IMET1 and converted by an immobilized lipase from Candida antarctica . The effects of different acyl acceptors, t-butanol as a co-solvent, oil to t-butanol ratio, oil to methanol ratio, temperature and reaction time on biodiesel conversion efficiency were studied. The conversion efficiency reached 99.1% when the conversion conditions were optimized, i.e., an oil to t-butanol weight ratio of 1:1, an oil to methanol molar ratio of 1:12, and a reaction time of 4 h at 25 °C. The enzymatic conversion process developed in this study may hold a promise for low energy consumption, low wastewater-discharge biochemical conversion of algal feedstocks into biofuels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A promising supercapacitor material based on dialdehyde starch reduced graphene oxide/polyaniline (DAS-RGO/PANI) composite has been successfully synthesized via in situ oxidation polymerization. In this paper, we developed a green and facile approach to the synthesis of reduced graphene oxide (RGO) based on dialdehyde starch (DAS) using exfoliated graphite oxide (GO) as precursor. The merit of this method is that both the reducing agents themselves and the oxidized products are environmentally friendly. It should be noted that, besides the mild reduction capability to GO, DAS could also play an important role as a capping reagent in stabilizing as-prepared RGO simultaneously, which exhibited good stability in water. This approach can open up the new possibility for preparing RGO in large-scale production alternatively. Moreover, DAS can reduce GO and polyaniline (PANI) in one pot to obtain DAS-RGO/PANI composite that exhibit good electrochemical properties. In addition, the DAS-RGO/PANI composite achieved the maximum specific capacitance as high as 499 F/g at a current density of 0.5 A/g, which is the highest value reported so far for graphene-doped PANI composite via a green and facile approach of reduced graphene oxide. Low resistance, long cycle life and fast reflect of oxidation/reduction on high current changes are other outstanding characteristics for the designed supercapacitor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under weakly alkaline conditions, polydopamine (PDA) has strong adhesion to the surface of metal materials and chelate adsorption to nanoparticles. According to this characteristic, polydopamine (PDA) was formed by spontaneous polymerization of dopamine (DA), and then modified with octadecylamine (ODA) and 1H,1H,2H, 2H-perfluoro-decyl mercaptan (PFDT) to form a dense and uniform superhydrophobic film on the surface of zinc material. SEM, XPS, FTIR, SVET, electrochemical measurement (polarization curve and impedance spectroscopy) and other methods were used to characterize the surface morphology and chemical structures of samples before and after modification. The water contact angle (WCA) were further used to analyze the wettability of the superhydrophobic film. The experimental results show that the zinc surface with superhydrophobic PDA film exhibits higher corrosion resistance and lower corrosion current density than control groups, and the modification effect of PFDT is better. Moreover, the corrosion resistance of pure zinc can be significantly improved by the modification treatment, which is the effect of "micro nano structure air valley" formed by the superhydrophobic film layer and the enhancement of adhesion. • A simple method was used to construct a superhydrophobic polydopamine film with stronger binding force on the surface of Zn. • Low surface energy molecules increase the hydrophobicity of the PDA film. • The PDA base film modified with low surface energy significantly improves the corrosion resistance of Zn. • The corrosion resistance mechanism of different PDA-based films on the zinc surface is fully explained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To reveal the molecular mechanisms of oleaginousness in microalgae, transcriptomic and lipidomic dynamics of the oleaginous microalga Nannochloropsis oceanica IMET1 under nitrogen-replete (N+) and N-depleted (N-) conditions were simultaneously tracked. At the transcript level, enhanced triacylglycerol (TAG) synthesis under N- conditions primarily involved upregulation of seven putative diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) genes and downregulation of six other DGAT genes, with a simultaneous elevation of the other Kennedy pathway genes. Under N- conditions, despite downregulation of most de novo fatty acid synthesis genes, the pathways that shunt carbon precursors from protein and carbohydrate metabolic pathways into glycerolipid synthesis were stimulated at the transcript level. In particular, the genes involved in supplying carbon precursors and energy for de novo fatty acid synthesis, including those encoding components of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDHC), glycolysis, and PDHC bypass, and suites of specific transporters, were substantially upregulated under N- conditions, resulting in increased overall TAG production. Moreover, genes involved in the citric acid cycle and β-oxidation in mitochondria were greatly enhanced to utilize the carbon skeletons derived from membrane lipids and proteins to produce additional TAG or its precursors. This temporal and spatial regulation model of oil accumulation in microalgae provides a basis for improving our understanding of TAG synthesis in microalgae and will also enable more rational genetic engineering of TAG production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Polyacrylate/nanoemulsion composites were prepared and particle sizes were tested. • Adsorption properties of polymer composites on OVA were tested by ELISA method. • The polyacrylate/nanoemulsion composites' adjuvant activity was tested in BALB/c mice. • OVA-specific IgG, IgG1, and IgG2a antibody titers showed the best formula. • Study confirmed synergistic adjuvant effect of polyacrylate, nanoemulsion on OVA. A series of polyacrylate/nanoemulsion composites were prepared to form a new kind of nanoemulsion, their particle sizes and polydispersity indices were measured. The particle sizes of the polyacrylate/nanoemulsion composites are consistent with nanoemulsions used in the system. In addition, an ELISA-specific antigen-antibody binding method was used for physical adsorption experiments on ovalbumin. Results showed that the adsorption performance of the polyacrylate/nanoemulsion system is best when the particle size was 55 nm, and the nanoemulsion content was 20 wt%, 30 wt%, or 40 wt%. Meanwhile, in order to select the optimum experimental conditions, in vivo immunity experiments in mice were carried out to analyze the adjuvant properties of ovalbumin as a model antigen. Analysis of ovalbumin-specific IgG, IgG1, and IgG2a antibody titers showed the best results when the particle size of the polyacrylate/nanoemulsion composites is 55 nm, the polyacrylate content is 0.5 wt%, and the nanoemulsion contents is 20 wt%. Meanwhile, titer analysis also showed that the polyacrylate obviously enhanced the IgG2a titer in mice. Our polyacrylate/nanoemulsion composites can both stimulate humoral and cellular immunity and have an enhanced adjuvant effect on water-soluble protein antigens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We chose dipicolinic acid as a tridentate chelating unit featuring ONO donors to react with lanthanide(iii) ions to yield tight and protective N3O6environments around the lanthanide(iii) ions. We immobilized the lanthanide(iii)-dipicolinic acid complexes on colloidal mesoporous silica with diameter smaller than 100 nm by a covalent bond grafting technique and obtained nearly monodisperse luminescent Eu-dpa-Si and Tb-dpa-Si functionalized hybrid mesoporous silica nanomaterials. These hybrid nanomaterials were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, nitrogen adsorption-desorption, and photoluminescence spectroscopic techniques. The hybrid mesoporous silica nanoparticles exhibit intense emission lines upon UV-light irradiation, owing to the effective intramolecular energy transfer from the chromophore to the central lanthanide Eu3+and Tb3+ions. Furthermore, the functionalized nanomaterials can be turned to white light materials after annealing at high temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The incorporation of SCMs can significantly increase the carbonation zone depth in mortars. • Two peak values for chloride content were observed in mortars with simulated marine sand under accelerated carbonation. • Under accelerated carbonation, the chloride binding capacity was initially extremely low, then gradually increased, and finally stabilized with increased depth in the mortars containing simulated marine sand. • The incorporation of SCMs decreased the chloride binding capacity of the mortars under carbonation. This study investigated the effects of carbonation on the chloride binding of mortars containing simulated marine sand. Various admixtures were added, and metakaolin (MK), fly ash (FA), nano-Al 2 O 3 (NA), and aluminum (A) were considered as supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) for use in mortars. Changes in free chloride content, total chloride content, bound chloride content, chloride binding rates, and pH values as a function of mortar depth were analyzed, and the effects of carbonation on the hydration products were also assessed. The results indicated that in the place of cement, SCMs could significantly increase the carbonation zone depth in mortar. The chloride ions migrated outward and inward under accelerated carbonation conditions in the mortar, generating two peak values for the chloride content in the mortars. Consequently, the incorporation of SCMs was beneficial for chloride ion migration in mortars under carbonation. Additionally, the bound chloride content and chloride binding rates were initially extremely low, then gradually increased, and finally stabilized with increased depth in the mortars under carbonation. Furthermore, the incorporation of SCMs resulted in the decreased chloride binding capacity of the mortars under accelerated carbonation, and Friedel's salt gradually decomposed with carbonation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mobile trajectory big data, such as global positioning system (GPS) trajectories of taxicabs, have enormous social and economic values in intelligent transportation systems, and efficient mining and in-depth analysis of these data can provide beneficial decision-making for traffic operation and especially for passenger travel. To this end, in this paper, we discover the temporal, spatial, and spatiotemporal characteristics of passenger travel by analyzing the travel duration and the travel distance with large-scale taxi trajectory data, which can not only effectively reveal the resident travel patterns but also dynamically perceive the traffic conditions. Specifically, we propose an information framework to preprocess the taxi GPS trajectory data that can thoroughly identify passenger travel trajectories. Moreover, we develop a novel distribution model to explore the rules of citizen travel accurately. Finally, we put forward a parallel clustering approach on Spark, which can discover the spatiotemporal characteristics of passenger travel in a fine-grained manner, to obtain the characteristic changes of inhabitant travel at different periods of the day. In particular, the experimental results from an empirical study show that the travel duration and the travel distance follow a log-normal distribution, and the tail of the travel distance is highly fitting to a three-parameter gamma distribution and the long-distance travel of the day is mainly to the airport between 5:00 and 6:00 AM. • An information framework is put forward to identify passenger travel trajectories. • A novel probability model is constructed to discover the spatiotemporal distributions. • A parallel clustering approach is developed to reveal the characteristic changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Sulfur was introduced to the synthesis of industrial diamonds using Ni70Mn25Co5 alloy powder as catalyst. Optical microscope, XRD, XPS, and SEM were utilized for observation and detection. The influences of additive sulfur on the synthesis have been investigated from several aspects such as the diamond-forming conditions, the composition of synthesized sample and inclusions in diamond, and the morphology character of diamonds etc. The results indicate that the formation of MnS, which should have been in a solid state during the synthesis, has an important influence on the synthesis of industrial diamonds. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Schematic model of corrosion causes and failure mechanisms on the inner wall of the product oil pipeline. • The inner corrosion behavior of high strength product oil pipelines was studied, and some new ideas were put forward. • The three pipeline steels have the same corrosion mechanism. • X80 pipeline steel has better adaptability under the condition of corrosion in the product oil pipeline. • It is more practical to accelerate the development of X80 pipeline steel to make it more applicable to the construction of the product oil pipelines. Pipeline transportation is one of the five major modes of transportation. Inner corrosion problems in product oil pipelines are widespread but have not received attention, and high strength product oil pipelines are rarely used in China. In this paper, morphology and composition analysis and electrochemical methods were used to study the corrosion behaviors and characteristics of API 5L X65, X70 and X80 steel product oil pipelines. The feasibility of using high strength product oil pipelines in the transportation environment of product oil under the condition of inner corrosion is discussed, and the support for the safe operation of product oil pipelines is provided. The research results show that X80 pipeline steel has advantages over X65 and X70 pipeline steel. In the simulated liquid system of sediments in product oil pipeline, as the immersion time increases, the corrosion rate of X65, X70 and X80 pipeline steels shows a trend from high to low. Morphological analysis and electrochemical analysis showed that X80 pipeline steel showed better performance and adaptability to the environment, and its aerobic corrosion reaction was slower than that of X65 and X70 pipeline steel. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results show that the three pipeline steels have the same corrosion mechanism, and all of them form Fe 2 O 3 , FeOOH, FeCO 3 , and FeS. The corrosion process is similar but the speed is different. This is attributed to the more corrosion-resistant trace elements in the X80 pipeline steel composition and the structure more compact. The application of high strength API 5L X80 steel in the product oil pipeline is still in its infancy, and it will be more practical to accelerate the development of API 5L X80 steel to make it more applicable to the construction of product oil pipelines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forward osmosis (FO) has great potential for low energy consumption wastewater reuse provided there is no requirement for draw solutes (DS) regeneration. Reverse solute flux (RSF) can lead to DS build-up in the feed solution. This remains a key challenge because it can cause significant water flux reduction and lead to additional water quality problems. Herein, an osmotic photobioreactor (OsPBR) system was developed to employ fast-growing microalgae to consume the RSF nutrients. Diammonium phosphate (DAP) was used as a fertilizer DS, and algal biomass was a byproduct. The addition of microalgae into the OsPBR proved to maintain water flux while reducing the concentrations of NH 4 +-N, PO 4 3--P and chemical oxygen demand (COD) in the OsPBR feed solution by 44.4%, 85.6%, and 77.5%, respectively. Due to the forward cation flux and precipitation, intermittent supplements of K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, and SO 4 2− salts further stimulated algal growth and culture densities by 58.7%. With an optimal hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 3.33 d, the OsPBR overcame NH 4 +-N overloading and stabilized key nutrients NH 4 +-N at ∼ 2.0 mg L−1, PO 4 3--P < 0.6 mg L−1, and COD < 30 mg L−1. A moderate nitrogen reduction stress resulted in a high carbohydrate content (51.3 ± 0.1%) among microalgal cells. A solids retention time (SRT) of 17.82 d was found to increase high-density microalgae by 3-fold with a high yield of both lipids (9.07 g m−3 d−1) and carbohydrates (16.66 g m−3 d−1). This study encourages further exploration of the OsPBR technology for simultaneous recovery of high-quality water and production of algal biomass for value-added products. Image 1 • An osmotic photobioreactor (OsPBR) is developed for advanced wastewater treatment. • Reserve-fluxed NH 4 + and PO 4 3− are effectively controlled by microalgal growth. • Forward ion flux creates Na+ and K+ deficiency that can be amended with supplements. • HRT 3.33 d can balance treatment performance of OsPBR and algal biomass production. • A longer SRT favors the lipids and carbohydrates accumulation in microalgal cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, a two-dimensional model is used to evaluate the voltage distribution of a flat tube segmented-in-series solid oxide fuel cell (FTS-SOFC) including a fuel channel, an anode, a cathode and an electrolyte layer. The results indicate that when the other cell dimensions are fixed, the anode length of 5 mm gives the highest maximum power density for the FTS-SOFC. By changing the anode length of single cell of FTS-SOFC, the voltage uniformity can be significantly improved, which avoids the low voltage of single cell in the downstream, and provides effective design suggestions for the development and industrialization of FTS-SOFC. Image 1 • A 2D model has been developed for flat tube segmented-in-series SOFC. • When the anode length is 5 mm, the maximum power density of FTS-SOFC is achieved. • Changing anode length of FTS-SOFC can significantly improve voltage uniformity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A liquid metal high temperature OHP (LMHOHP) was first developed. • The LMHOHP that can function at a temperature of over 500 °C. • The LMHOHP can transport heat of 3169 W and achieve a thermal resistance of 0.08 °C/W. This paper introduces the development of a liquid metal high-temperature oscillating heat pipe (LMHOHP) that can function under high-temperature conditions (over 500 °C). The LMHOHP has six turns with a total height of 310 mm. The sodium-potassium alloy (potassium 78%) was used as the working fluid, and the 310S stainless steel tube with an inner diameter of 6 mm as the shell tube. The LMHOHP heat transfer performance was investigated experimentally with a filling ratio of 45% at different input powers. Experimental results show that the LMHOHP can effectively generate steady-state oscillating motions at a working temperature of over 500 °C. When the steady-state oscillating motions exist, the temperature difference and thermal resistance between the evaporator and condenser were reduced significantly. At a heat input of 3169 W, the LMHOHP presents a minimum thermal resistance of 0.08 °C/W. This LMHOHP provides a new approach to next-generation high-temperature cooling devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The achievement of superamphiphobic material with ultralow sliding angles is a highly worthwhile and challenging task because the current artificial superhydrophobicity can be easily contaminated and wetted by low surface tension liquids. Herein, we construct superamphiphobic 5083 aluminum alloy surface through a facile strategy including sono-assisted HCl etching, boiling H 2 O treatment and POTS grafting. Micro-nano dual scale hierarchical structure was achieved, attributing to air cushion formation and Cassie contacts. The as-prepared superamphiphobic HCl-H 2 O-POTS AA5083 surface has a wide range of liquids repellency to water, glycerol, ethylene glycol, peanut oil and even n-hexadecane (surface tension: 27.5 mN·m−1). The superamphiphobic surface also possesses outstanding self-cleaning ability for contaminants and chemical stability for liquid droplets with different pH values. All these advantages will endow the superamphiphobic HCl-H 2 O-POTS surface with broad applications prospects, including automobile, aerospace, military and marine industries. Self-cleaning and chemically stable superamphiphobic HCl-H 2 O-POTS AA5083 surface was developed through a facile strategy of sono-assisted HCl etching, boiling H 2 O treatment and POTS grafting. Unlabelled Image • Superamphiphobicity was achieved by HCl-etching, H 2 O-treatment and POTS grafting. • The HCl-H 2 O-POTS surface repels liquids with surface tension from 72.8 to 27.5 mN·m−1. • Outstanding chemical stability was confirmed with pH values ranging from 1 to 14. • The surface exhibits repeatability and stability after 20 times self-cleaning tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corrosion resistance and mechanical stability are significantly enhanced on AA5083 substrate by transformation from intrinsically hydrophilic to water-repellent superhydrophobic. • Superhydrophobic AA5083 surface was prepared with anodized porous architecture. • Oxalic acid-based anodisation and fluorosilane self-assembly was utilized. • R ct is enhanced from pristine 7.54 × 103 Ω cm2 to superhydrophobic 8.31 × 108 Ω cm2. • The inhibition efficiency of the fabricated specimen is approximately 99.99%. • The superhydrophobic AA5083 possess mechanically robust and long-term durability. Given the widely usage and corrosion tendency of AA5083, it is crucial and highly desired to transform intrinsically hydrophilic AA5083 to be water-repellent superhydrophobicity. In this paper, we constructed porous anodized AA5083 and achieved superhydrophobicity by fluorosilane self-assembly. The surface topography, roughness and chemical compositions were investigated by SEM, AFM and XPS. The corrosion-resisting behavior was revealed by EIS, demonstrating prominent improvement of corrosion resistance. In addition, the superhydrophobic AA5083 exhibits ultralow adhesion force, excellent self-cleaning and mechanical stability. We greatly anticipate the construction of superhydrophobic surfaces with mechanical robustness on AA5083 will effectively broaden its promising applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The massive and long-term service of 5083 aluminum alloy (AA5083) is restricted by several shortcomings in marine and industrial environments, such as proneness to localized corrosion attack, surface contamination, etc. Herein, we report a facile and cost-effective strategy to transform intrinsic hydrophilicity into water-repellent superhydrophobicity, combining fluorine-free chemisorption of a hydrophobic agent with etching texture. Dual-scale hierarchical structure, surface height relief and surface chemical elements were studied by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), successively. Detailed investigations of the wetting property, self-cleaning effect, NaCl-particle self-propelling, corrosion and long-term behavior of the consequent superhydrophobic AA5083 surface were carried out, demonstrating extremely low adhesivity and outstanding water-repellent, self-cleaning and corrosion-resisting performance with long-term stability. We believe that the low cost, scalable and fluorine-free transforming of metallic surface wettability into waterproof superhydrophobicity is a possible strategy towards anti-contamination and marine anti-corrosion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]