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To effectively remove Cd from water, biochars were produced by pyrolyzing surplus agricultural wastes of spent mushroom substrate (SMS) at 300, 500, and 700 °C. The biochars were characterized, and their Cd(II) removal ratios and adsorption capacities in aqueous solutions were evaluated. The physical and chemical properties of the biochars were significantly affected by increasing the pyrolysis temperature; the data indicated that the ash content, pH and specific surface area of the biochars increased, whereas the yield and contents of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen decreased. In addition, the molar ratios of H/C, O/C and (O + N)/C decreased, which implied that the biochars became more aromatic and carbonaceous with a lower polarity and fewer oxygen-based functional groups. The pseudo-second-order kinetics model and Langmuir and Temkin isotherm models described the Cd(II) adsorption better than the other tested models. The biochars derived at higher pyrolysis temperatures had higher adsorption capacities, and the maximum adsorption capacities for PC700 and SC700 were 71.49 and 46.87 mg g−1, respectively. The Qm values in our study were equivalent to or even higher than those for other modified biochars. This result shows that the biochars in this study are effective adsorbents for Cd(II) removal from wastewater.

The heat-affected coarsening of β-grains in titanium alloy produced by additive manufacturing (AM), which would be important for the achievement of fine β-grain like forging, was completely neglected in the past. Here, we reported that the significant coarsening of equiaxed β-grain of Ti6Al4V happened under the instantaneous high-temperature (above β-transus) thermal cycling during laser directed energy deposition process. Especially, the coarsening becomes more striking in the cases of smaller initial β-grain, larger energy density and higher preheating-temperature. Meanwhile, a modified model used to predict the size of the coarsened β-grain of AM titanium alloy was proposed. These findings provide a more comprehensive understanding of the β-grains of AM titanium alloy and a significant guidance for the composition design of AM titanium alloy with fine equiaxed β-grains.

Perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) with high thermal stability is greatly essential for ultrahigh density and stable data storage devices. Here, the effect of vacuum annealing on PMA of MgO/CoFeB/W stacks was investigated. It was shown that the PMA can be well maintained after annealing at 590 °C, which is much higher than that in traditional Ta-based PMA films. Using the polarized neutron reflectometry, the Co-Fe atoms proportion of the CoFeB/W interface was deliberately determined at different temperatures. It is found that the Co and Fe atoms of CoFeB/W interface had strongly segregation after annealing at 590 °C Furthermore, the effect of different proportion of Co-Fe elements on the PMA was systematically studied by the first-principles calculation. Our first-principles calculation and further analysis reveal that different Co-Fe proportion leads to the modification of orbital hybridization between d xy and d x 2 - y 2 orbitals at the CoFe/W interface, indicating that the interfacial segregation can enhance the PMA. These findings unveil the origin of PMA in W-based devices with high thermal stability and can promote their future industrial applications.

In this study, grey relational analysis (GRA) was used to investigate the effects of different application rates of wine lees-derived biochar on a plant-soil system with multi-metal contamination. A pot experiment was conducted to determine rice growth in multi-metal-contaminated soil amended with samples of wine lees-derived biochar, and 47 indicators (including soil properties, microbial activity, and plant physiology) were selected as evaluation indexes to assess the plant-soil system. The results indicated that higher wine lees-derived biochar application rates (2% W/W) were favorable for soil fertility, the bioconcentration factor (BF), and the mobility factor (MF, %) (with the exception of Cr, Zn, and Hg), but an application of 1% produced the highest plant growth, enzymatic activities, and bacterial diversity. The richness of the bacterial communities was reduced in the soil amended with the wine lees-derived biochar. According to the GRA assessment, the 1% application rate of wine lees-derived biochar was more suitable for restoring the holistic plant-soil system than were the application rates of 0, 0.5, and 2% (W/W). Furthermore, this study shows that GRA is a useful method for evaluating plant-soil systems.

The selective laser-melted (SLM) Inconel 718(IN718) specimens were heat-treated with different solution regimes after the hot isostatic pressing (HIP). The results show that δ phase forms at grain boundary and presents needle-like pattern, and the size and volume fraction of δ phase increase with the increase of holding time and the decrease of solution temperature. The equilibrium volume fraction of needle-like δ phase in SLM-built IN718 is higher than that of short rod-like δ phase in forged-IN718 under the same heat treatment. The SLM-built IN718 specimen without δ phase at grain boundary has the best stress rupture properties, while the specimen with the largest volume fraction of δ phase at grain boundary exhibits the worst stress rupture properties. This is attributed to that the needle-like δ phase at grain boundary promotes the nucleation of void-formed cracks and accelerates the deformation damage. The analysis of the responses to the coordinated deformation capacity of grain orientation and grain size indicates that there exist the heterogeneous deformation and stress/strain concentration at grain boundary. The existence of δ phase influences the coordinated deformation capacity and promotes the stress/strain concentration around grain boundary region. Especially, the needle-like δ phase at grain boundary leads to the more detrimental effect on the rupture life and ductility of SLM-built IN718 alloy on compared with the forged-IN718 alloy.

Understanding and clarifying the formation and evolution mechanism of the microstructure in wire + arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) Al-Cu alloy is primary and essential for achieving the higher and more isotropic mechanical properties. In this study, the evolution of grain structure, precipitated phases and corresponding mechanical properties of the as-deposited WAAM processed 2219 Al-Cu alloy are investigated. The microstructure exhibits the heterogeneous band characteristics between the fine equiaxed α-Al grains in inter-layer zone (ITZ) and the columnar α-Al grains in inner-layer zone (INZ). Based on the re-melting experiment and the time-dependent nucleation theory, the occurrence of equiaxed grains is attributed to the heterogeneous nucleation of α-Al caused by the prior precipitation of Al3Zr particles at the molten pool boundaries. The relationship between the solidification conditions and the number of the prior Al3Zr nucleation sites is established. A large amount of spherical θ″-Al2Cu phases precipitate in Cu-rich regions around the α-Al+θ-Al2Cu eutectics and they agglomerate and transform to flaky-like θ′ phases under the in-situ thermal effect during WAAM deposition. The hardness of the ITZ (81 ± 2.7HV) is approximately 12% higher than that of the INZ (74 ± 3.6HV) which is mainly due to the finer grains and the more dispersive precipitates in ITZ.

This study proposes a simple engineering method to fast determine the quantity and placement of outriggers for super-tall buildings. At first, a sensitivity vector algorithm (SVA) is proposed by applying the vector dot-product algorithm to optimize outriggers in super-tall buildings towards the constraints of the maximum interstory drift . The proposed SVA is then demonstrated by a super-tall building under the wind load control and verified by the exhaustive search algorithm (ESA). Finally, the SVA is applied to optimize the outriggers for a super-tall building in the high-intensity seismic area. The results show that the optimal outrigger scheme relates to both the quantity and placement, rather than simply proportional to the quantity. Increasing the quantity of outriggers can reduce the interstory drift in the adjacent area of the added outrigger but may increase the interstory drift in other zones. The sensitivity vector algorithm can be used for the optimization of outriggers not only for the single-mode-driven wind load, but also for the multi-mode-driven seismic load, which is very helpful for the preliminary design of super-tall buildings.

During the outbreak of COVID-19, the fogging of goggles was a fatal problem for doctors. At present, there are many ways to prevent fogging by adjusting surface wettability. However, the mechanical properties of most super-hydrophilic antifogging coatings are poor, easy to lose their antifogging properties when encountering fingers or cloth friction. To address this issue, the Konjac Glucomannan was cross-linked with water-soluble silicone fluid to form a binder, then being combined with the modified Ecokimera to prepare an eco-friendly super-hydrophilic coating that possessed excellent super-hydrophilicity, and the water contact angle (WCA) was 2.51 ± 1°. In addition, the WCA is still less than 5° after 180 times of antifogging tests. The friction resistance of the coating was as high as 24 m. Moreover, the light transmittance was only reduced by 3 %. Besides, they also had the excellent self-cleaning property. After being stored in the laboratory environment for 90 days, it can still maintain the hydrophilic property (WCA is about 5°). In general, the method proposed in this study is low-cost and eco-friendly, and can be widely used in the preparation of antifogging coatings.

The mildew caused by damp on building walls is harmful to human health. It is very necessary to prevent building walls from mildew from the source to solve environmental health problems. Here, we provided a special superhydrophobic coating for the surfaces of building walls from diatomaceous earth (DE) @SiO2 by the sol–gel method, mixed with fluorosilicon (HLR-Si) resin and then sprayed on home-made walls. The resulting surface structure endowed the wall with self-cleaning properties: it had obvious anti-bioadhesion to Aspergillus and Simplicillium at 35 ℃ and above 90% humidity. The coated building walls were still waterproof after around 380 days, showing a promising application. Besides, the superhydrophobic sesame-cake-like coating was not easily destroyed after 16 peels and 300 min of stirring sand abrasion test with a speed of 250 rpm. The coating’s superhydrophobicity also remained unchanged after being misted with different inorganic salt solutions for 12 h.

The design of medium-entropy alloys (MEAs) with low-cost and high-performance is a hot topic in the field of metal materials. Here, low amount of Co and Ni element is employed to prepare Fe–Co–Ni–Cr MEA, resulting in a reduced material cost of MEA, which also lead to low stacking fault energy and subsequently promote phase transformation in the alloy system. The achieved cost-effective Fe65Co10Ni10Cr15 MEA has excellent cryogenic strength of 1.6 GPa and strain of 56%, which has the highest strength-price ratio among the reported MEAs so far. The significant strengthening of the alloy is attributed to the hetero-deformation and the accelerated deformation-induced phase transformation.

Superhydrophilic and underwater superoleophobic materials have demonstrated good application prospects in the oil/water separation. However, their fabrication process may be inefficient and high energy consumption. For this reason, this paper proposes a method for simultaneously deposited hierarchical structures with superhydrophilic and underwater superoleophobic properties on the anode and cathode via one-step electrodeposition. The materials fabricated on both anode and cathode exhibit superior antifouling performance and excellent oil/water separation efficiency (above 96.2% for all five experimental oils) with a considerable permeation flux (4125 ± 67 L m−2 h−1). Moreover, the as-prepared materials maintain excellent oil/water separation efficiency after 20 separation cycles, which are higher than 98.1% and 98.8%, respectively. Besides, the materials can be stored in different concentrations of salt water for 50 days, demonstrating their outstanding corrosion resistance. Our study provides a strategy for the fabrication of superwetting materials, which is expected to promote the development of oil/water separation technology.

Sea ice growth with lamellar microstructure containing brine channels has been extensively investigated. However, the quantitative growth information of sea ice remains lack due to the uncontrolled crystalline orientation in previous investigations. For the first time, wein situobserved the unidirectional growth of lamellar sea ice with well-manipulated ice crystal orientation and visualized tip undercooling of lamellar sea ice. With the real-time observation, interesting phenomena of doublon tip in cellular ice growth and growth direction shift of unidirectionally grown ice tip are discovered for the first time, which are attributed to the complex solutal diffusion and anisotropic interface kinetics in ice growth. The quantitative experiments provide a clear micro scenario of sea ice growth, and are suggested to promote relevant investigations of sea ice.

The growth behaviors of multi-dimensional GaN nanostructures including simultaneous epitaxial growth of films and horizontal nanowires on the sapphire substrates were observed by making substrates per-patterned, leading to some interesting phenomena, thereby helping us understand the characteristics of GaN growth more comprehensively and clearly. The nonpolar a-plane GaN films grown on the Au-coated areas were formed by many triangular pyramids. And there are two kinds of GaN horizontal nanowires in the Au-free areas containing straight-growing nanowires and U-shaped nanowires. The detailed mechanism of those growth phenomena is proposed: when Au catalysts and Ga are sufficient, the growth of GaN is mainly controlled by vapor-solid (VS) mechanism, gradually growing into films. While when Au catalysts are insufficient, the growth of GaN mainly follows vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) mechanism. The difference between the growth of straight and U-shaped nanowires reflects that ±polarity has an important impact on the growth direction of nanowires, making the nanowires take an U-turn during the growth. In addition, the GaN nanostructures show a high degree of controllability. The width and length of nanowires, the continuity of films, even the presence of Au particles at the end of nanowires can be controlled, which provides a simple and convenient synthesis strategy.

Freezing of polymer solutions has been extensively investigated from many aspects, especially the complex pattern formation. The cellular/dendritic microstructures occurred in freezing of polymer solutions are usually believed to belong to the type of diffusion-induced Mullins–Sekerka (M − S) instability. However, the presence of macromolecule as an impurity in water is significantly different from that of small ions. The quantitative investigation on transient process of directional freezing of polymer solutions remains lack due to some challenges. For the first time, we in-situ observed the planar instability behaviors during unidirectional freezing of a polymer solution together with a typical ionic solution with manipulated ice orientation. It is found that unlike the ionic solution exhibiting typical diffusion-controlled planar instability, the solute recoil of a polymer solution deviated severely from the predictions of Warren-Langer (W-L) model. Meanwhile, the real-time observation shows that the polymer solution exhibits a global instability mode instead of a local instability mode. These results reveal the complex physics behind freezing of a polymer solution, and are believed to promote relevant investigations in terms of the theoretical approach to describing the freezing behavior of a polymer solution.

Heavy metal soil contamination is being given more and more attention due to increasing threats of heavy metals to soil quality, ecological function and human health. Biochar application is an effe...

Currently, due to high surface to volume ratio; large availability, rapid kinetics of adsorption and desorption and low cost, the exploitation of microbial biosorption of heavy metals is regarded as a reliable alternative compared to the conventional bioremediation approaches. In parallel with the increasing attractiveness of biosorption research, its pace of advance is also boosted. The barrier that prevent biosorption as an effective method from being applied into wastewater purification is listed, (1) There is not enough data on multi-component biosorption, (2) It remains to be seen that physical-chemical characteristics of different biomasses. (3) Studies on surface modification of strains for enhancement of heavy metals removal efficiency is lack. And extensive literatures involving the mechanism and model of biosorption for particular metal and microbial strains are not available. The present literatures lack systematization, the theory on interaction between lactic acid bacteria and Pb is far from complete. Therefore, the review tries to give a comprehensive explanation about the mechanism of Pb removal from Lactic acid bacteria and provide a brief overview of distinction between biosorption and bioaccumulation, biosorption technology, highlight the underlying features of biosorption and the various affecting factors such as pH, dose required, initial concentration, temperature, and treatment performance as a reference. Biosorption mechanisms can be briefly generalized into several pathways, which are ion exchange, complexation, precipitation, reduction and chelation. Many views holds that complexation is the major absorption mechanisms of Pb. Biosorption mechanisms can be roughly classified as biosorption and bioaccumulation, which have great differences between each other. Biosorption is metabolism-independent but fast, while bioaccumulation is metabolism-dependent but slow. The slight advantages of the bioaccumulation are the metabolite (lactic acid), lactobacillus surface-layers, enzymes and so on. Many factors can greatly affect adsorption process, different factors have different influence and the effects of pretreatment, pH and temperature are relatively greater. Desorption is not a fully reversible process of biosorption, but could not only achieve the goal of the recycle of microorganism, but also contribute to release of trace metal elements. Also the technologies for observation of biosorbents characterics and effect on the metal binding process are reviewed.

Auxin receptors TIR1/AFBs play an essential role in a series of signaling network cascades. These F-box proteins have also been identified to participate in different stress responses via the auxin signaling pathway in Arabidopsis. Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) is one of the most important crops worldwide, which is also a model plant for research. In the study herein, two cucumber homologous auxin receptor F-box genes CsTIR and CsAFB were cloned and studied for the first time. The deduced amino acid sequences showed a 78% identity between CsTIR and AtTIR1 and 76% between CsAFB and AtAFB2. All these proteins share similar characteristics of an F-box domain near the N-terminus, and several Leucine-rich repeat regions in the middle. Arabidopsis plants ectopically overexpressing CsTIR or CsAFB were obtained and verified. Shorter primary roots and more lateral roots were found in these transgenic lines with auxin signaling amplified. Results showed that expression of CsTIR/AFB genes in Arabidopsis could lead to higher seeds germination rates and plant survival rates than wild-type under salt stress. The enhanced salt tolerance in transgenic plants is probably caused by maintaining root growth and controlling water loss in seedlings, and by stabilizing life-sustaining substances as well as accumulating endogenous osmoregulation substances. We proposed that CsTIR/AFB-involved auxin signal regulation might trigger auxin mediated stress adaptation response and enhance the plant salt stress resistance by osmoregulation.

The physical mechanisms of crystal nucleation and dendritic growth within undercooled niobium were systematically studied by electrostatic levitation and molecular dynamics methods. The maximum undercooling was achieved as 454 K (0.16Tm), while the hypercooling limit was determined as 706 K (0.26Tm). The undercooling probability displayed Poisson distribution and indicated the occurrence of heterogeneous nucleation. The calculated critical nucleus size reduced rapidly with undercooling and the solid-liquid interface energy was deduced to be 0.367 J m−2. In addition, the dendritic growth velocity of pure niobium exhibited a power relation versus undercooling, and reached 41 m s−1 at the maximum undercooling.

Tetrastigma hemsleyanum is a rare medicinal plant in China. Because it requires very strict environmental conditions to grow, it usually takes 3–5 years to form calabash-shaped roots and is difficult to meet the demand of Chinese medical market. Although it is known that endophytes can enhance the growth of the host plants, the molecular mechanism of the interplay between endophytes and their host plants growth is not completely understood yet. The aim of this study was to determine if endophytes can reduce the growth cycle and promote the medicinal ingredients in Tetrastigma hemsleyanum, and elucidate its underlying molecular mechanism. Endophytic fungi were isolated and identified from the calabash-shaped root of Tetrastigma hemsleyanum. The fermentation broth of 6 endophyte strains (named as TH09, TH12, TH14, TH15, TH17 and TH26) were added to the MS medium to culture axenic plantlets. After 30 days of culture, the net growth, expansin gene expression and the flavonoid content were measured. From the calabash-shaped roots, we isolated 31 endophytic fungi belonging to 10 genera: Fusarium, Rhizopycnis, Colletotrichum, Cylindrocarpon, Emericellopsi, Penicillium, Plectosphaerella, Aspergillus tubingensis, Alternaria and Sarocladium, of which Fusarium is the dominant genus. Addition of the fermentation broth from strains TH12, TH15 and TH26 significantly increased the plant growth. Strains TH15 and TH26’s fermentation broth increased the expression of Th-exp (an expansin gene), while addition of the fermentation broth from TH14 increased Th-exp expression in leaves and stems, but decreased Th-exp expression in the root. Flavonoid content was increased in the presence of fermentation broth from strains TH09, TH14, TH17 and TH26. Particularly, the fermentation broth from TH26 can promote plant growth, enhance Th-exp expression and increase the flavonoid content in Tetrastigma hemsleyanum. The results demonstrated that endophytic fungi from the calabash-shaped root of Tetrastigma hemsleyanum can regulate plant growth, expression of expansin gene and flavonoid content.

Ni-30wt%Sn alloy powder beds were remelted using a laser beam to examine regular eutectic and anomalous eutectic growth behavior. The remelted microstructure mainly consisted of primary α-Ni dendrites and refined regular lamellar eutectic in the interdendrite space. At the top of the molten pool, the competition between primary α-Ni dendrites and the regular lamellar eutectic can be explained by the maximum interface temperature criterion. Anomalous eutectic was observed at the bottom of the molten pool. The remelting of primary α-Ni dendritic arms formed in the first laser remelting scan had an important effect on the formation of the anomalous eutectic in the second laser remelting scan. This effect led to the formation of globular α-Ni particles with similar Euler's angles in the anomalous eutectic.

TiO2 nanotubes have been demonstrated with promising future in photoelectrocatalytic (PEC)_ applications and deposition of Pt nanoparticles on TiO2 has been widely used to enhance their PEC activities. However, those Pt nanoparticles are normally randomly deposited on the surface of TiO2 nanotubes. Selective deposition of Pt nanoparticles is important to achieve better charge separation. In this study, we reported an electrochemical activation step to prepare TiO2 nanotubes deposited with Pt nanoparticles on their open ends. The “activation step” played a key role in achieving a clean surface of the TiO2 nanotubes, thus ensuring the uniform growth of Pt nanoparticles and efficient photogenerated electrons transportation. The Pt-A-TiO2 films have photocatalytic activities in hydrogen generation and methyl orange degradation with a high hydrogen generation rate of 0.74 mL/h/cm2, three times that of the pure TiO2 nanotubes (0.24 mL/h/cm2). Thus, this study demonstrated an effective method for improving the performance of Pt/TiO2 photocatalyst.

By altering surface electron distribution of carbon nanotubes and creating structural defects, co-doping with B and N promotes polarization of π electrons on carbon nanotube surfaces and thus, generates more abundant π-electron-rich and π-electron-deficit sites that are beneficial for the adsorption of both π-acceptor and π-donor aromatic compounds.

Accumulation of organic contaminants on fullerene nanoparticles ( n C 60 ) may significantly affect the risks of C 60 in the environment. The objective of this study was to further understand how the interplay of n C 60 formation routes and humic acid modification affects contaminant adsorption of n C 60 . Specifically, adsorption of 1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzene (a model nonionic, hydrophobic organic contaminant) on n C 60 was greatly affected by n C 60 formation route – the formation route significantly affected the aggregation properties of n C 60 , thus affecting the available surface area and the extent of adsorption via the pore-filling mechanism. Depending on whether n C 60 was formed via the “top-down” route ( i.e. , sonicating C 60 powder in aqueous solution) or “bottom-up” route ( i.e. , phase transfer from an organic solvent) and the type of solvent involved (toluene versus tetrahydrofuran), modification of n C 60 with Suwannee River humic acid (SRHA) could either enhance or inhibit the adsorption affinity of n C 60 . The net effect depended on the specific way in which SRHA interacted with C 60 monomers and/or C 60 aggregates of different sizes and morphology, which determined the relative importance of enhanced adsorption from SRHA modification via preventing C 60 aggregation and inhibited adsorption through blocking available adsorption sites. The findings further demonstrate the complex mechanisms controlling interactions between n C 60 and organic contaminants, and may have significant implications for the life-cycle analysis and risk assessment of C 60 .

Graphene was prepared by a simple chemical reduction of graphite oxide in the dimethylacetamide (DMAc)/H2O mixture solvent. The results from Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicated that the reduction degree of graphene products increased with the increase in the volume ratio of DMAc and water (VDMAc/VH2O), and kept constant when the VDMAc/VH2O ratio was equal or greater than 1. A reduction mechanism from graphite oxide to graphene was proposed. The epoxy groups and hydroxyl on the graphite oxide (GO) surface could be eliminated in the reduction process, whereas the carbonyl was converted to a hydroquinone structure.

The nearly strain-free GaN films were epitaxially grown successfully on the Au-coated c-plane sapphire substrate by a convenient chemical vapor deposition approach. The growth of GaN single crystalline epitaxial films is a self-patterned process. The morphology, structure, compositions and optical properties of as-synthesized GaN materials were characterized through field-emission scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy mapping, Raman spectroscopy and photoluminescence spectroscopy. The characterization results confirm that the epitaxial GaN films grown on Au-coated c-plane sapphire substrates have a single-crystalline and nearly strain-free structure, and exhibit strong UV emission. A possible growth mechanism of the GaN film is proposed: Au-assisted vapor deposition initiates the nucleation of the GaN seeds, and then these seeds grow into inclined inverted hexagonal GaN pyramids with a threefold azimuthal symmetry and vertical inverted hexagonal pyramids; and subsequently, the vertical inverted hexagonal pyramids expand laterally and annihilate the inclined inverted hexagonal pyramids; eventually these vertical pyramids coalesced to form nearly strain-free GaN films. This synthesis strategy provides a new idea for the simple self-patterned growth of nearly strain-free GaN epitaxial films on Au-coated sapphire substrates, and will promote broader applications in GaN-based electronic and optoelectronic devices.

The mechanical anisotropy of laser directed energy deposition (L-DED) titanium alloys using laser solid forming (LSF) is significantly deteriorated owing to the coarse prior β columnar grains and continuous grain boundary α-laths (αGB). The influence mechanisms of trace boron (up to 0.25 wt%) on the microstructure, tensile properties and anisotropy of Ti6Al4V manufactured by LSF were investigated. The sizes of β grains and α phases both decreased with increasing boron content. Compared with the Ti6Al4V deposit, when the addition of boron was 0.08 wt%, the average width of β grains was reduced by about one order of magnitude owing to the growth restricting effect caused by boron and Zener pinning by TiB. Besides, the average length and aspect ratio of α-laths were reduced by 43% and 33%, respectively, owing to the refinement of β grains and the heterogeneous nucleation of α phases on TiB particles. With an increase in boron content, the strength anisotropy gradually decreased for the disappearance of αGB, the elongation anisotropy initially increased and then significantly decreased for the poor deformation compatibility between the TiB and the matrix. A better combination of strength and elongation could be obtained with the addition of 0.08 wt% boron to Ti6Al4V. Keywords: Laser deposition, Titanium alloys, Microstructure, Mechanical properties, Anisotropy

A hybrid structure of (NOx)i/S6+-TiO2 (x=0,1) film with high visible-light activity was prepared via facile one-step anodizing in (NH4)2S2O8 electrolyte. The film was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and ultraviolet-visible-infrared absorption spectroscopy, respectively. Transient photocurrent response and linear sweep voltammetry were also detected. The results showed that the (NOx)i/S6+-TiO2 film was composed of “flower-like” and porous structure. And N and S were successfully doped in the film. Meanwhile, the film also displayed broad and strong optical absorption at around 544 nm and 1500 nm. The photocurrent density reached 0.71 mA/cm2. The decoloration rate was close to 100% and TOC removal reached 59.44% in 20 min under sunlight in photoelectrocatalytic (PEC) degradation methyl orange. The film also exhibited good stability after reuse ten times. A possible mechanism of PEC was suggested in methyl orange degradation by using (NOx)i/S6+-TiO2 film.

Background Pinellia ternata is a Chinese traditional medicinal herb, used to cure diseases including insomnia, eclampsia and cervical carcinoma, for hundreds of years. Non-self-recognition in multicellular organisms can initiate the innate immunity to avoid the invasion of pathogens. A design for pathogen independent, heterosis based, fresh resistance can be generated in F1 hybrid was proposed. Results By library functional screening, we found that P. ternata genes, named as ptHR375 and ptHR941, were identified with the potential to trigger a hypersensitive response in Nicotiana benthamiana. Significant induction of ROS and Callose deposition in N. benthamiana leaves along with activation of pathogenesis-related genes viz.; PR-1a, PR-5, PDF1.2, NPR1, PAL, RBOHB and ERF1 and antioxidant enzymes was observed. After transformation into N. benthamiana, expression of pathogenesis related genes was significantly up-regulated to generate high level of resistance against Phytophthora capsici without affecting the normal seed germination and morphological characters of the transformed N. benthamiana. UPLC-QTOF-MS analysis of ptHR375 transformed N. benthamiana revealed the induction of Oxytetracycline, Cuelure, Allantoin, Diethylstilbestrol and 1,2-Benzisothiazol-3(2H)-one as bioactive compounds. Here we also proved that F1 hybrids, produced by crossing of the ptHR375 and ptHR941 transformed and non-transformed N. benthamiana, show significant high levels of PR-gene expressions and pathogen resistance. Conclusions Heterologous plant genes can activate disease resistance in another plant species and furthermore, by generating F1 hybrids, fresh pathogen independent plant immunity can be obtained. It is also concluded that ptHR375 and ptHR941 play their role in SA and JA/ET defense pathways to activate the resistance against invading pathogens. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12870-018-1598-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

316L stainless steel fabricated by selective laser melting (SLM) has a wide range application in complex structural parts servicing at cryogenic temperature due to its good corrosion resistance and extremely low ductile-brittle transition temperature. In present work, the as-built and heat-treated microstructure and cryogenic mechanical properties of the SLM-fabricated 316L stainless steel were investigated. Due to the extremely high cooling rate in SLM process, the SLM-fabricated 316L stainless steel has unique microstructure, consisting of the heterogeneous columnar grain structure with a weak texture and intragranular cellular structure attaching with high dislocation network. The cryogenic yield, ultimate tensile strength, and elongation of as-built horizontal specimens are 840 MPa, 1510 MPa and 35%, those of as-built vertical specimens are 785 MPa, 1400 MPa and 37%. After annealing treatment, the yield strength decreases and the elongation increases, but the ultimate strength changes little. The high ultimate strength and the low yield ratio of SLM-fabricated 316L stainless steel is attributed to the martensite transformation during cryogenic deformation owing to its low stacking fault energy at low temperature. By comparing the martensite content of specimens with different strains and tensile directions, it was found that the grain texture is the dominant factor for the anisotropy of strength and ductility of specimens. The cellular structure is also in favor of the generation of shear band to increase the nucleation sites of α′ martensite, and finally promoting the occurrence of martensite transformation, but the promoting effect of cellular substructure on martensite transformation is limited compared with the influence of the grain texture.

The microstructures and mechanical properties of Inconel 718 (IN718) alloy fabricated by selective laser melting (SLM) are evaluated in as-built, direct aging (DA), and homogenization + aging (HA) conditions on considering the effect of applied loading direction. The results show that the microstructure of as-built and DA specimens consist of the intracrystalline fine degenerated dendritic structures (0.6–1 μm in spacing) with a high density of dislocations (1013–1014 m−2). Fine dendritic structures disappear after HA treatment, and the average geometrically necessary dislocation (GND) density decreases to 1012 m−2. A quantitative analysis of strengthening mechanisms is established by taking into consideration the grain boundary, solid solution, precipitation and dislocation strengthening. For the as-built and DA specimens, the contribution to the yield strength by dislocation strengthening is ~85 MPa in vertical deposition and ~170 MPa in horizontal deposition, respectively, and the Laves phases provide approximately 100–110 MPa. The contribution of precipitation strengthening to the strength increment in the DA and HA specimens is 590–600 and 830–850 MPa, respectively. The precipitation strengthening is mainly contributed by shearing mechanisms among which coherency strengthening plays dominant effect rather than order strengthening. For as-built, DA, and HA regimes, the specimens always exhibit higher strength along the horizontal direction than that along the vertical direction. The anisotropy of yield strength in the as-built and DA specimens is mainly attributed to the difference in dislocation density and effective grain size, and the anisotropy of yield strength in the HA specimens is mainly caused by the difference in effective grain size and Taylor factor.

The correlation between lamellar globularization and deformation modes during the primary hot processing of titanium alloy was evaluated by means of uniaxial compression, tension, torsion and plane strain compression tests. The microstructure evolution features and underlying globularization mechanisms were comparatively studied via Electron Backscattered Diffraction technique. Noticeable divergences of globularization response are captured in different deformation modes, especially for the globularized fractions and the critical strain. In the face of the strain applied is less than the critical globularization value (0.4−0.63) under uniaxial compression, the lamellae can be still globularized under tension or torsion deformation. But the growth rate of globularized fraction is more sluggish under tension than that under torsion deformation. The lamellae separation at early tension deformation preferentially occurs at junctions of lamellae without destroying Burgers Orientation relationship and significant orientation fluctuation. Shear deformation can facilitate the formation of intra-α boundaries and its distribution uniformity, which could make the lamellae grow up into globularized particles and improve the globularization heterogeneity. It is envisaged that the results obtained can provide guidance for the technology scheme and route design of primary hot working of titanium alloy aiming at the homogeneous equiaxed grains.

Optimizing the microstructure to enhance the high temperature stress rupture properties of Inconel 718 (IN718) alloy fabricated via selective laser melting (SLM) is an urgent issue. In this study, SLM-built IN718 specimens were heat-treated with hot isostatic pressing, solution and aging treatment, and their microstructure and high temperature stress rupture properties were investigated, focusing on the influence of grain structure and precipitates. The results show that the coarsening of γ″ precipitate with the aging time at 720 °C follows the Lifshitz-Slyozov-Wagner theory. As the γ″ precipitate size increases, the rupture life gradually increases, area reduction gradually decreases, and the uniform elongation first increases and then decreases. Furthermore, a wide distribution of grain size results in the fine grains regions with much higher geometrically necessary dislocations compared with coarse grain regions during deformation. Hence, the micro-cracks preferentially initiate and propagate along fine-grain boundary. The main deformation mechanisms of specimens aged at 720 °C for 4 h (HSA4) and 8 h (HSA8) with the small γ″ precipitate are dislocation slipping and micro-twinning mode during stress rupture test, while those of specimen aged at 720 °C for 32 h (HSA32) with relatively large γ″ precipitate are dislocation slipping and isolated faulting mode. The HSA8 specimen with the best comprehensive stress rupture properties has the average life of 130 h and uniform elongation of 7.5%, meeting the standard specification for wrought IN718. Finally, some potential strategies for further improving the stress rupture properties of SLM-built IN718 were proposed by comparing to forged-IN718.

A narrow-gap TiO2 nanofiber film was synthesized on Ti foil by chemical polishing and anodization. The morphology, crystal structure, chemical states, and optical properties were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photon electron spectroscopy, and ultraviolet-visible-infrared absorption spectroscopy, respectively. Transient photocurrent response, linear sweep voltammetry, and photoconversion efficiency were also measured. The photocatalytic activity was evaluated from both hydrogen generation and methyl orange degradation experiments. Our results suggested that the film was composed of small uniform TiO2 nanofibers, having interstitial nitrogen-doping, oxygen vacancies and a mixture of anatase and rutile crystal phases. The films exhibited strong and broad optical absorption from 200 to 2500 nm. Owing to this strong absorption and rapid transport of photogenerated electrons, the nanofiber films exhibited a high photoconversion efficiency of 0.62%, and a hydrogen generation rate of 0.62 mL h−1 cm−2 under visible light irradiation. Under solar irradiation the films also showed remarkable efficiency and stability for the degradation of methyl orange.

Hepatic insulin resistance, defined as a diminished ability of hepatocytes to respond to the action of insulin, plays an important role in the development of type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Aberrant expression of mmu-miR-152-3p (miR-152) is related to the pathogenesis of tumors such as hepatitis B virus related hepatocellular carcinoma. However, the role of miR-152 in hepatic insulin resistance remains unknown. In the present study, we identified the potential role of miR-152 in regulating hepatic glycogenesis. The expression of miR-152 and the level of glycogen were significantly downregulated in the liver of db/db mice and mice fed a high fat diet. In vivo and in vitro results suggest that inhibition of miR-152 expression induced impaired glycogenesis in hepatocytes. Interestingly, miR-152 expression, glycogen synthesis and protein kinase B/glycogen synthase kinase (AKT/GSK) pathway activation were significantly decreased in the liver of mice injected with 16 μg·mL(-1) interleukin 6 (IL-6) by pumps for 7 days and in NCTC 1469 cells treated with 10 ng·mL(-1) IL-6 for 24 h. Moreover, hepatic overexpression of miR-152 rescued IL-6-induced impaired glycogenesis. Finally, phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) was identified as a direct target of miR-152 to mediate hepatic glycogen synthesis. Our findings provide mechanistic insight into the effects of miR-152 on the regulation of the AKT/GSK pathway and the synthesis of glycogen in hepatocytes. Downregulated miR-152 induced impaired hepatic glycogenesis by targeting PTEN. PTEN participated in miR-152-mediated glycogenesis in hepatocytes via regulation of the AKT/GSK pathway.

Solidification microstructure of powder fed laser additive manufactured Ti 6Al 2Zr 2Sn 3Mo 1.5Cr 2Nb titanium alloy was investigated. The results showed that by deliberately increasing the powder feed rate, partially melted powders were retained at the top of the molten pool, which can promote heterogeneous nucleus. Thus, each cladding layer is composed of two regions: (i) randomly orientated cellular structure region caused by partially melted powders at the top of each cladding layer; and (ii) epitaxial cellular structure region adjacent to the fusion line. Usually, randomly orientated cellular structure region was totally remelted for a wide range of process conditions. The remelting effect ensures the continuity of epitaxial growth of cellular structure and leads to the formation of columnar β grains. In order to obtain equiaxed grains the scanning velocity and powder feed rate should be carefully selected to enlarge the randomly orientated cellular structure region.

A new limonoid, named granaxylocartin A (1), was isolated from the seeds of Xylocarpus granatum, and the structure was elucidated on the basis of one- and two-dimensional NMR (including 1H, 13C NMR, DEPT, 1H–1H COSY, HSQC, HMBC, and NOESY).

The influence of post-heat-treatment on the resulting microstructure and room-temperature fracture toughness ( K I C ) of Inconel 718 fabricated by laser solid forming (LSF), a kind of laser based directed-energy-deposition additive manufacturing technologies, is investigated. Detailed microstructure characterization was performed on as-fabricated and heat-treated samples using direct aging (DA), solution treatment plus aging (STA), homogenization plus STA (HSTA), respectively. The results indicate that as-fabricated sample mainly consists of γ columnar dendrites and a small quantity of (γ+Laves) eutectics in the interdendritic areas. After DA post-heat-treatment, the nonuniform γ′′/γ′ precipitates exist around Laves phases. After STA post-heat-treatment, the short-acicular δ-phases precipitate around/in the Laves phases, the micro-segregation reduces and the distribution of γ′′/γ′ precipitates in the dendrite arm is almost homogeneous. After HSTA post-heat-treatment, Laves phase mostly disappears, micro-segregation completely removes and the γ′′/γ′ precipitates (~30 nm) are distributed in bimodal recrystallized grains. The results of K I C testing indicate that as-fabricated sample possesses the lowest K I C mainly due to its lowest elastic modulus and yield strength. However, the K I C of DA sample (~89.8 MPa m ) is close to that of as-fabricated sample, mainly due to its low ductility and strain-hardening exponent. But, the K I C of STA and HSTA samples increases by ~55.8% and 90.8% compared with as-fabricated sample respectively, mainly because of the better performance in strength–plasticity of HSTA sample (~1114 MPa, ~26.1%). Particularly, the K I C of HSTA sample with bimodal grains is ~60 MPa m higher than the lower limit of wrought IN718 (AMS 5662) and reaches ~164.1 MPa m . There exists significant difference in the K I C fractographs of as-fabricated and heat-treated samples. Overall, this research illustrates that an appropriate post-heat-treatment possesses obvious toughening effect on the LSF Inconel 718 alloy.

Oily wastewater has severely affected the water environment health. To better overcome this problem, a number of superhydrophobic or superoleophobic materials have been used for oil/water separation. Nevertheless, there are still great challenges in the simple and rapid environmentally- friendly preparation method. In this study, a superhydrophilic and underwater superoleophobic surface was fabricated for oil/water separation by soaking the stainless steel meshes (SSM) into cement solution. The as-fabricated surface exhibited a high oil contact angle (OCA, 159 ± 2°) in water environment. In addition, the cement-coated stainless steel meshes (CCSSM) separated the oil/water mixtures with a high separation efficiency of over 90% and a permeate flux of 3397 L m-2 h-1. Moreover, after reuse for 5 times, the cement-coated meshes maintained a separation efficiency of over 95% in separating the lubricating oil /water mixtures. Besides, they still maintained the underwater superoleophobicity after being stored in real seawater for 15 days or in extreme solution (pH, 4-12), thus displaying their corrosion resistance. Meanwhile, they bore sand impact for 8 times and possessed superior antifouling performance. Further, the underlying mechanism was also extensively examined.

In this study, the effects of foundation uplift on the seismic loading of wind turbine tower and shallow foundation are investigated. A dynamic Winkler model is proposed for the dynamic response analysis of shallow foundation supported structures and is named as QzSimple4, in which PySimple3 is applied to replace the elastoplastic component in QzSimple2 for the compression under the foundation and the gap model in QzSimple1 is assembled to capture the foundation uplift. The proposed model agrees well with the q-z experimental backbone curves and reasonably captures the acceleration responses of the bridge deck and the settlement-rotation responses of the shallow foundation under various excitation levels. However, QzSimple2 model strongly overestimates the q-z backbone curves in terms of linear range and ultimate bearing capacity, which leads to obviously overestimate some acceleration responses of the bridge deck and significantly underestimate the settlement responses of the shallow foundation. Finally, a systematical study is performed to investigate the effects of foundation uplift on the seismic loading by using the proposed Winkler model and the equivalent linear sway-rocking model. The foundation uplift occurs under severe earthquakes. Without considering the foundation uplift, the moment on the wind turbine tower is slightly overestimated, while that on the shallow foundation is significantly underestimated for the large soil stiffness. This is one reason why the shallow foundations at Aso-Nishihara wind farm were damaged during the Kumamoto earthquake.

The time-dependent vertical shortening behavior is crucial for super-tall buildings. However, the existing models to predict shrinkage and creep do not consider the moisture distribution. In this study, the vertical shortenings of mega column and shear wall for super-tall buildings are predicted by a modified B3 model to consider moisture distribution of mega steel reinforced concrete sections. Firstly, the moisture distribution of mega section is numerically predicted with the wisely identified moisture diffusion coefficient and surface exchange coefficient. The predicted moisture shows favorable agreement with the measured result and the identified moisture diffusion coefficient (2.5E-4 m2/h) and surface exchange coefficient (1.1E-3 m2/h) are preferred. The total strain including elastic strain, shrinkage and creep is then predicted by the B3-fiber model to consider the moisture distribution, which provides the strain database of mega sections. Large differences exist in the strain predictions between the B3-fiber model and the traditional B3 model. The traditional model largely overestimates the strains of mega section. Thirdly, a modified B3 model is proposed to predict the vertical shortenings by introducing three correction coefficients to consider moisture distribution and verified by the strain database. The total strains predicted by the modified B3 model show good agreement with those by the B3-fiber model. Finally, a super-tall building project Shanghai Tower is employed as an example to demonstrate and validate the proposed modified B3 model. The vertical shortenings predicted by the modified B3 model show better agreement with measurements than those by the traditional model.

Highly ordered Ga2S3 horizontal nanowires (NWs) on r-plane sapphire were successfully grown by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) using carbothermal reduction reaction. By adjusting experimental conditions, the density of NWs has increased from 8.4×106/ mm2 to 4.0×107/ mm2. The morphology, structure, composition and optical properties of Ga2S3 NWs were characterized through field emission scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscope, transmission electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, Raman, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and so on. The Au particles at the end of the NWs prove that the growth of the horizontal NWs is controlled by the VLS mechanism. The measurement of nonlinear property of Ga2S3 nanomaterials indicates one-dimensional Ga2S3 processes excellent nonlinear effect. Our work opens a new way to synthesize Ga2S3 NWs and provides a reference to explore the optical applications of Ga2S3 nanomaterials such as micro tunable laser in the future.

The nearly rapid solidification and high-temperature thermal cycles associated with laser directed energy deposition of titanium alloys using laser solid forming (LSF) lead to the formation of coarse prior β columnar grains and continuous coarse-grain-boundary α (αGB) phases, which result in anisotropic properties and poor ductility. The influence mechanisms of trace B (up to 0.3 wt. %) on the solidification, solid state transformation, and tensile properties of LSFed Ti-6Al-4V after solution and aging treatment were studied using thermodynamic calculations. With an increase in B content, the size of prior β grains decreased owing to the growth-restricting effect it caused during the solidification and the Zener pinning caused by TiB during reheat cycles and heat treatments. The continuous coarse αGB phases were almost eliminated owing to the discontinuous distribution of TiB between the dendrites, and the length and aspect ratio of intragranular α phases were gradually reduced. Moreover, both ultimate tensile strength and yield strength increased, fracture elongation decreased, strength anisotropy decreased, and elongation anisotropy initially increased and then decreased significantly. The findings in this study will promote the development of new Ti alloys befitting additive manufacturing technology.The nearly rapid solidification and high-temperature thermal cycles associated with laser directed energy deposition of titanium alloys using laser solid forming (LSF) lead to the formation of coarse prior β columnar grains and continuous coarse-grain-boundary α (αGB) phases, which result in anisotropic properties and poor ductility. The influence mechanisms of trace B (up to 0.3 wt. %) on the solidification, solid state transformation, and tensile properties of LSFed Ti-6Al-4V after solution and aging treatment were studied using thermodynamic calculations. With an increase in B content, the size of prior β grains decreased owing to the growth-restricting effect it caused during the solidification and the Zener pinning caused by TiB during reheat cycles and heat treatments. The continuous coarse αGB phases were almost eliminated owing to the discontinuous distribution of TiB between the dendrites, and the length and aspect ratio of intragranular α phases were gradually reduced. Moreover, both ultimate te...

Sick sinus syndrome (SSS) is primarily a disease of the elderly, and age-dependent decrease in Ca

Propofol is the most common intravenous anesthetic agent used in clinical practice. Propofol can induce insulin resistance in mouse primary hepatocytes, however the molecular mechanism through which propofol acts remains largely unknown. Based on previous studies, it was hypothesized that phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) is involved in propofol-mediated insulin resistance. The aim of the present study was to investigate the biological function of PTEN and its molecular mechanism in propofol-induced insulin resistance in mouse primary hepatocytes. Mouse primary hepatocytes were treated with propofol and transfected with small interfering RNA (siRNA)-996 to silence the endogenous expression of PTEN. The current study assessed the effects of propofol and PTEN knockdown on the expression of PTEN and several key enzymes of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B/glycogen synthase kinase-3β signaling pathway, as well as the glycogen content in mouse primary hepatocytes. Treatment with propofol significantly increased protein and mRNA PTEN expression in mouse primary hepatocytes. In addition, knockdown of PTEN reversed propofol-induced insulin resistance in mouse primary hepatocytes. The present study indicated that PTEN serves a role in the physiological process of propofol-induced insulin resistance in mouse primary hepatocytes, and PTEN inhibition may be a potential target for therapeutic intervention against propofol-induced adverse effects.

Deep learning is a field that has attracted a great concern in recent years, and plays an important role in computer vision. Traditional object detection methods failed to adapt to the increasingly complex application environment. While, deep learning, because of the powerful feature extraction capabilities, shows strong ability in object detection tasks in recent years. However, intensive and complex calculations of the deep network are very demanding for the hardware, which makes it will be difficult to deploy on the common hardware devices. In this case, lightweight network technology comes into being. Firstly, this paper analyzes the limitations of deep learning and the necessity of lightweight network technology. Then, According to the existing technology, the methods of lightweight network are summarized and analyzed. In addition, lightweight network methods are compared and analyzed, and the advantages and disadvantages of these methods are pointed out. Finally, we summarize the problems to be faced by the lightweight network approach and the direction of deep learning technology development.

Soil washing with natural chelators to remediate metal-contaminated soils has been gained attention by researchers. However, the abilities of the chelators to remediate the multiple metal polluted soils are less effective. This study employed zero-valent iron nanoparticle (nZVI) to enhance the removal efficiencies of citric (CA), tartaric (TA) and oxalic acids (OA), and evaluate their feasibility. Results showed that metal removal efficiencies increased with the increasing concentration of nZVI and soil-liquid ratio, decreased with the increasing solution pH. The kinetic simulation indicated that pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models could be used for describing the washing processes. Additionally, metal removals were significantly improved by addition of nZVI (p 0.05). The highest enhancements of soil Cd, Pb and Zn removals under solution pH of 4.0, soil-liquid ratio of 1:20 and washing time of 120 min reached 12.83% (OA- nZVI), 24.92% (CA-nZVI) and 11.64% (OA- nZVI) for mine soil, and 19.24% (TA- nZVI), 18.16% (CA-nZVI) and 8.93% (OA- nZVI) for farmland soil, respectively. After soil washing, the exchangeable forms and the environmental risks of residual metals were markedly diminished in soils. Therefore, the combinations of the organic acids and nZVI are the feasible practices to repair the soils contaminated by heavy metals.

Table S1. Primers used for qRT-PCR. Figure S1. Agarose gel of cDNA inserts. M, 100â bp marker. Figure S2. Hypersensitive response induced by ptHR genes on L. esculentum, G. hirustum, N. benthamiana and P. ternata leaves. Table S2. NCBI blast results showing homology with known sequences. Table S3. NCBI blast results showing homology with transcription factors. Table S4. NCBI blast results showing no homology with known sequences. Figure S3. Relative expression levels of pathogenesis-related genes in N. benthamiana. Figure S4. Relative expression levels of ptHR941 and ptHR375 genes in transformed N. benthamiana. Figure S5. Mass spectra for the induced bioactive compounds detected in ptHR375 transformed N. benthamiana. Table S5. List of induced bioactive compounds present in ptHR375 transformed N. benthamiana. (PDF 1033 kb)

The crystallization behavior of Zr55Cu30Al10Ni5 bulk amorphous alloy during laser solid forming (LSF) was analyzed. Since laser surface remelting (LSM) is a key process for the LSF, the crystallization behavior of as-cast Zr55Cu30Al10Ni5 bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) during LSM was also investigated. It was found that the amorphous state of the as-cast BMGs was maintained when they were repeatedly remelted four times in a single-trace LSM, and as for the LSF of Zr55Cu30Al10Ni5 bulk amorphous alloy, the crystallization primarily occurred in the HAZ between the adjacent traces and layers after the two layers were deposited. The as-deposited microstructure exhibited a series of phase evolutions from the molten pool to the HAZ as follows: the amorphous → NiZr2–type nanocrystal + amorphous → NiZr2–type equiaxed dendrite + amorphous → Cu10Zr7–type dendrite + NiZr2–type nanocrystal. Among these microstructural patterns, the NiZr2–type nanocrystals and equiaxed dendrites primarily formed from the rapid solidification of the remelted liquid in the laser processing process, and the Cu10Zr7–type dendrites in the HAZ primarily formed by the crystallization of pre-existed nuclei in the already-deposited amorphous substrate.