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Large-scale graph processing has drawn great attention in recent years. The emerging metal-oxide resistive random access memory (ReRAM) and ReRAM crossbars have shown huge potential in accelerating graph processing. However, the sparse feature of natural graphs hinders the performance of graph processing on ReRAMs. Previous work of graph processing on ReRAMs stored and computed edges separately, leading to high energy consumption and long latency of transferring data. In this paper, we present GraphSAR, a sparsity-aware processing-in-memory large-scale graph processing accelerator on ReRAMs. Computations over edges are performed in the memory, eliminating overheads of transferring edges. Moreover, graphs are divided considering the sparsity. Subgraphs with low densities are further divided into smaller ones to minimize the waste of memory space. According to our extensive experimental results, GraphSAR achieves 4.43x energy reduction and 1.85x speedup (8.19x lower energy-delay product, EDP) against previous graph processing architecture on ReRAMs (GraphR [1]).

The long-latency “reflexive” response (LLR) following an upper-limb mechanical disturbance is generated by neural circuitry shared with voluntary control. This feedback response supports many task-dependent behaviours and permits the expression of goal-directed corrections at latencies shorter than voluntary reaction time. An extensive body of literature has demonstrated that the LLR shows flexibility akin to voluntary control, but it has never been tested whether instruction-dependent LLR changes can also occur in the absence of an overt voluntary response. The present study used kinesthetic motor imagery (Experiment 1) and instructed participants to execute a voluntary response in a non-stretched contralateral muscle (Experiment 2) to explore the relationship between the overt production of a voluntary response and LLR facilitation. Activity in stretched right wrist flexors were compared to standard “not-intervene” and “compensate” conditions. Our findings revealed that on ~40% of imagery and ~50% of contralateral trials, a partial voluntary response “leaked-out” into the stretched right wrist flexor muscle. On these “leaked” trials, the early portion of the LLR (R2) was facilitated and displayed a similar increase to compensate trials. The latter half of the LLR (R3) showed further modulation, mirroring the patterns of voluntary response activity. By contrast, the LLR on “non-leaked” imagery and contralateral trials did not modulate. We suggest that even though a hastened voluntary response cannot account for all instruction-dependent LLR modulation, the overt execution of a voluntary response in the same muscle(s) as the LLR is a pre-requisite for facilitation of this rapid feedback response.New and NoteworthyWe examined volitional modulation of the long-latency stretch response (LLR) using two novel approaches: motor imagery and the execution of contralateral movements. The LLR was only facilitated on imagery or contralateral trials when a voluntary response “leaked-out” into stretched muscle suggesting that a voluntary response in the same muscle as the LLR is a prerequisite for facilitation. Our findings also demonstrate an important distinction between the early (R2) and late (R3) portions of the LLR.

Purpose: this study aimed at illustrating the similarities and differences in the recording of components P1 and N1 for verbal and non-verbal stimuli, in an adult sample population, for reference purposes. Methods: twenty-one adult, eutrophic individuals of both sexes were recruited for this study. The long-latency auditory evoked potential was detected by bilateral stimulation in both ears, using simultaneous recording, with non-verbal stimuli and the syllable /da/. Results: for non-verbal and speech stimuli, N1 was identified in 100.0% of the participants, whereas P1 was observed in 85.7% and 95.2% individuals for non-verbal and speech stimuli, respectively. Significant differences were observed for the P1 and N1 amplitudes between the ears (p

Due to its high density and close to SRAM read latency, spin transfer torque RAM (STT-RAM) is considered one of the most promising emerging memory technologies for designing large last level caches (LLCs). However, in a deep submicron region, STT-RAM shows read disturbance error (RDE) whereby a read operation may modify the stored data value, and this presents a severe threat to performance and reliability of STT-RAM caches. In this paper, we present a technique, named SHIELD, to mitigate RDE in STT-RAM LLCs. SHIELD uses data compression to reduce the number of read operations from STT-RAM blocks to avoid RDE, and also to reduce the number of bits written to cache during both write and restore operations. Experimental results have shown that SHIELD provides significant improvement in performance and energy efficiency. SHIELD consumes smaller energy than the two previous RDE-mitigation techniques, namely high current restore required read (HCRR, also called restore-after-read) and low current long latency read (LCLL) and even an ideal RDE-free STT-RAM cache.

Previous studies have demonstrated a progression of function when healthy subjects counter a sudden mechanical load. Short-latency reflexes are linked to local stretch of the particular muscle and its antagonist. Long-latency reflexes integrate stretch information from both local sources and muscles crossing remote joints appropriate for a limb’s mechanical interactions. Unresolved is how sensory information is processed throughout the corrective response, since capabilities at some time can be produced by circuits acting at that delay and at briefer delays. One possibility is that local abilities are always expressed at a short-latency delay and integrative abilities are always expressed at a long-latency delay. Alternatively, the neural circuits may be altered over time, leading to a temporal shift in expressing certain abilities; a refractory period could retard integrative responses to a second perturbation, whereas priming could enable integrative responses at short latency. We tested between these three hypotheses in a shoulder muscle by intermixing trials of step torque with either torque pulses ( experiment 1) or double steps of torque ( experiment 2). The second perturbation occurred at 35, 60, and 110 ms after the first perturbation to probe processing throughout the corrective action. The second perturbation reliably evoked short-latency responses in the shoulder muscle linked to only shoulder motion and long-latency responses linked to both shoulder and elbow motion. This pattern is best accounted by the continuous action of controllers with fixed functions. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Sudden displacement of the limb evokes a short-latency reflex, 20–50 ms, based on local muscle stretch and a long-latency reflex based on integrating muscle stretch at different joints. A novel double-perturbation paradigm tested if these abilities are temporally conserved throughout the corrective response or are shifted (retarded or delayed) due to functional changes in the responsible circuits. Multi-joint integration was reliably expressed at a long-latency delay consistent with the continuous operation of circuits with fixed abilities.

In this chapter, we explore the application of approximate computing techniques to caches and the memory access portion of the processor pipeline. As memory accesses contribute significantly to the latency and energy consumption of applications, they have long been the target of various optimizations. Large cache hierarchies are a mainstay in modern designs in order to avoid the long latency and high energy associated with accessing DRAM on every load or store request. With growing data set sizes, building ever larger caches is not necessarily an effective use of silicon real estate. We present recent work that improves the effectiveness of cache storage and reduces the cost of memory accesses by exploiting the inherently noisy or imprecise data that these applications operate on. First, we consider work that selectively forgoes loading data from the caches and memory when the processor can make a reasonable estimate of the value that is needed. Next, we explore work that selectively determines which values to store in the cache through approximate deduplication of data; by reducing how much data needs to be stored in the cache, we see an increase in the effective cache capacity.

ObjectivesThe presence of asbestos in public buildings is a legacy of past asbestos use in many developed countries. Of particular concern is the amount and current condition in schools and the vulnerability of children to mesothelioma. Our aim was to compare the risk of mesothelioma between those exposed to blue asbestos as children and as adults at Wittenoom.MethodsPublic sources were used to establish the Wittenoom residents’ cohort. Mesothelioma incidence rates per 100 000 person-years at risk were derived for those first exposed to asbestos at Wittenoom as children (ResultsThe mesothelioma rate was lower among those first exposed as children (76.8 per 100 000) than those first exposed as adults (121.3 per 100 000). Adjusting for cumulative exposure to asbestos and sex, those exposed as adults had a greater risk of mesothelioma (adjusted HR 2.5, 95% CI 1.7 to 3.7). The slope of the exposure-response relationship did not differ between those exposed as children and those exposed as adults.ConclusionWe found no greater susceptibility to mesothelioma among those first exposed to asbestos as children than those first exposed as adults. However, given the long latency of mesothelioma, and the greater years of life yet to be lived by the Wittenoom children, it is likely that there will be more cases of mesothelioma in the future among those first exposed as children.

The study aimed to track long latency responses over a period of hearing aid use in naïve hearing aid users, and study its relationship with change in speech perception abilities and perceived benefit.Thirty adults in the age range of 23-60 years with moderate sensorineural hearing loss participated in the study. Auditory late latency responses (ALLRs), signal-to-noise ratio - 50 (SNR-50), and scores of speech spatial and qualities questionnaire (SSQ) were measured three times over a period of 2 months of hearing aid use.ALLRs showed a significant decrease in the P1 and N1 latency across the three measurements. Significant increase in the scores of SSQ and significant decrease in the SNR-50 were also found. The change in ALLRs did not correlate with change in scores of either SSQ or SNR-50.The study provides evidence for improvements in neural processing of auditory cortical areas with hearing aid acclimatization. The improvements seen in perceived benefit and speech perception are not related to the improvements in ALLRs. This is the first study in the domain with a younger group compared to the previous studies and the results show evidence for neural plasticity influencing hearing aid acclimatization benefits.

In recent years it has become evident that, in a number of functional movements, synergistically acting limbs become task-specifically linked by a soft-wired ‘neural coupling’ mechanism (e.g., the legs during balancing, the arms and legs during gait [1, 2] and both arms during cooperative hand movements [3]). Experimentally this mechanism became evident by the analysis of reflex responses as a marker for a neural coupling. It is reflected by the task-specific appearance of reflex EMG responses to non-noxious nerve stimulation, not only in muscles of the stimulated limb, but also, with same long latency, in muscles of meaningful coupled (contralateral) limb(s). After a stroke, nerve stimulation of the unaffected limb during such cooperative tasks is followed by EMG responses in muscles of the (contralateral) coupled affected limb, i.e. unaffected motor centres support synergistically acting movements of the paretic limb. In contrast, following stimulation of the affected limb, no contralateral responses appear due to defective processing of afferent input [4]. As a consequence, it may be therapeutically possible to strengthen the influence of unaffected motor centres on the performance of affected limb movements through training of cooperative limb movements required during activities of daily living.

Bilateral deficits in sensorimotor function have been observed in unilateral musculoskeletal pain conditions. Evidence suggests a reduction in interhemispheric inhibition (IHI) from the “affected” (contralateral to the side of pain) to the “unaffected” primary motor cortex (M1) could contribute. However, the effect of short-lasting acute muscle pain on IHI, and whether any changes are related to early sensorimotor changes in the unaffected limb, is unknown. Using a cross-sectional study design, IHI was investigated in 20 healthy individuals before, immediately after, and 30 minutes after the induction of acute muscle pain in the right first dorsal interosseous muscle via a bolus injection of hypertonic saline. Transcranial magnetic stimulation was used to assess corticomotor excitability and short and long latency IHI. Pain intensity and quality were recorded using an 11-point numerical rating scale and the McGill Pain Questionnaire. Pressure pain thresholds were assessed in the affected and unaffected first dorsal interosseous and both tibialis anterior muscles. Participants reported an average pain intensity of 4.8 points (standard deviation = 1.3 points). Compared with baseline, corticomotor excitability was decreased at all time points in the affected but not the unaffected M1. IHI was decreased at all time points from the affected to the unaffected M1. Pressure pain thresholds were decreased over both first dorsal interosseous muscles at 30 minutes of follow-up. These findings suggest a decrease in IHI from the affected to the unaffected M1 that occurs rapidly after the onset of acute pain and could contribute to the development of bilateral symptoms. Perspective The affected M1 (contralateral to the side of pain) releases inhibition over the unaffected M1 within minutes after the onset of acute muscle pain. This finding could have relevance for the development of bilateral sensorimotor symptoms in unilateral pain conditions.

Background: Although silicosis is usually a long latency disease, there have been a number of high profile international reports of accelerated silicosis in younger workers due to new sources of exposure (e.g. denim sandblasting or artificial stone worktops.) Aims and Objectives: The aim of this study was to document the demographic risk factors of workers reported to have silicosis in the UK. Methods: Data was obtained for all cases of silicosis reported to the UK Surveillance of Work-related and Occupational Respiratory Disease (SWORD) scheme since 1996. From 2006, data was available relating to the date of onset of symptoms. Cases were allocated to one of five age groups and one of eight industry categories. Results: For the period between 1996 and 2017, there were 216 cases of silicosis reported to SWORD. The mean (range) age of those reported was 61 (23–89), with the majority (98%) being male. Across all industries, 65% of cases were diagnosed in individuals of working age ( Conclusions: Silicosis remains an important health problem in the UK, affecting young workers across a wide-range of industries traditionally associated with silica exposure.

SSDs are being increasingly adopted in the storage hierarchy as they provide substantially lower latencies compared to HDDs. However, there is still a tremendous need for faster service to satisfy the low latency and high bandwidth demands of large-scale computing platforms. Long latency write operations and Garbage Collection (GC) costs are detrimental to the SSD performance as they negatively affect the responsiveness of the drive. Reducing write traffic to the SSD can help significantly lower the response times and minimize the GC costs. In this paper, we show that a majority of pages written to SSD turn into garbage pages. To date, these pages have been immediately (or very soon at the next GC invocations) removed from the device to clean up space for the incoming writes. However, our study in this paper suggests that delaying removal of some garbage pages can help. Specifically, leveraging value popularity to estimate their rebirth can be used to postpone collecting these pages. We design an efficient buffering mechanism to store garbage pages, thereby reducing overheads for GC, and using some of this garbage content to service subsequent writes. Our enhancements considerably reduce the number of writes and lead to lower latency, with an average improvement of 29% and 24.5%, respectively.

International audience; Environmental exposure to agricultural pesticides (EEAP) resulting from the drift of agricultural pesticides from treated farmland is suspected to be a risk factor for several diseases, including cancers. The long latency period of cancer development, and evidence on the impact of early exposures stress the need for historical exposure information to capture these exposures. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are increasingly used in environmental epidemiology studies to assess EEAP. Crop acreage proximate to subjects residences has been suggested as a surrogate for EEAP. Retrospective characterization of EEAP is then essential. While Corine Land Cover (CLC) provides land cover data since 1990, earlier data are lacking limiting the capacity to capture the life-course effects of exposure. The use of satellite images or historical aerial images has been suggested. However, characterization of land use from theses images is time and resource consuming. Thereby, this study aim to develop an innovative automated software to analyze the historical monochromatic aerial images in order to reconstruct the historical land cover to characterize EEAP retrospectively

As the overwhelming growth of smart devices and massive arrival of new application, network traffic volume has been growing rapidly. The traditional centralized network architecture, such as locating services at core cloud, causes a heavy burden on the backhaul link and long latency. Edge Cloud Computing has been introduced to reduce traffic bottlenecks in the core, backhaul network and service delay by pushing data intensive tasks towards the edge and locally processing data in proximity to the users. This paper introduces a new simulation framework, so-called ECSim++, based on the OMNeT++ simulator [15] and INET framework [2] to enable exploration of computing, caching, communication or energy efficiency related issues in Edge Cloud Computing. ECSim++ is designed not only to allow researchers to customize caching protocols, edge services, but also to analyze, debug and evaluate easily for Edge Cloud Computing environment. In addition, ECSim++ also provides an energy consumption model so that researchers could deploy and evaluate their energy strategies.

Background Deviant stimuli within a standard, frequent stimulus train induce a cortical somatosensory mismatch response (SMMR). The SMMR reflects the brain’s automatic mechanism for the detection of change in a somatosensory domain. It is usually elicited by electrical stimulation, which activates nerve fibers and receptors in superficial and deep skin layers, whereas tactile stimulation is closer to natural stimulation and activates uniform fiber types. We recorded SMMRs after electrical and tactile stimuli. Method 306-channel magnetoencephalography recordings were made with 16 healthy adults under two conditions: electrical (eSMMR) and tactile (tSMMR) stimulations. The SMMR protocol consisted of 1000 stimuli with 10% deviants to fingers. Results Sensor-level analysis revealed stronger activation after deviant stimulation in bilateral channel locations approximately corresponding to parietal cortical areas within both stimulation conditions. Between conditions, deviant tSMMR showed stronger activation in the ipsilateral channels. Based on sensor-level results, two components, M50 and SMMR (40–58 and 110–185 ms), were compared at the source-level. Deviant stimulation elicited stronger contralateral SI activation during M50 component in both conditions. SMMR was observed with both conditions, activating contralateral SII after deviant stimulation. However, only tSMMR showed long latency activation in bilateral SI cortices. This suggests that there is an integration of both body sides during the automatic stages of tactile processing in SI cortices. Conclusions This study indicates that tactile stimulation (tSMMR) is a feasible method for investigating the brain’s mechanism for detecting somatosensory changes; this may extend the clinical utility of tSMMR for assessing disorders involving altered somatosensory processing.

RESUMOObjetivo: Avaliar as habilidades do processamento auditivo de idosos institucionalizados por meio de testes comportamentais e eletrofisiológico.Metodologia: Participaram do estudo 12 idosos com audição normal e perda auditiva neurossensorial simétricas, de grau até moderado em ambas as orelhas. Todos os indivíduos foram submetidos aos seguintes procedimentos: anamnese,inspeção visual do meato acústico externo,audiometria,medidas de imitância acústica,Potenciais Evocados Auditivos de Longa Latência (PEALL) e testes comportamentais do processamento auditivo sendo eles: localização sonora,memória sequêncial para sons verbais e não verbais, padrão de duração e dicótico de dígitos, realizados preferencialmente a 40dB NS. Para os PEALL pesquisou-se os valores de latência de N1-P2 e latência e amplitude do P300,realizados numa intensidade de 70-90 dBNPS.Resultados: A média de idade foi de aproximadamente 70 anos. A maioria dos idosos apresentou alteração em pelo menos um dos testes comportamentais. Nos PEALL a maioria apresentou valores de latência dos componentes N1 e P2 dentro do esperado para a faixa etária e alteração do P300.Conclusão: Constatou-se alteração das habilidades do processamento auditivo em todos os idosos institucionalizados.

Video plays an important role in security monitoring, intelligent traffic surveillance, streaming media and other fields. As the internet technology evolves, especially increasing of 4G network coverage further expands the scope of its application. As a kind of multimedia service with strong time correlation; video surveillance not only needs to occupy larger network bandwidth, but also requires very strict network transmission delay. This leads to many problems of video stream such as poor picture quality and long latency due to the network bandwidth and limited device processing capacity. To solve the problems above, a kind of quality of service model named Diffserv is proposed in this paper. It concludes pockets classification, traffic monitoring, congestion avoidance, network congestion management etc. Meanwhile the network test of video data stream is carried out and the test results are given.

Introduction This session focuses on the impact of a far-reaching campaign to tackle work-related exposures to carcinogens – and examines what now needs to be done to cut instances of occupational cancer. Methods Launched by IOSH in 2014, No Time to Lose has raised awareness and understanding of work-related exposure to carcinogens, and helped organisations take action. The campaign has offered free, practical materials for businesses to deliver effective prevention programmes for solar radiation, diesel exhaust emissions and silica dust. To maximise its impact, IOSH has encouraged organisations to sign the campaign pledge, outlining what they will undertake to manage carcinogenic exposures. Results Since its launch, the campaign has reached more than 66 million people worldwide through media coverage. More than 200 organisations have formally supported it, with another 100-plus businesses signing up to the pledge. The campaign website has had 2 07 000 visits, with the free resources downloaded 71 000 times. No Time to Lose has been presented at 139 events around the world, in countries including Bulgaria, Cyprus, Egypt and Ireland. And in November 2016, IOSH, industry leaders, academics and safety and health experts agreed ‘ Tackling respirable crystalline silica together: a cross-industry commitment’, a cross-sector plan of action to reduce exposures to this hazardous substance. Discussion No Time to Lose has raised awareness and understanding of occupational cancer, but carcinogenic exposure remains a widespread threat – an estimated 7 42 000 people die annually from occupational cancer, according to research findings published in 2017. There are barriers to progress, such as the long latency period between the disease’s contraction and symptoms, and attitudinal issues prevalent in male-dominated industries. This session will be a platform for discussing a global, cross-sector approach to tackling occupational cancer, and explore what delegates can do to promote awareness and help manage its risks among their communities and networks.

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to measure magnitude changes of auditory steady-state responses (ASSRs) and respective transient middle- and long-latency responses as a function of stimulus intensity and carrier frequency. The literature lacks clear consensus, including relationship to loudness.MethodA cohort of 48 adults with normal hearing was examined from a companion study (Tlumak, Durrant, & Delgado, 2015) on effects of aging. ASSRs were elicited by repeated tone-burst stimuli presented at rates of 40 and 0.75 Hz at 3 frequencies and 5 levels of stimulus intensity. The design also permitted scrutiny of any gender bias to the results.ResultsSimilar to derived transient response findings, ASSR magnitude (harmonic sum) systematically increased with intensity. Input–output function only at 0.75 Hz approximated a log–log linear function. However, slopes fell well below that of doubling of loudness per 10 dB SPL. Results failed to demonstrate significance as a function of carrier frequency and gender for both repetition rates.ConclusionEffects of stimulus intensity, carrier frequency, and gender on ASSRs were similar to those of their transient counterparts. Findings remain disappointing for objective loudness estimation. Results suggest only a clear linkage to the long-latency response and the 0.75-Hz magnitude but require careful consideration of limitations/underlying mechanisms when measuring loudness-related effects.

As a supporting primitive of many mobile applications, neighbor discovery identifies nearby devices so that they can exchange information and collaborate in a peer-to-peer manner. To date, discovery schemes trade a long latency for energy efficiency and require a collaborative duty cycle pattern, and thus they are not suitable for interactive mobile applications where a user is unable to configure others’ devices. In this article, we propose Acc , which serves as an on-demand generic discovery accelerating middleware for many deterministic neighbor discovery schemes. Acc leverages the discovery capabilities of neighbor devices, supporting both direct and indirect neighbor discoveries. Further, we present a proactive online rendezvous maintenance mechanism, which is used to reduce delays for the detection of leaving of neighbors. Our evaluations show that Acc -assisted discovery schemes reduce latency by up to 51.8% compared to schemes consuming the same amount of energy. More importantly, to prove the real-world value of Acc , we further present and evaluate a Crowd-Alert application where Acc is employed by taxi drivers to accelerate selection of a direction with fewer competing taxis and more potential passengers, based on a 280GB dataset of more than 14,000 taxis in Shenzhen, the most crowded city in China.

By encoding acoustic regularities present in the environment, the human brain can generate predictions of what is likely to occur next. Recent studies suggest that deviations from encoded regularities are detected within 10–50 ms after stimulus onset, as indicated by electrophysiological effects in the middle latency response (MLR) range. This is upstream of previously known long-latency (LLR) signatures of deviance detection such as the mismatch negativity (MMN) component. In the present study, we created predictable and unpredictable contexts to investigate MLR and LLR signatures of the encoding of spatial auditory regularities and the generation of predictions from these regularities. Chirps were monaurally delivered in an either regular (predictable: left–right–left–right) or a random (unpredictable left/right alternation or repetition) manner. Occasional stimulus omissions occurred in both types of sequences. Results showed that the Na component (peaking at 34 ms after stimulus onset) was attenuated for regular relative to random chirps, albeit no differences were observed for stimulus omission responses in the same latency range. In the LLR range, larger chirp-and omission-evoked responses were elicited for the regular than for the random condition, and predictability effects were more prominent over the right hemisphere. We discuss our findings in the framework of a hierarchical organization of spatial regularity encoding. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: Prediction and Attention.

Objective This study was designed to investigate the effects of open technique rhinoplasty on facial nerve terminal branches more concerned with mimicry via electroneurography (ENoG). Methods Twenty patients ages between 24 and 36 years were included in the study. Five nasal mimicry muscles were used to evaluate axonal loss of the facial nerve: bilateral transverse nasal, levator labii superioris alaeque nasi (LLSAN), and procerus muscles of all patients were evaluated preoperatively and postoperative third month by ENoG. The patients that have abnormalities regarding the amplitude and latency at third month were reevaluated at sixth month postoperatively. Results Mean latencies of the facial nerve were calculated to be increased for all muscles at third postoperative month, but this increase was significant only for left LLSAN (P = 0.002). Amplitudes of the facial nerve decreased in all of the groups, but this decrease was not significant (P > 0.05). Two patients with exceptionally long latency facial nerve response of transverse nasal muscle and 11 muscle recordings with abnormal low amplitudes of the facial nerve at the third month was reevaluated at sixth postoperative month and the values were improved. Conclusions This study demonstrated that facial nerve integrity is minimally affected after rhinoplasty, yet all affected muscles were recovered on the long term.

Tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a global health emergency. This deadly disease has far-reaching social and economic implications. Diseased individuals need prolonged polypharmacy which is not without ill effects. Treatment compliance is often compromised contributing to rising resistance. HIV co-infection has further worsened the scenario. On the other hand, no new anti-TB drug has hit the market in last 4–5 decades. After a long latency, only the last few years have witnessed growing research in this direction and a widening anti-TB drug clinical pipeline. The compounds in preclinical stage of development have also shown a heartening increase. The present review is an attempt to discuss novel promising patents in this field.

Long-latency auditory event potentials (LLAEPs) involving local and global auditory processes have been investigated to examine the impact of low-frequency (LF) and high-frequency (HF) repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on the cortical excitability of the temporal cortex. We hypothesized that both stimulation frequencies have the same modulation effect, in accordance with clinical data showing a reduction in auditory verbal hallucinations (AVHs) after LF and HF temporal rTMS in patients with schizophrenia. With 30 right-handed healthy volunteer participants enrolled in a crossover trial, we analyzed LLAEPs before and after LF- and HF-rTMS of the left temporal cortex. While we observed no changes in latencies, we did observe a similar inhibitory action of both rTMS frequencies on LLAEP amplitudes. Analysis of surface potential maps and cortical generators revealed some differences regarding auditory processes: HF-rTMS produced earlier, more diffuse, and more right-lateralized effects than LF-rTMS. Beyond a local impact, rTMS exerted a remote modulation influence on the frontal cortex that might be involved in attentional processes. This association could explain the therapeutic effect of temporal HF-rTMS on AVH.

Cataract formation in the posterior subcapsular region of the lens is a lesion highly specific to both high-dose acute radiation exposure and chronic low-dose exposure. Low-dose radiation may not manifest lens changes for several decades after initial exposure. Cardiac catheterization team members need to be educated on, and protected from, this form of radiation injury as its long latency period between exposure and physical damage may acutely reduce the sense of hazard amongst healthcare radiation workers.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to compare long-latency auditory evoked potentials before and after hearing aid fittings in children with sensorineural hearing loss compared with age-matched children with normal hearing. METHODS: Thirty-two subjects of both genders aged 7 to 12 years participated in this study and were divided into two groups as follows: 14 children with normal hearing were assigned to the control group (mean age 9 years and 8 months), and 18 children with mild to moderate symmetrical bilateral sensorineural hearing loss were assigned to the study group (mean age 9 years and 2 months). The children underwent tympanometry, pure tone and speech audiometry and long-latency auditory evoked potential testing with speech and tone burst stimuli. The groups were assessed at three time points. RESULTS: The study group had a lower percentage of positive responses, lower P1-N1 and P2-N2 amplitudes (speech and tone burst), and increased latencies for the P1 and P300 components following the tone burst stimuli. They also showed improvements in long-latency auditory evoked potentials (with regard to both the amplitude and presence of responses) after hearing aid use. CONCLUSIONS: Alterations in the central auditory pathways can be identified using P1-N1 and P2-N2 amplitude components, and the presence of these components increases after a short period of auditory stimulation (hearing aid use). These findings emphasize the importance of using these amplitude components to monitor the neuroplasticity of the central auditory nervous system in hearing aid users.

Time transfer by precise point positioning has the defect of long latency resulting from IGR products. GPS common-view can be updated once every 16 min, but with a precision of about 3–5 ns. A real-time precise point positioning time transfer algorithm using IGS RTS (Real-time Service) products was proposed. It was proved to be practical through the time transfer experiments among 4 time laboratories in Western Europe. The time transfer results show that the accuracy of the new algorithm can be reach to 0.30 ns for RMS and 0.25 ns for STD. Moreover, the stability of the time transfer results is up to 2E−15 at 1 day averaging.

Asbestos-related diseases usually have a long latency since first exposure and this legitimates a health surveillance programme addressed to asbestos workers after the cessation of their occupational exposure. After a brief history of health surveillance initiatives performed in Italy as well as in other countries, we describe a regional programme for former asbestos-exposed workers, focusing on organizational features. A regional group of experts defined its operational and economical aspects. The Regional Council supported the whole programme, making it free of charge for all subjects who fulfil the predefined enrolment criteria (being resident in the region, being younger than 80 years old with cessation of occupational asbestos exposure within the last 30 years). The programme activities are classified in two levels: a first level for a basic health evaluation and a second level for in-depth analyses. In order to guarantee an homogeneous delivery in the whole region, the programme has to be performed by public health services with a quality control of activities. The involvement of specific public health services and the cooperation of social stakeholders are expected to play a major role in overcoming still open critical issues, such as the lack of programme existence awareness and adhesion, the correct stratification of subjects for the follow-up, and the real homogeneous delivery of the health surveillance in whole region.

A number of studies have highlighted the sophistication of corrective responses in lengthened muscles during the long-latency epoch. However, in various contexts, unloading can occur, which requires corrective actions from a shortened muscle. Here, we investigate the sophistication of inhibitory responses in shortened muscles due to unloading. Our first experiment quantified the inhibitory responses following an unloading torque that displaced the hand either into or away from a peripheral target. We observed larger long-latency inhibitory responses when perturbed into the peripheral target compared with away from the target. In our second experiment, we characterized the degree of inhibition following unloading with respect to different levels of preperturbation muscle activity. We initially observed that the inhibitory activity during the short-latency epoch scaled with increased levels of preperturbation muscle activity. However, this scaling peaked early in the R2 epoch (∼50 ms) but then quickly diminished through the rest of the long-latency epoch. Finally, in experiment 3, we investigated whether inhibitory perturbation responses consider intersegmental dynamics of the limb. We quantified unloading responses for either pure shoulder or pure elbow torques that evoked similar motion at the shoulder but different elbow motion. The long-latency inhibitory response in the shoulder, unlike the short-latency, was greater for the shoulder torque compared with the response following an elbow torque, as previously observed for a loading response. Taken together, these results illustrate that the long-latency unloading response is capable of a similar level of complexity as observed when loads are applied to the limb.

Occupational lung diseases comprise a wide group of disorders affecting airway, lung parenchyma, and pleura. These disorders result from accumulation of inhaled dust particles and chemicals. Occupational lung diseases can be acute or chronic and often there is long latency between the exposure and d

A transcortical pathway helps support goal-directed reaching by processing somatosensory information to produce rapid feedback responses across multiple joints and muscles. Here we tested whether such feedback responses can account for changes in arm configuration and for arbitrary visuomotor transformations – two manipulations that alter how muscles at the elbow and wrist need to be coordinated to achieve task success. Participants used a planar three degree-of-freedom exoskeleton robot to move a cursor to a target following a mechanical perturbation that flexed the elbow. In our first experiment, the cursor was mapped to the veridical position of the robot handle, but participants grasped the handle with two different hand orientations (thumb pointing upward or thumb point downward). We found that large rapid feedback responses were evoked in wrist extensor muscles when wrist extension helped move the cursor to the target (i.e., thumb upward), and in wrist flexor muscles when wrist flexion helped move the cursor to the target (i.e., thumb downward). In our second experiment, participants grasped the robot handle with their thumb pointing upward, but the cursor’s movement was either veridical, or was mirrored such that flexing the wrist moved the cursor as if the participant extended their wrist, and vice versa. After extensive practice, we found that rapid feedback responses were appropriately tuned to the wrist muscles that supported moving the cursor to the target when the cursor was mapped to the mirrored movement of the wrist, but were not tuned to the appropriate wrist muscles when the cursor was remapped to the wrist’s veridical movement.New and NoteworthyWe show that rapid feedback responses were evoked in different wrist muscles depending on the arm’s orientation, and this muscle activity was appropriate to generate the wrist motion that supported a reaching action. Notably, we also show that these rapid feedback responses can be evoked in wrist muscles that are detrimental to a reaching action if a non-veridical mapping between wrist and hand motion is extensively learned.

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common non-skin cancer and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in American men. Due to its long latency period, PCa is considered as an ideal cancer type for chemopreventive interventions. Chemopreventive agents include various natural or synthetic agents that prevent or delay cancer development, progression and/or recurrence. Pre-clinical studies suggest that many natural products and dietary agents have chemopreventive properties. However, a limited number of these agents have been tested in clinical trials, with varying success. In this review, we have discussed the available clinical studies regarding the efficacy of natural chemopreventive agents against PCa, including tea polyphenols, selenium, soy proteins, vitamins and resveratrol. We have also provided a discussion on the clinical challenges and opportunities for the potential use of chemopreventive agents against PCa. Based on available literature, it appears that the variable outcomes of the chemopreventive clinical studies necessitate a need for additional studies with more rigorous designs and methodical interpretations in order to measure the potential of the natural agents against PCa.

RESUMO Objetivo O objetivo deste estudo foi monitorar o surgimento e as mudanças nos componentes dos Potenciais Evocados Auditivos de Longa Latência (PEALL) em crianças com audição normal. Método Estudo longitudinal com crianças de ambos os gêneros, sendo: sete crianças com idade entre 10 e 35 meses, e oito crianças com idade entre 37 e 63 meses. A avaliação eletrofisiológica da audição consistiu na análise dos PEALL obtidos em campo sonoro com as caixas posicionadas a 90° azimute, por meio da sílaba /ba/ na intensidade de 70 dBnNA. Cada criança passou por uma avaliação inicial seguida por duas reavaliações após três e nove meses. Resultados Foi observado surgimento dos componentes dos PEALL ao longo dos nove meses de acompanhamento, sendo os componentes P1 e N2 os mais frequentes em crianças desta faixa etária. Não houve diferença estatística no que diz respeito à ocorrência dos componentes P1, N1, P2 e N2 entre as crianças mais novas ou mais velhas. No que tange aos valores de latência, as maiores diferenças ao longo dos nove meses foram observadas no componente P1 para as crianças mais novas e para o componente N2 para as crianças mais velhas. Somente o componente P1 apresentou diferença estatisticamente significante entre os grupos, sendo que foram observados maiores valores de latência entre as crianças mais novas. Conclusão A maturação dos PEALL ocorre gradualmente e o surgimento dos componentes do complexo parece estar mais relacionado à maturação do sistema nervoso auditivo central do que à idade cronológica. ABSTRACT Purpose The purpose of this study was to monitor the emergence and changes to the components of the Long Latency Auditory Evoked Potentials (LLAEP) in normal hearing children. Methods This longitudinal study included children of both genders: seven aged between 10 and 35 months, and eight children between 37 and 63 months. The electrophysiological hearing evaluation consisted of analysis of LLAEP obtained in a sound field generated with loudspeakers positioned at an azimuth of 90°, through which the syllable /ba/ was played at an intensity of 70 dB HL. Each child underwent an initial evaluation followed by two re-evaluations three and nine months later. Results The emergence of LLAEP components across the nine-month follow-up period was observed. P1 and N2 were the most common components in children of this age range. There was no statistically significant difference regarding the occurrence of P1, N1, P2, and N2 components amongst younger and older children. Regarding latency values, the greatest changes overtime were observed in the P1 component for younger children and in the N2 component for older children. Only the P1 component significantly differed between the groups, with the highest latency values observed in younger children. Conclusion LLAEP maturation occurs gradually and the emergence of complex components appears to be related more to the maturation of the central auditory nervous system than to chronological age.

Many motor tasks involve transitions from posture to movement such as shifting from holding an object to setting it on a surface. Although many movements are voluntary processes, they are facilitated through motor pathways that span the continuum between reflexive and voluntary control. The mechanisms driving the long-latency stretch reflex (LLSR) have remained hotly contested. Recently, startReact has been shown to influence the fast muscular response to perturbations (Ravichandran et. al. 2013). The objective of this study was to evaluate how the LLSR and startReact impact the muscular response during the transition from posture to movement. We hypothesized that both the LLSR and startReact would be involved throughout the transition from posture to movement; however there would be a clear transition from LLSR dominance during posture to startReact dominance near/during movement. We tested this hypothesis using perturbations of elbow posture at various times before a fast ballistic extension movement. We found clear evidence that both the LLSR and startReact components were influenced changes in the late long-latency time window. The results provide insights on how the nervous system regulates involuntary responses to perturbations during the transition from maintenance of arm posture to movement.New and NoteworthyWe recently demonstrated that the startReact effect, the startled release of a planned movement, can influence the muscular response during the LLSR. Here we observe how the influence of startReact can change from the transition from posture (no/little influence) to movement (strong influence). While not all paradigms trigger a startReact effect, this work demonstrates that when present startRect can have a profound effect on the overall muscle activity - even obscuring the traditional LLSR response.

The citrus industry is facing an unprecedented crisis due to Huanglongbing (HLB, aka citrus greening disease), a bacterial disease associated with the pathogen Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) that affects all commercial varieties. Transmitted by the Asian citrus psyllid (ACP), CLas colonizes citrus phloem, leading to reduced yield and fruit quality, and eventually tree decline and death. Since adequate curative measures are not available, a key step in HLB management is to restrict the spread of the disease by identifying infected trees and removing them in a timely manner. However, uneven distribution of CLas cells in infected trees and the long latency for disease symptom development makes sampling of trees for CLas detection challenging. Here, we report that a CLas secreted protein can be used as a biomarker for detecting HLB infected citrus. Proteins secreted from CLas cells can presumably move along the phloem, beyond the site of ACP inoculation and CLas colonized plant cells, thereby increasing the chance of detecting infected trees. We generated a polyclonal antibody that effectively binds to the secreted protein and developed serological assays that can successfully detect CLas infection. This work demonstrates that antibody-based diagnosis using a CLas secreted protein as the detection marker for infected trees offers a high-throughput and economic approach that complements the approved quantitative polymerase chain reaction-based methods to enhance HLB management programs.

We describe a case of lymphocytic thrombophilic arteritis in a 15-year-old girl who had previously taken minocycline for a year. Cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa and lymphocytic thrombophilic arteritis share many features and may both be triggered by minocycline. There may be a long latency between drug exposure to minocycline and development of disease.

Marjolin’s ulcer is a rare malignancy found in nonhealing chronic wounds, with burn injury as the most common predisposing factor. It is an aggressive malignancy that has a long latency period, and it is diagnosed through clinical findings, histopathology, and imaging modalities. Prompt surgical treatment and proper burn wound care strategies are key to prevent further complications and increase in mortality.

The auditory sensory pathway has been studied in meditators, using midlatency and short latency auditory evoked potentials. The present study evaluated long latency auditory evoked potentials (LLAEPs) during meditation. Sixty male participants, aged between 18 and 31 years (group mean ± SD, 20.5 ± 3.8 years), were assessed in 4 mental states based on descriptions in the traditional texts. They were ( a) random thinking, ( b) nonmeditative focusing, ( c) meditative focusing, and ( d) meditation. The order of the sessions was randomly assigned. The LLAEP components studied were P1 (40-60 ms), N1 (75-115 ms), P2 (120-180 ms), and N2 (180-280 ms). For each component, the peak amplitude and peak latency were measured from the prestimulus baseline. There was significant decrease in the peak latency of the P2 component during and after meditation ( P < .001; analysis of variance and post hoc analysis with Bonferroni adjustment). The P1, P2, and N2 components showed a significant decrease in peak amplitudes during random thinking ( P < .01; P < .001; P < .01, respectively) and nonmeditative focused thinking ( P < .01; P < .01; P < .05, respectively). The results suggest that meditation facilitates the processing of information in the auditory association cortex, whereas the number of neurons recruited was smaller in random thinking and non-meditative focused thinking, at the level of the secondary auditory cortex, auditory association cortex and anterior cingulate cortex.

Background Malignant Mesothelioma (MM) is so associated with (professional, familial or environmental) asbestos exposure that trends in incidence and mortality parallel, after 30–40 years, the trend in asbestos consumption. In recent decades, the industrialized countries have witnessed a steady growth of pleural MM (MPM), following a stabilization or decline in rates in the countries that first adopted restrictive policies. The aim of this study was to evaluate the temporal variations of pleural MM incidence in the Veneto Region of Italy in the period 1987–2010. Methods We included only MPM with histological or cytological diagnosis. Age-Period-Cohort (APC) models were used to assess the trend in the incidence of MPM in both genders. Future predictions were evaluated by using a Bayesian APC model. Results In the period 1987–2010, 1600 MPMs have occurred. We observe a positive trend in the incidence in the whole period considered. The APC model showed that in both genders the cohort at higher risk is the one born between the years 1940–1945. Future projections indicate that the trend will decrease after the incidence peak of 2010; yet 1234 men are expected to develop a mesothelioma between 2011 and 2026. Among women, the future MPM rates will be stable or slightly decreasing. Conclusions The asbestos ban introduced in Italy in the year 1992 as a prospective result will certainly determine a decreasing incidence. However, the extremely long latency of MPM means that its influence is not yet observable.

Inhibitory feedback from sensory pathways is important for controlling movement. Here, we characterize, for the first time, a long-latency, inhibitory spinal pathway to ankle flexors that is activated by low-threshold homonymous afferents. To examine this inhibitory pathway in uninjured, healthy participants, we suppressed motor-evoked potentials (MEPs), produced in the tibialis anterior (TA), by a prior stimulation to the homonymous common peroneal nerve (CPN). The TA MEP was suppressed by a triple-pulse stimulation to the CPN, applied 40, 50, and 60 ms earlier and at intensities of 0.5–0.7 times motor threshold (average suppression of test MEP was 33%). Whereas the triple-pulse stimulation was below M-wave and H-reflex threshold, it produced a long-latency inhibition of background muscle activity, approximately 65–115 ms after the CPN stimulation, a time period that overlapped with the test MEP. However, not all of the MEP suppression could be accounted for by this decrease in background muscle activity. Evoked responses from direct activation of the corticospinal tract, at the level of the brain stem or thoracic spinal cord, were also suppressed by low-threshold CPN stimulation. Our findings suggest that low-threshold muscle and cutaneous afferents from the CPN activate a long-latency, homonymous spinal inhibitory pathway to TA motoneurons. We propose that inhibitory feedback from spinal networks, activated by low-threshold homonymous afferents, helps regulate the activation of flexor motoneurons by the corticospinal tract.

Pressing a virtual button is still the major interaction method in touchscreen mobile phones. Although phones are becoming more and more powerful, operating system software is getting more and more complex, causing latency in interaction. We were interested in gaining insight into touch-feedback simultaneity and the effects of latency on the perceived quality of touchscreen buttons. In an experiment, we varied the latency between touch and feedback between 0 and 300 ms for tactile, audio, and visual feedback modalities. We modelled the proportion of simultaneity perception as a function of latency for each modality condition. We used a Gaussian model fitted with the maximum likelihood estimation method to the observations. These models showed that the point of subjective simultaneity (PSS) was 5ms for tactile, 19ms for audio, and 32ms for visual feedback. Our study included the scoring of perceived quality for all of the different latency conditions. The perceived quality dropped significantly between latency conditions 70 and 100 ms when the feedback modality was tactile or audio, and between 100 and 150 ms when the feedback modality was visual. When the latency was 300ms for all feedback modalities, the quality of the buttons was rated significantly lower than in all of the other latency conditions, suggesting that a long latency between a touch on the screen and feedback is problematic for users. Together with PSS and these quality ratings, a 75% threshold was established to define a guideline for the recommended latency range between touch and feedback. Our guideline suggests that tactile feedback latency should be between 5 and 50 ms, audio feedback latency between 20 and 70 ms, and visual feedback latency between 30 and 85 ms. Using these values will ensure that users will perceive the feedback as simultaneous with the finger's touch. These values also ensure that the users do not perceive reduced quality. These results will guide engineers and designers of touchscreen interactions by showing the trade-offs between latency and user preference and the effects that their choices might have on the quality of the interactions and feedback they design.

Risk taking and avoidance responses during confinement have been identified in a variety of species, including fish. In addition, differences in metabolic rate have also been attributed to divergent personalities, coping styles or behavioral types. In this study we disclose for the first time a link between risk taking and the behavioral responses and oxygen consumption under confinement stress in the gilthead seabream Sparus aurata. Fish were submitted to a risk-taking test twice to determine the consistency of behavioral responses. Afterwards fish were transferred to individual confinement chambers where their swimming activity and oxygen consumption were measured. Latency to take risks was negatively correlated to both movement and oxygen consumption rates, indicating that risk-avoiders (long latency) were less active and, hence, did not consume so much oxygen as risk-takers. In conclusion, this work reports the first data on the links between risk-taking and the behavioral responses and oxygen consumption during a confinement stress in fish. The relationships between behavioral and physiological variables are significant, suggesting the existence of divergent coping styles in gilthead seabream.

Objective To test the hypothesis of impaired cholinergic activity in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), we studied the short latency (SAI) and long latency (LAI) afferent inhibition. Methods Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was delivered to the left M1. Central motor conduction time (CMCT) and motor action potential (MEP) latency were obtained. Right ulnar nerve was stimulated at the wrist preceding the TMS 21 ms for SAI and 200 ms for LAI. Results Twenty-one ALS patients and 17 healthy controls participated in the study. Mean CMCT ( p = 0.009) and MEP latency ( p = 0.02) were significantly prolonged in patients. The SAI paradigm resulted in inhibition in all healthy individuals (100%), whereas inhibition was observed in 13 out of 21 (62%) patients. Mean SAI and LAI ( p Conclusion LAI as well as SAI, modulated by the cholinergic system, are impaired in ALS, probably unrelated to increased cortical excitability or cognitive dysfunction.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-19T16:20:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-03-01Bitstream added on 2015-03-19T16:29:17Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 S2317-64312014000100004.pdf: 127033 bytes, checksum: 4283b5e4daaf24d3990ab97e4c585c33 (MD5) Objetivo: Estudar os componentes dos potenciais evocados auditivos de longa latência e comparar os dados dos achados dessas medidas em escolares com e sem transtornos específicos de aprendizagem. Métodos: Trinta escolares, 15 com transtorno de aprendizagem (grupo pesquisa) e 15 típicos, sem problemas de aprendizagem (grupo controle), de ambos os gêneros, com idades variando de 7 a 14 anos e média de idade de 10 anos, foram submetidos à avaliação fonoaudiológica. Foi realizada avaliação audiológica para determinar a normalidade do sistema auditivo periférico, além de avaliação eletrofisiológica, por meio do exame de potencial evocado auditivo de longa latência. Resultados: Houve diferenças funcionais entre a população estudada. Foi observado aumento da latência dos componentes dos potenciais evocados auditivos de longa latência, no grupo pesquisa, quando comparado ao grupo controle. Os maiores valores de latência desses componentes foram verificados na orelha esquerda, quando estimulada, no grupo pesquisa. Conclusão: O estudo contribui para melhor compreensão do funcionamento da via auditiva em crianças com transtorno de aprendizagem e pode ser referência para outros estudos clínicos e experimentais, além de ampliar a definição de critérios diagnósticos nessa população. Purpose: To study the components of long latency auditory evoked potentials and to compare data from these measures in students with and without learning disabilities. Method: Thirty students, 15 with learning disorder (study group) and 15 typical without learning problems (control group), of both genders, aged 7-14 years, mean age 10 years. They underwent clinical assessment in a clinic belonging to a public university in the state of São Paulo. Following, audiological assessment was performed to determine normal peripheral auditory system and electrophysiological assessment by examining the long latency auditory evoked response. Result: The results showed that there are functional differences between the groups. Increased latency components of long latency auditory evoked potential was observed in the study group compared to the control group. Longer latency values of these components were observed in the left ear when stimulated in the study group. Conclusion: This study contributed to better understanding of the auditory pathway functioning in children with learning disorders and can be a reference for other clinical and experimental studies and thus improve the definition of diagnostic criteria in this population. Universidade Estadual Paulista ?Júlio de Mesquita Filho? Faculdade de Filosofia e Ciências Universidade Estadual Paulista ?Júlio de Mesquita Filho? Faculdade de Filosofia e Ciências Departamento de Fonoaudiologia Marília Universidade Estadual Paulista ?Júlio de Mesquita Filho? Faculdade de Filosofia e Ciências Universidade Estadual Paulista ?Júlio de Mesquita Filho? Faculdade de Filosofia e Ciências Departamento de Fonoaudiologia

The aim of this study was to analyze the findings on Cortical Auditory Evoked Potentials in children with cochlear implant through a systematic literature review. After formulation of research question and search of studies in four data bases with the following descriptors: electrophysiology (eletrofisiologia), cochlear implantation (implante coclear), child (criança), neuronal plasticity (plasticidade neuronal) and audiology (audiologia), were selected articles (original and complete) published between 2002 and 2013 in Brazilian Portuguese or English. A total of 208 studies were found; however, only 13 contemplated the established criteria and were further analyzed; was made data extraction for analysis of methodology and content of the studies. The results described suggest rapid changes in P1 component of Cortical Auditory Evoked Potentials in children with cochlear implants. Although there are few studies on the theme, cochlear implant has been shown to produce effective changes in central auditory path ways especially in children implanted before 3 years and 6 months of age. O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar os resultados dos Potenciais Evocados Auditivos Corticais em crianças usuárias de Implante Coclear, por meio da revisão sistemática da literatura. Após formulação da pergunta da pesquisa e levantamento dos estudos em quatro bases de dados com os descritores: eletrofisiologia (electrophysiology), implante coclear (cochlear implantation), criança (child), plasticidade neuronal (neuronal plasticity) e audiologia (audiology), foram selecionados artigos (originais e completos) publicados entre 2002 e 2013 na língua portuguesa ou inglesa. Por meio disto, foram localizados 208 estudos; contudo, apenas 13 contemplaram os critérios estabelecidos e foram lidos na íntegra; foi realizada a extração de dados para análise da metodologia e conteúdo das pesquisas. Os resultados descritos sugerem rápidas modificações no componente P1 dos Potenciais Evocados Auditivos Corticais em crianças usuárias de implante coclear. Apesar dos poucos estudos sobre o tema, o implante coclear tem se mostrado capaz de gerar modificações efetivas nas vias auditivas centrais, principalmente em crianças implantadas antes dos 3 anos e 6 meses de idade.