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Il y a plus de 20 ans, la détection de planètes extrasolaires a créé une véritable révolution dans le domaine de l’astronomie. Ces dernières étant si peu lumineuses par rapport à leur étoile hôte, ce n'est toutefois que depuis le milieu des années 2000 qu'on arrive à en « voir » directement, grâce à la lumière qu'elles émettent. Les quelques dizaines d'exoplanètes détectées ainsi révèlent des aspects intrigants de l'architecture des systèmes exoplanétaires et de la nature des compagnons de faible masse. Plusieurs relevés par imagerie directe ont été entrepris, et de nouveaux instruments dédiés à l'imagerie haut contraste comme GPI ou SPHERE s'attaquent maintenant à détecter des planètes de plus en plus semblables aux planètes géantes de notre Système Solaire. Les confins des systèmes planétaires, là où on ne s'attend pas à trouver beaucoup de compagnons, ont été jusqu'à maintenant un peu négligés. Dans le relevé profond qui est présenté dans la première partie, l'imagerie est exploitée sous sa forme la plus simple, sans technique sophistiquée d'imagerie haut contraste, afin pousser la recherche d'exoplanètes géantes gazeuses dans des régions très éloignées autour d'étoiles jeunes de faible masse. À cette fin, un relevé profond d'imagerie appelé PSYM-WIDE (Planet Search around Young-associations M dwarfs) a été effectué à l'Observatoire Gemini Sud, avec l'instrument GMOS (Gemini Multi-Object Spectrographs), dans deux filtres du proche infrarouge (i et z). Les étoiles sondées sont des membres nouvellement identifiés d'associations d'étoiles jeunes. Les compagnons autour de ces étoiles, dont l'âge est de moins de ~200 millions d'années, sont encore en train de se contracter et de refroidir, et sont donc plus lumineux. Conformément à la théorie, de tels compagnons très distants semblent rares. Plus spécifiquement, ce relevé permet de déduire que 0,84_{-0,66}^{+6,73}% des étoiles ont au moins un compagnon de masse entre 5 et 13MJup dans l'intervalle de séparations orbitales entre 500 et 5000 unités astronomiques (ua, 1ua = la distance Terre-Soleil). Un seul compagnon de masse planétaire (~11MJup) a été détecté, à 2000ua de GU Psc, une étoile d'environ le tiers de la masse du Soleil qui est membre de l'association jeune (~100-150Ma) AB Doradus. L'étude détaillée de cet objet unique constitue la seconde partie de cette thèse. Des observations ont été effectuées à Gemini Nord avec GNIRS (spectroscopie infrarouge), au Télescope Canada-France-Hawaii (CFHT; photométrie dans l'infrarouge proche) avec WIRCam et avec le satellite spatial WISE (photométrie dans l'infrarouge moyen) ainsi qu'au télescope Keck (imagerie haut contraste). La comparaison de ces observations avec des modèles d'atmosphère et d'évolution a permis d'en déterminer les caractéristiques physiques. Ce curieux objet de type spectral T3.5 aurait une température d'environ 1000K et une faible gravité de surface, typique à ce jeune âge. Comme tous les compagnons de masse planétaire lointains, il est difficile d'expliquer la présence de cet objet à une si grande distance de son étoile par les méthodes traditionnelles de formation planétaire. C'est cependant un objet très intéressant, sa grande distance le rendant beaucoup plus facile à étudier que les exoplanètes plus rapprochées de leur étoile détectées par imagerie haut-contraste, qui ont une masse et un âge similaires. La troisième partie de cette thèse exploite justement cet avantage. On y présente l'étude de la variabilité de la luminosité de GU Psc b, faite au Télescope Canada-France-Hawaii (CFHT). Trois séquences d'observation photométriques de 5-6h consécutives ont été faites dans l'infrarouge (filtre J), avec l'instrument WIRCam. Lors d'une de ces trois séquences, une variation de 4+-1% (pic-à-pic) de la luminosité sur une période d'environ 6h a été détectée. Aucune variabilité n'est détectée de manière convaincante pour les deux autres séquences. Cette variation périodique de l'intensité lumineuse, déjà observée pour des naines brunes plus massives et plus vieilles, peut s'expliquer par la rotation de ces objets, qui montrent tour à tour différentes portions de leur atmosphère, non uniforme. Des observations plus longues et/ou sur des télescopes plus grands ou dans l'espace permettront de confirmer ce résultat et de mieux contraindre la période de rotation de GU Psc b., More than 20 years ago, the detection of exoplanets created a major revolution in astrophysics. It is, however, only in the mid-2000 that those planets were seen directly, through the light they emit, because they are much fainter than their host star. The few dozen exoplanets that were detected through direct imaging reveal some intriguing aspects of exoplanetary systems architectures and of the nature of low-mass companions. Many direct imaging surveys were undertaken, and new instruments dedicated to high-contrast imaging like GPI or SPHERE are now getting to the point they can detect planets more and more alike to the giant planets in our Solar System. This thesis is a parallel effort to these surveys. Imaging is exploited under its simplest form, without any sophisticated high-contrast imaging technique, to complete the picture that is starting to emerge. Companions of a few times the mass of Jupiter (MJup) and up were searched in a very distant region around young, low-mass stars. To do so, a deep imaging survey, PSYM-WIDE (Planet Search around Young-associations M dwarfs), was made with Gemini South Observatory with GMOS (Gemini Multi-Object Spectrographs) in two near-infrared filters (i and z). The targets are 95 stars recently identified as probable members of young associations, with ages of less than 200 million years. These young stars have planets that are still contracting and thus are hotter and brighter. The presentation of this survey is the first part of this thesis. In accordance with what could be expected from theory, those companions are really rare. More specifically, according to the survey, 0.84_{-0.66}^{+6.73}% of stars have at least one planetary-mass companion (between 5 and 13MJup) at separations spanning 500 to about 5000 astronomical units (au, 1au being the distance between the Earth and the Sun). Only one planetary-mass companion (~11MJ) was detected, 2000au from GU Psc, a star with about the third of the mass of the Sun that is a member of the young association (~100--150Myrs) AB Doradus. The detailed study of this unique object constitutes the second part of this thesis. Observations of this companion were made at Gemini North with GNIRS (infrared spectroscopy), at Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope (CFHT; near-infrared photometry) with WIRCam, with the space telescope WISE (mid-infrared photometry) and with the Keck telescope (high-contrast imaging). The comparison of these observations with atmosphere and evolutive models allowed the determination of the physical properties of this unique object. Its spectral type is T3.5, it has a temperature of 1000-1100K and a low surface gravity typical for this young age. Just like all distant planetary-mass companions, it is hard to explain its presence so far from its host with current planetary formation scenarios. It is, however, a very interesting object, as it is much easier to study that exoplanets that are closer to their host star. The third portion of this thesis exploit this advantage. We present the photometric variability study of GU Psc b, which was observed for 3 sequences of 5-6 consecutive hours with WIRCam, at CFHT. The periodic variation of the luminosity can be explained by the presence of a non-uniform atmosphere. Different portions of the surface are seen as the planet rotates, bringing more luminous and less luminous portions in and out of view. A variability study is thus a unique way of characterizing the atmosphere and rotation period of planets. For GU Psc b, a small, 4+-1% peak-to-peak amplitude variability was detected on the third epoch on a timescale of 6h. Longer observations and/or observations on larger ground-based or space telescopes will allow this result to be confirmed and the rotation period of GU Psc b to be better constrained.

We present the discovery of four low-mass ($M, 28 pages, 22 figures, 6 tables. Accepted for publication in ApJ

We present 44 validated planets from the 10$^\mathrm{th}$ observing campaign of the NASA $K2$ mission, as well as high resolution spectroscopy and speckle imaging follow-up observations. These 44 planets come from an initial set of 72 vetted candidates, which we subjected to a validation process incorporating pixel-level analyses, light curve analyses, observational constraints, and statistical false positive probabilities. Our validated planet sample has median values of $R_p$ = 2.2 $R_\oplus$, $P_\mathrm{orb}$ = 6.9 days, $T_{\mathrm{eq}}$ = 890 K, and $J$ = 11.2 mag. Of particular interest are four ultra-short period planets ($P_\mathrm{orb} \lesssim 1$ day), 16 planets smaller than 2 $R_\oplus$, and two planets with large predicted amplitude atmospheric transmission features orbiting infrared-bright stars. We also present 27 planet candidates, most of which are likely to be real and worthy of further observations. Our validated planet sample includes 24 new discoveries, and has enhanced the number of currently known super-Earths ($R_p \approx 1-2 R_\oplus$), sub-Neptunes ($R_p \approx 2-4 R_\oplus$), and sub-Saturns ($R_p \approx 4-8 R_\oplus$) orbiting bright stars ($J = 8-10$ mag) by $\sim$4%, $\sim$17%, and $\sim$11%, respectively., Comment: 25 pages, 6 figures, 12 tables, accepted for publication in AJ

Based on optical high-resolution spectra obtained with CFHT/ESPaDOnS, we present new measurements of activity and magnetic field proxies of 442 low-mass K5-M7 dwarfs. The objects were analysed as potential targets to search for planetary-mass companions with the new spectropolarimeter and high-precision velocimeter, SPIRou. We have analysed their high-resolution spectra in an homogeneous way: circular polarisation, chromospheric features, and Zeeman broadening of the FeH infrared line. The complex relationship between these activity indicators is analysed: while no strong connection is found between the large-scale and small-scale magnetic fields, the latter relates with the non-thermal flux originating in the chromosphere. We then examine the relationship between various activity diagnostics and the optical radial-velocity jitter available in the literature, especially for planet host stars. We use this to derive for all stars an activity merit function (higher for quieter stars) with the goal of identifying the most favorable stars where the radial-velocity jitter is low enough for planet searches. We find that the main contributors to the RV jitter are the large-scale magnetic field and the chromospheric non-thermal emission. In addition, three stars (GJ 1289, GJ 793, and GJ 251) have been followed along their rotation using the spectropolarimetric mode, and we derive their magnetic topology. These very slow rotators are good representatives of future SPIRou targets. They are compared to other stars where the magnetic topology is also known. The poloidal component of the magnetic field is predominent in all three stars., to be published in MNRAS

The internal properties of stars in the red-giant phase undergo significant changes on relatively short timescales. Long near-uninterrupted high-precision photometric timeseries observations from dedicated space missions such as CoRoT and Kepler have provided seismic inferences of the global and internal properties of a large number of evolved stars, including red giants. These inferences are confronted with predictions from theoretical models to improve our understanding of stellar structure and evolution. Our knowledge and understanding of red giants have indeed increased tremendously using these seismic inferences, and we anticipate that more information is still hidden in the data. Unraveling this will further improve our understanding of stellar evolution. This will also have significant impact on our knowledge of the Milky Way Galaxy as well as on exo-planet host stars. The latter is important for our understanding of the formation and structure of planetary systems., Invited review for The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review, accepted for publication

We report the discovery of KELT J041621-620046, a moderately bright (J$\sim$10.2) M dwarf eclipsing binary system at a distance of 39$\pm$3 pc. KELT J041621-620046 was first identified as an eclipsing binary using observations from the Kilodegree Extremely Little Telescope (KELT) survey. The system has a short orbital period of $\sim$1.11 days and consists of components with M$_1$ = $0.447^{-0.047}_{+0.052}\,M_\odot$ and M$_2$ = $0.399^{-0.042}_{+0.046}\,M_\odot$ in nearly circular orbits. The radii of the two stars are R$_1$ = $0.540^{-0.032}_{+0.034}\,R_\odot$ and R$_2$ = $0.453\pm0.017\,R_\odot$. Full system and orbital properties were determined (to $\sim$10% error) by conducting an EBOP global modeling of the high precision photometric and spectroscopic observations obtained by the KELT Follow-up Network. Each star is larger by 17-28% and cooler by 4-10% than predicted by standard (non-magnetic) stellar models. Strong H$\alpha$ emission indicates chromospheric activity in both stars. The observed radii and temperature discrepancies for both components are more consistent with those predicted by empirical relations that account for convective suppression due to magnetic activity., Comment: 12 Pages, 9 Figures, 4 Tables, Accepted for publication in ApJ

The mass of a protoplanetary disk limits the formation and future growth of any planet. Masses of protoplanetary disks are usually calculated from measurements of the dust continuum emission by assuming an interstellar gas-to-dust ratio. To investigate the utility of CO as an alternate probe of disk mass, we use ALMA to survey $^{13}$CO and C$^{18}$O J = $3-2$ line emission from a sample of 93 protoplanetary disks around stars and brown dwarfs with masses from 0.03 -- 2 M$_{\odot}$ in the nearby Chamaeleon I star-forming region. We detect $^{13}$CO emission from 17 sources and C$^{18}$O from only one source. Gas masses for disks are then estimated by comparing the CO line luminosities to results from published disk models that include CO freeze-out and isotope-selective photodissociation. Under the assumption of a typical ISM CO-to-H$_2$ ratios of $10^{-4}$, the resulting gas masses are implausibly low, with an average gas mass of $\sim$ 0.05 M$_{Jup}$ as inferred from the average flux of stacked $^{13}$CO lines. The low gas masses and gas-to-dust ratios for Cha I disks are both consistent with similar results from disks in the Lupus star-forming region. The faint CO line emission may instead be explained if disks have much higher gas masses, but freeze-out of CO or complex C-bearing molecules is underestimated in disk models. The conversion of CO flux to CO gas mass also suffers from uncertainties in disk structures, which could affect gas temperatures. CO emission lines will only be a good tracer of the disk mass when models for C and CO depletion are confirmed to be accurate., Comment: accepted for publication in ApJ

The upcoming NASA Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) will obtain space-based uninterrupted light curves for a large sample of bright white dwarfs distributed across the entire sky, providing a very rich resource for asteroseismological studies and the search for transits from planetary debris. We have compiled an all-sky catalogue of ultraviolet, optical and infrared photometry as well as proper motions, which we propose as an essential tool for the preliminary identification and characterization of potential targets. We present data for 1864 known white dwarfs and 305 high-probability white dwarf candidates brighter than 17 mag. We describe the spectroscopic follow-up of 135 stars, of which 82 are white dwarfs and 25 are hot subdwarfs. The new confirmed stars include six pulsating white dwarf candidates (ZZ Cetis), and nine white dwarf binaries with a cool main-sequence companion. We identify one star with a spectroscopic distance of only 25 pc from the Sun. Around the time TESS is launched, we foresee that all white dwarfs in this sample will have trigonometric parallaxes measured by the ESA Gaia mission next year.

In this thesis, I present seven studies aimed towards better understanding the demographics and physical properties of M dwarfs and their companions. These studies focus in turn on planetary, brown dwarf, and stellar companions to M dwarfs. I begin with an analysis of radial velocity and transit timing analyses of multi-transiting planetary systems, finding that if both signals are measured to sufficiently high precision the stellar and planetary masses can be measured to a high precision, eliminating a need for stellar models which may have systematic errors. I then combine long-term radial velocity monitoring and a direct imaging campaign to measure the occurrence rate of giant planets around M dwarfs. I find that 6.5 +/- 3.0% of M dwarfs host a Jupiter mass or larger planet within 20 AU, with a strong dependence on stellar metallicity. I then present two papers analyzing the LHS 6343 system, which contains a widely separated M dwarf binary (AB). Star A hosts a transiting brown dwarf (LHS 6343 C) with a 12.7 day period. By combining radial velocity data with transit photometry, I am able to measure the mass and radius of the brown dwarf to 2% precision, the most precise measurement of a brown dwarf to date. I then analyze four secondary eclipses of the LHS 6343 AC system as observed by Spitzer in order to measure the luminosity of the brown dwarf in both Spitzer bandpasses. I find the brown dwarf is consistent with theoretical models of an 1100 K T dwarf at an age of 5 Gyr and empirical observations of field T5-6 dwarfs with temperatures of 1070 +/- 130 K. This is the first non-inflated brown dwarf with a measured mass, radius, and multi-band photometry, making it an ideal test of evolutionary models of field brown dwarfs. Next, I present the results of an astrometric and radial velocity campaign to measure the orbit and masses of both stars in the GJ 3305 AB system, an M+M binary comoving with 51 Eridani, a more massive star with a directly imaged planetary companion. I compare the masses of both stars to largely untested theoretical models of young M dwarfs, finding that the models are consistent with the measured mass of star A but slightly overpredict the luminosity of star B. In the final two science chapters I focus on space-based transit surveys, present and future. First, I present the first catalog of statistically validated planets from the K2 mission, as well as updated stellar and planetary parameters for all systems with candidate planets in the first K2 field. The catalog includes K2-18b, a ``mini-Neptune'' planet that receives a stellar insolation consistent with the level that the Earth receives from the Sun, making it a useful comparison against planets of a similar size that are highly irradiated, such as GJ 1214 b. Finally, I present predictions for the WFIRST mission. While designed largely as a microlensing mission, I find it will be able to detect as many as 30,000 transiting planets towards the galactic bulge, providing information about how planet occurrence changes across the galaxy. These planets will be able to be confirmed largely through direct detection of their secondary eclipses. Moreover, I find that more than 50% of the planets it detects smaller than Neptune will be found around M dwarf hosts.

The ε mechanism is a self-excitation mechanism of stellar pulsations which acts in regions where nuclear burning takes place. It has been shown that the ε mechanism can excite pulsations in hot pre-horizontal branch stars before they settle into the stable helium core-burning phase and that the shortest periods of LS IV-14º116 could be explained that way.We aim to study the ε mechanism in stellar models appropriate for hot pre-horizontal branch stars to predict their pulsational properties.We perform detailed computations of non-adiabatic non-radial pulsations on such stellar models.We predict a new instability domain of long-period gravity modes in the log g−log T eff plane at roughly 22000 K ≲ Te ≲ 50000 K and 4.67 ≲ log g ≲ 6.15, with a period range from ∼ 200 to ∼ 2000 s. Comparison with the three known pulsating He-rich subdwarfs shows that the ε mechanism can excite pulsations in models with similar surface properties except for modes with the shortest observed periods. Based on simple estimates we expect at least 3 stars in the current samples of hot-subdwarf stars to be pulsating by the ε mechanism. Our results could constitute a theoretical basis for future searches of pulsators in the Galactic field., Facultad de Ciencias Astronómicas y Geofísicas

The physical properties of brown dwarf discs, in terms of their shapes and sizes, are still largely unexplored by observations. To what extent brown dwarf discs are similar to scaled-down T Tauri discs is currently unknown, and this work is a step towards establishing a relationship through the eventual modelling of future observations. We use observations of the brown dwarf disc $\rho$ Oph 102 to infer a fiducial model around which we build a small grid of brown dwarf disc models, in order to model the CO, HCN, and HCO+ line fluxes and the chemistry which drives their abundances. These are the first brown dwarf models to be published which relate detailed, 2D radiation thermochemical disc models to observational data. We predict that moderately extended ALMA antenna configurations will spatially resolve CO line emission around brown dwarf discs, and that HCN and HCO+ will be detectable in integrated flux, following our conclusion that the flux ratios of these molecules to CO emission are comparable to that of T Tauri discs. These molecules have not yet been observed in sub-mm wavelengths in a brown dwarf disc, yet they are crucial tracers of the warm surface-layer gas and of ionization in the outer parts of the disc. We present the prediction that if the physical and chemical processes in brown dwarf discs are similar to those that occur in T Tauri discs -- as our models suggest -- then the same diagnostics that are used for T Tauri discs can be used for brown dwarf discs (such as HCN and HCO+ lines that have not yet been observed in the sub-mm), and that these lines should be observable with ALMA. Through future observations, either confirmation (or refutation) of these ideas about brown dwarf disc chemistry will have strong implications for our understanding of disc chemistry, structure, and subsequent planet formation in brown dwarf discs., Comment: Accepted for publication in A&A. 11 pages, 10 figures, 3 tables

Stellar magnetic field measurements obtained from spectropolarimetry offer key data for activity and dynamo studies, and we present the results of a major high-resolution spectropolarimetric Bcool project magnetic snapshot survey of 170 solar-type stars from observations with the Telescope Bernard Lyot and the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope. For each target star a high signal-to-noise circularly polarised Stokes V profile has been obtained using Least-Squares Deconvolution, and used to detect surface magnetic fields and measure the corresponding mean surface longitudinal magnetic field ($B_{l}$). Chromospheric activity indicators were also measured. Surface magnetic fields were detected for 67 stars, with 21 of these stars classified as mature solar-type stars, a result that increases by a factor of four the number of mature solar-type stars on which magnetic fields have been observed. In addition, a magnetic field was detected for 3 out of 18 of the subgiant stars surveyed. For the population of K-dwarfs the mean value of $B_{l}$ ($|B_{l}|_{mean}$) was also found to be higher (5.7 G) than $|B_{l}|_{mean}$ measured for the G-dwarfs (3.2 G) and the F-dwarfs (3.3 G). For the sample as a whole $|B_{l}|_{mean}$ increases with rotation rate and decreases with age, and the upper envelope for $|B_{l}|$ correlates well with the observed chromospheric emission. Stars with a chromospheric S-index greater than about 0.2 show a high magnetic field detection rate and so offer optimal targets for future studies. This survey constitutes the most extensive spectropolarimetric survey of cool stars undertaken to date, and suggests that it is feasible to pursue magnetic mapping of a wide range of moderately active solar-type stars to improve understanding of their surface fields and dynamos., 36 pages, 26 figures, 7 tables, submitted to MNRAS

In light of recent substantial updates to spectral type estimations and newly established intrinsic colours, effective temperatures, and bolometric corrections for pre-main sequence (PMS) stars, we re-address the theory of accretion-disc regulated stellar angular momentum (AM) evolution. We report on the compilation of a consistent sample of fully convective stars within two of the most well-studied and youngest, nearby regions of star formation: the Orion Nebula Cluster (ONC) and Taurus-Auriga. We calculate the average specific stellar AM ($j_{\star}$) assuming solid body rotation, using surface rotation periods gathered from the literature and new estimates of stellar radii and ages. We use published Spitzer IRAC fluxes to classify our stars as Class II or Class III and compare their $j_{\star}$ evolution. Our results suggest that disc dispersal is a rapid process that occurs at a variety of ages. We find a consistent $j_{\star}$ reduction rate between the Class II and Class III PMS stars which we interpret as indicating a period of accretion disc-regulated AM evolution followed by near-constant AM evolution once the disc has dissipated. Furthermore, assuming our observed spread in stellar ages is real, we find the removal rate of $j_{\star}$ during the Class II phase is more rapid than expected by contraction at constant stellar rotation rate. A much more efficient process of AM removal must exist, most likely in the form of an accretion-driven stellar wind or other outflow from the star-disc interaction region or extended disc surface., Comment: Accepted for publication in MNRAS on 23rd July 2014, 22 pages, 12 figures, 5 tables

The space density of late M dwarfs, subtypes M7-M9.5, is not well determined. We applied the photo-type method to $iz$ photometry from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey and $YJHK$ photometry from the UKIRT Infrared Deep Sky Survey, over an effective area of 3070 $deg^{2}$, to produce a new, bright $J$(Vega) < 17.5, homogeneous sample of 33 665 M7-M9.5 dwarfs. The typical S/N of each source summed over the six bands is > 100. Classifications are provided to the nearest half spectral subtype. Through a comparison with the classifications in the BOSS Ultracool Dwarfs (BUD) spectroscopic sample, the typing is shown to be accurately calibrated to the BUD classifications and the precision is better than 0.5 subtypes rms; i.e. the photo-type classifcations are as precise as good spectroscopic classifications. Sources with large $��^2$ > 20 include several catalogued late-type subdwarfs. The new sample of late M dwarfs is highly complete, but there is a bias in the classification of rare peculiar blue or red objects. For example, L subdwarfs are misclassified towards earlier types by approximately two spectral subtypes. We estimate that this bias only affects ~1% of the course. Therefore the sample is well suited to measure the luminsoity function and investigate the softening towards the Galactic plane of the exponential variation of density with height., Accepted for publication in A&A. 8 pages, 7 figures, and 5 tables. Catalogue of M dwarfs available on CDS (link in paper)

La présence de disques circumstellaires signale la formation actuelle ou passée de systèmes planétaires, pour lesquels les processus de formation sont encore mal compris. Ce mémoire porte sur la détection et la caractérisation de disques circumstellaires autour d’étoiles de faibles masses (types spectraux > K5) et de naines brunes qui sont candidates ou membres d’associations cinématiques jeunes. Nous présentons ici les résultats de cette recherche ainsi que son implication pour la compréhension des processus de formation et d’évolution des systèmes planétaires. De l’échantillon initial composé de ∼ 1600 objets provenant des relevés BANYAN de Malo et al. ainsi que Gagné et al., dont seulement 600 satisfont nos critères de qualité sur les données, quatre nouveaux candidats de disque ont été découverts en détectant leur excès d’émission infrarouge dans les données d’archive de la mission WISE. Les données du relevé 2MASS ainsi que les spectres synthétiques BT-Settl ont été conjointement utilisés pour modéliser l’émission des étoiles. Les nouveaux candidats, dont les types spectraux sont tardifs (M4.5 à L0) et les masses se situent entre ∼ 13 et 120 M_Jup, ont des températures de disque de ∼ 135–520 K et des luminosités fractionnaires de 0,021–0,15. Pour deux des cibles, nous avons obtenu des spectres dans les longueurs d’onde visibles et infrarouges proches. Ces nouveaux spectres montrent respectivement des signes d’émission en Hα et Paβ, indiquant la présence d’accrétion, et ainsi de gaz, et renforçant l’hypothèse que ces objets sont réellement jeunes. Ces deux objets, vraisemblablement âgés de 40 Ma, pourraient représenter la première détection et caractérisation de disques porteurs de gaz plus vieux que 20 Ma., The presence of circumstellar disks is a signpost of present or past planetary system formation, for which the processes of formation are not fully understood. This thesis focuses on the detection and characterization of circumstellar disks around low-mass stars (spectral type > K5) and brown dwarfs that are candidates or confirmed members of young kinematic associations. Here, we present the results of this search and its bearing on our understanding of the processes of formation and evolution of planetary systems. Of the initial sample consisting of ∼ 1600 objects from the BANYAN surveys of Malo et al. and Gagné et al., from which only 600 satisfied our data quality criteria, four new candidate disks were discovered by detecting their excess infrared emission in the WISE mission archive data. The 2MASS survey data and the BT-Settl synthetic spectra were jointly used to model the emission of the stars. The new candidates, whose spectral types are late (M4.5 to L0) and whose masses are between ∼ 13 and 120 M_Jup, have disk temperatures of ∼ 135–520 K and fractional luminosities of 0.021–0.15. For two of these targets, we have obtained spectra in the visible and near-infrared wavelengths. These new spectra respectively show signs of Hα and Paβ emission, indicative of the presence of accretion, which requires the presence of gas, and which provides further evidence for the youth of these systems. These two systems, likely aged 40 Myr, could be the first examples of disks bearing gas that are older than 20 Myr.

Studying exoplanets, and in particular gaseous giant planets, is a new field of modern astrophysics. Understanding how the giant planets form, evolve with time, and have an impact on potential other planets within a stellar system are part of the biggest challenges of this science. The develop- ment of the most ecient observational techniques and optimal analysis tools have been necessary to bring answers to these problematics. This is the context in which I realized my PhD thesis. I present in this manuscript the three projects that I led during these last three years.First, I studied the occurrence rate of the giant planets that orbit around M dwarfs. To rea- lize this statistical study, I used NaCo data from two surveys. The first survey was composed of M dwarfs, the second was made of AF stars that were already studied by members of our team. I developed a Monte Carlo code, and used contrapositive logic to lead a comparative analysis of these two surveys. I also associated star to planet mass ratios to planetary formation scenarios. My conclusions are that giant planets can more easily be formed by core accretion around AF stars than around M dwarfs, for separations between 8 and 400 astronomical units. Wide-orbit giant planets are rare whatever the stellar mass (, L’étude des exoplanètes, et en particulier celle des planètes géantes gazeuses, est une branche jeune et florissante de l’astrophysique moderne. Les grandes problématiques qui ont émergé des études sur cette population de planètes consistent à comprendre comment elles se sont formées, comment elles ont spatialement et temporellement évolué, et comment elles influencent d’éventuelles autres planètes au sein des systèmes stellaires. Afin d’apporter des réponses à ces questions, il a été nécessaire de développer des techniques d’observation et des outils d’analyse des données les plus performants possibles. C’est dans ce cadre que j’ai eectué mon travail de thèse, qui s’est articulé autour de trois projets.En premier lieu, je me suis intéressée à étudier le taux d’occurrence des planètes géantes gazeuses en orbite autour des naines M. Pour réaliser cette étude statistique, j’ai utilisé des données de deux relevés NaCo, le premier étant consacré aux naines M, et le second étant constitué d’étoiles AF et ayant été précédemment étudié par des membres de notre équipe. J’ai développé un code Monte Carlo, et me suis servie de la logique de la contraposition pour mener une étude comparative des résultats de ces deux relevés. J’ai également associé des gammes de rapports de masses entre la planète et son étoile à des mécanismes de formation privilégiés. J’en ai conclu que la formation des planètes géantes gazeuses formée par accrétion sur coeur était favorisée si ces planètes se si- tuaient autour d’étoiles AF plutôt que des naines M, pour des séparations allant de 8 à 400 unités astronomiques. La fréquence des planètes géantes gazeuses reste toutefois faible quelque soit la masse de l’étoile considérée (typiquement

The determination of exoplanet properties and occurrence rates using Kepler data critically depends on our knowledge of the fundamental properties (such as temperature, radius and mass) of the observed stars. We present revised stellar properties for 197,096 Kepler targets observed between Quarters 1-17 (Q1-17), which were used for the final transiting planet search run by the Kepler Mission (Data Release 25, DR25). Similar to the Q1--16 catalog by Huber et al. the classifications are based on conditioning published atmospheric parameters on a grid of Dartmouth isochrones, with significant improvements in the adopted methodology and over 29,000 new sources for temperatures, surface gravities or metallicities. In addition to fundamental stellar properties the new catalog also includes distances and extinctions, and we provide posterior samples for each stellar parameter of each star. Typical uncertainties are ~27% in radius, ~17% in mass, and ~51% in density, which is somewhat smaller than previous catalogs due to the larger number of improved logg constraints and the inclusion of isochrone weighting when deriving stellar posterior distributions. On average, the catalog includes a significantly larger number of evolved solar-type stars, with an increase of 43.5% in the number of subgiants. We discuss the overall changes of radii and masses of Kepler targets as a function of spectral type, with particular focus on exoplanet host stars., 19 pages, 13 figures. ApJS in press

The physical and atmospheric properties of ultracool dwarfs are deeply entangled due to the degenerate effects of mass, age, metallicity, clouds and dust, activity, rotation, and possibly even formation mechanism on observed spectra. Accurate determination of funda- mental parameters for a wide diversity of objects at the low end of the initial mass function (IMF) is thus crucial to testing stellar and planetary formation theories. To determine these quantities, we constructed and flux calibrated nearly-complete spectral energy distributions (SEDs) for 234 M, L, T, and Y dwarfs using published parallaxes and \(0.3-40 \mu m\) spectra and photometry. From these homogeneous SEDs, we calculated bolometric luminosity (\(L_\text{bol}\)), effective temperature (\(T_\text{off}\)), mass, surface gravity, radius, spectral indexes, synthetic photometry, and bolometric corrections (BCs) for each object. We used these results to derive \(L_\text{bol}\), \(T_\text{eff}\), and BC polynomial relations across the entire very-low-mass star/brown dwarf/planetary mass regime. We use a subsample of objects with age constraints based on nearby young moving group membership, companionship with a young star, or spectral signatures of low surface gravity to define new age-sensitive diagnostics and characterize the reddening of young substellar atmospheres as a redistribution of flux from the near-infrared (NIR) into the mid-infrared (MIR). Consequently we find the SED flux pivots at K-band, making BCK as a function of spectral type a reliable, age-independent relationship. We find that young L dwarfs are systematically 300 K cooler than field age objects of the same spectral type and up to 600 K cooler than field age objects of the same absolute H magnitude. These findings are used to create prescriptions for the reliable and efficient characterization of new ultracool dwarfs using heterogeneous and limited spectral data.

CONTEXT: Hydrides are simple compounds containing one or a few hydrogen atoms bonded to a heavier atom. They are fundamental precursor molecules in cosmic chemistry and many hydride ions have become observable in high quality for the first time thanks to the Herschel Space Observatory. Ionized hydrides such as CH⁺ and OH⁺ (and also HCO⁺), which affect the chemistry of molecules such as water, provide complementary information on irradiation by far-UV (FUV) or X-rays and gas temperature. AIMS: We explore hydrides of the most abundant heavier elements in an observational survey covering young stellar objects (YSOs) with different mass and evolutionary state. The focus is on hydrides associated with the dense protostellar envelope and outflows, contrary to previous work that focused on hydrides in diffuse foreground clouds. METHODS: Twelve YSOs were observed with HIFI on Herschel in six spectral settings providing fully velocity-resolved line profiles as part of the Water in star-forming regions with Herschel (WISH) program. The YSOs include objects of low (Class 0 and I), intermediate, and high mass, with luminosities ranging from 4 L⊙ to 2 × 105 L⊙. RESULTS: The targeted lines of CH⁺, OH⁺, H₂O⁺+, C⁺, and CH are detected mostly in blue-shifted absorption. H₃O⁺ and SH⁺ are detected in emission and only toward some high-mass objects. The observed line parameters and correlations suggest two different origins related to gas entrained by the outflows and to the circumstellar envelope. The derived column densities correlate with bolometric luminosity and envelope mass for all molecules, best for CH, CH⁺, and HCO⁺. The column density ratios of CH⁺/OH⁺ are estimated from chemical slab models, assuming that the H₂ density is given by the specific density model of each object at the beam radius. For the low-mass YSOs the observed ratio can be reproduced for an FUV flux of 2–400 times the interstellar radiation field (ISRF) at the location of the molecules. In two high-mass objects, the UV flux is 20–200 times the ISRF derived from absorption lines, and 300–600 ISRF using emission lines. Upper limits for the X-ray luminosity can be derived from H₃O⁺ observations for some low-mass objects. CONCLUSIONS: If the FUV flux required for low-mass objects originates at the central protostar, a substantial FUV luminosity, up to 1.5 L⊙, is required. There is no molecular evidence for X-ray induced chemistry in the low-mass objects on the observed scales of a few 1000 AU. For high-mass regions, the FUV flux required to produce the observed molecular ratios is smaller than the unattenuated flux expected from the central object(s) at the Herschel beam radius. This is consistent with an FUV flux reduced by circumstellar extinction or by bloating of the protostar.

We present an Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) 106 GHz (Band 3) continuum survey of the complete population of dense cores in the Chamaeleon I molecular cloud. We detect a total of 24 continuum sources in 19 different target fields. All previously known Class 0 and Class I protostars in Chamaeleon I are detected, whereas all of the 56 starless cores in our sample are undetected. We show that the Spitzer+Herschel census of protostars in Chamaeleon I is complete, with the rate at which protostellar cores have been misclassified as starless cores calculated as, Accepted by ApJ

We present a homogeneous sample of 1361 L and T dwarfs brighter than J = 17.5 (of which 998 are new), from an effective area of 3070 deg2, classified by the photo-type method to an accuracy of one spectral sub-type using izYJHKW1W2 photometry from SDSS+UKIDSS+WISE. Other than a small bias in the early L types, the sample is shown to be effectively complete to the magnitude limit, for all spectral types L0 to T8. The nature of the bias is an incompleteness estimated at 3% because peculiar blue L dwarfs of type L4 and earlier are classified late M. There is a corresponding overcompleteness because peculiar red (likely young) late M dwarfs are classified early L. Contamination of the sample is confirmed to be small: so far spectroscopy has been obtained for 19 sources in the catalogue and all are confirmed to be ultracool dwarfs. We provide coordinates and izYJHKW1W2 photometry of all sources. We identify an apparent discontinuity, $\Delta$m $\sim$ 0.4 mag., in the Y-K colour between spectral types L7 and L8. We present near-infrared spectra of nine sources identified by photo-type as peculiar, including a new low-gravity source ULAS J005505.68+013436.0, with spectroscopic classification L2{$\gamma$}. We provide revised izYJHKW1W2 template colours for late M dwarfs, types M7 to M9., Comment: Accepted for publication in A & A, 17 pages, 14 figures, catalogue of L and T dwarfs supplied here in source files (anc/ directory), and available on CDS

We report on the discovery of new members of nearby young moving groups, exploiting the full power of combining the Radial Velocity Experiment (RAVE) survey with several stellar age diagnostic methods and follow-up high-resolution optical spectroscopy. The results include the identification of one new and five likely members of the beta Pictoris moving group, ranging from spectral types F9 to M4 with the majority being M dwarfs, one K7 likely member of the epsilon Cha group and two stars in the Tucana-Horologium association. Based on the positive identifications, we foreshadow a great potential of the RAVE data base in progressing towards a full census of young moving groups in the solar neighbourhood.

We present a survey of mid-infrared gas-phase lines toward a sample of 76 circumstellar disks around low-mass pre-main-sequence stars from the Spitzer "Cores to Disks" legacy program. We report the first detections of [ Ne II] and [ Fe I] toward classical T Tauri stars in similar to 20% and similar to 9% of our sources, respectively. The observed [ Ne II] line fluxes and upper limits are consistent with [ Ne II] excitation in an X-ray irradiated disk around stars with X-ray luminosities L-X = 10(29)-10(31) erg s(-1). [ Fe I] is detected at similar to 10(-5) to 10(-4) L ., but no [ S I] or [ Fe II] is detected down to similar to 10(-6) L .. The [ Fe I] detections indicate the presence of gas-rich disks with masses of greater than or similar to 0.1 M-J. No H-2 0-0 S(0) and S(1) disk emission is detected, except for S(1) toward one source. These data give upper limits on the warm (T similar to 100-200 K) gas mass of a few Jovian masses, consistent with recent T Tauri disk models that include gas heating by stellar radiation. Compact disk emission of hot (T greater than or similar to 500K) gas is observed through the H-2 0-0 S(2) and/or S(3) lines toward similar to 8% of our sources. The line fluxes are, however, higher by more than an order of magnitude than those predicted by recent disk models, even when X-ray and excess UV radiation are included. The [ Ne II]/H-2 0-0 S(2) ratios for these sources are similarly lower than predicted, consistent with the presence of an additional hot molecular gas component not included in current disk models. Oblique shocks of stellar winds interacting with the disk can explain many aspects of the hot gas emission but are inconsistent with the nondetection of [ S I] and [ Fe II] lines.

Since the observation of the first brown dwarf in 1995, numerous studies have led to a better understanding of the structures of these objects. Here we present a method for studying material resistivity in warm dense plasmas in the laboratory, which we relate to the microphysics of brown dwarfs through viscosity and electron collisions. Here we use X-ray polarimetry to determine the resistivity of a sulphur-doped plastic target heated to Brown Dwarf conditions by an ultra-intense laser. The resistivity is determined by matching the plasma physics model to the atomic physics calculations of the measured large, positive, polarization. The inferred resistivity is larger than predicted using standard resistivity models, suggesting that these commonly used models will not adequately describe the resistivity of warm dense plasma related to the viscosity of brown dwarfs., Brown dwarfs are small stars that are believed to be made of a warm dense plasma that cannot support hydrogen fusion as larger stars do. Here, the authors present a method for studying the properties, such as resistivity, of warm dense plasmas in the laboratory.

Context. The availability of asteroseismic constraints for a large sample of red giant stars from the CoRoT and Kepler missions paves the way for various statistical studies of the seismic properties of stellar populations. Aims. We use the first detailed spectroscopic study of 19 CoRoT red-giant stars (Morel et al 2014) to compare theoretical stellar evolution models to observations of the open cluster NGC 6633 and field stars. Methods. In order to explore the effects of rotation-induced mixing and thermohaline instability, we compare surface abundances of carbon isotopic ratio and lithium with stellar evolution predictions. These chemicals are sensitive to extra-mixing on the red-giant branch. Results. We estimate mass, radius, and distance for each star using the seismic constraints. We note that the Hipparcos and seismic distances are different. However, the uncertainties are such that this may not be significant. Although the seismic distances for the cluster members are self consistent they are somewhat larger than the Hipparcos distance. This is an issue that should be considered elsewhere. Models including thermohaline instability and rotation-induced mixing, together with the seismically determined masses can explain the chemical properties of red-giants targets. However, with this sample of stars we cannot perform stringent tests of the current stellar models. Tighter constraints on the physics of the models would require the measurement of the core and surface rotation rates, and of the period spacing of gravity-dominated mixed modes. A larger number of stars with longer times series, as provided by Kepler or expected with Plato, would help for ensemble asteroseismology., Accepted 03/05/2015

Près de 70% des étoiles de la Galaxie ont une masse inférieure à ~0.8 Msun. Cependant, étant donné que ces étoiles sont plus difficilement observables en raison de leur plus faible luminosité, cette statistique ne reflète pas le recensement actuel de la population d'étoiles de faible masse dans le voisinage solaire, ni dans les groupes cinématiques d'étoiles jeunes. Cette population a une grande importance pour contraindre la forme de la fonction de masse Galactique, et aussi pour contraindre les modèles évolutifs. Les étoiles de faible masse sont aussi d'excellentes cibles pour la recherche d'exoplanètes avec des techniques variées (imagerie directe, vitesse radiale, transit). La caractérisation des exoplanètes autour de ces étoiles est tributaire des connaissances fondamentales sur celles-ci, c'est-à-dire de leur luminosité bolométrique, température effective, rayon et âge. Dans la présente thèse, dont le but est d'identifier et caractériser les étoiles de faible masse, une méthode statistique a été développée afin d'établir quantitativement l'appartenance d'une étoile à un groupe en dérivant une probabilité d'association. Cette méthode combine l'inférence Bayesienne et des modèles empiriques de plusieurs observables, dont la luminosité, vitesse spatiale et position galactique, de membres confirmés de 7 groupes d'étoiles jeunes (8-120 Mans) ainsi que d'étoiles vieilles du champ. Les étoiles ayant une probabilité d'association minimale de 90% sont considérées comme des candidates. L'analyse développée prédit aussi la vitesse radiale et la distance trigonométrique qu'une étoile aurait dans une association donnée. L'analyse a montré, pour les 177 membres confirmés, un excellent accord entre les paramètres prédits et observés, soit de 1.9 km/s et 10% respectivement, pour la vitesse radiale et la parallaxe. La mesure de ces paramètres pour les candidates est donc une bonne manière de confirmer leur appartenance à l'association. Cette méthode robuste a été appliquée sur un échantillon de 758 étoiles montrant des signes de jeunesse (émission H$\alpha$ et rayons X). L'analyse a permis d'identifier 214 candidates hautement probables, et le suivi spectroscopique de ces étoiles a permis, jusqu'à présent, de confirmer la justesse de la prédiction en vitesse radiale pour 130 étoiles. Ces observations spectroscopiques ont aussi permis de mesurer leur vitesse de rotation, qui s'est avérée élevée comparativement aux étoiles vieilles du champs. La mesure de la distance trigonométrique était aussi en accord avec la prédiction pour 18 candidates jeunes. Grâce aux membres dont l'appartenance à un groupe jeune a été confirmée, un modèle empirique de la luminosité en rayon X des étoiles a pu être établi. Cette luminosité s'est avérée significativement plus élevée (environ 4 fois plus) pour les étoiles des groupes les plus jeunes (~8-12 Mans) que pour celles des groupes plus vieux (~120 Mans). Cet observable constitue donc un bon indicateur d'âge. La comparaison des spectres de 59 candidates à des modèles d'atmosphère a permis de déterminer trois paramètres fondamentaux: la luminosité bolométrique, la température effective et le rayon. Globalement, les candidates jeunes ont une luminosité plus élevée et un rayon plus grand que les étoiles vieilles. De récents modèles évolutifs incluant le traitement d'une dynamo de type rotationnel et générant un champ magnétique de surface de 1 à 2.5 kGauss ont été utilisés pour déterminer l'âge isochronal de ces étoiles. Les âges ainsi déterminés pour les étoiles de l'association \beta Pictoris en utilisant des étoiles de types spectraux différents sont davantage cohérents (types K5V-M0V: 24 Mans, types M1V-M4V: 14 Mans) et sont aussi cohérents avec l'âge déterminé indépendamment pour le groupe en utilisant l'abondance du lithium des membres de faible masse (26 Mans)., About 70% of the stars in the Galaxy have a mass inferior than ~0.8 Msun. However, this statistic does not reflect the current census population of low mass in the solar neighborhood and in young kinematic groups, since their low luminosity make their observation more difficult. This population is of great interest to check the validity of the Galactic mass function, and also to constraint evolutionary models. The low-mass stars are also excellent targets for the search for exoplanets using various techniques (direct imaging, radial velocity, transit). The characterization of the exoplanets orbiting these stars depends mostly on our basic knowledge of the host star, that is their bolometric luminosity, effective temperature, radius and age. The present thesis aim to identify and characterize low-mass stars. Toward that end, a statistical method has been developed to determine quantitatively the membership probability of a star to a young kinematic group. This method combines the Bayesian inference and empirical models of several observables such as the brightness, Galactic space velocity and position of bona fide members of 7 young stars groups (8-120 Mans), as well as old field stars. Stars with a membership probability greater than 90% are considered candidate members. The analysis also predicts the radial velocity and distance that a star would have if it was an actual member. For the 177 previously-known members, an excellent agreement was found between the predicted and observed parameters (1.9 km/s and 10% for the radial velocity and parallax, respectively). Measuring these observables for the candidates stars is thus a good way to confirm their membership. This robust method was applied to a sample of 758 stars which showed signs of youth (H$\alpha$ and X-ray emission). It allowed to identify 214 highly probable candidates. The spectroscopic follow-up yields a radial velocity in agreement with predictions for 130 stars. These spectroscopic observations also allowed to measure their projected rotational velocity, which turned out to be higher than that of the old population of stars. Trigonometric distance measurements were also obtained and were coherent with predictions for 18 young candidates. Using the confirmed members, a new empirical model of the X-ray luminosity was developed. The X-ray luminosity was found to be about 4 times higher for stars around ~8-12Myr than for older, ~120Myr stars, thus, this observable is a good age indicator in this range. Comparing the spectra of 59 young candidate members to atmosphere models allowed to determine three basic parameters: the bolometric luminosity, the effective temperature and the radius. Overall, these candidates are more luminous and have a greater radius than old stars. Recent evolutionary models that include the rotational dynamo-type treatment and produce magnetic field strength of 1 to 2.5 kGauss were used to derive an isochronal age for each star. The ages determined for \beta Pictoris moving group members using stars of different spectral types are coherent with one another (types K5V-M0V: 24 Mans, types M1V-M4V: 14 Mans) and are also coherent with age determined independently using lithium abundance of the low-mass members (26 Mans)., L'outil développé dans le cadre de cette thèse est disponible à l'adresse suivante: www.astro.umontreal.ca/~malo/banyan.php

Context Two thirds of the stars in our galactic neighborhood (d < 10 pc) are M-dwarfs whichalso constitute the most common stellar objects in the Milky Way. This property,combined with their small stellar masses and radii, increases the likelihood ofdetecting terrestrial planets through radial velocity and transit techniques, makingthem very adequate targets for the exoplanet hunting projects. Nevertheless, Mdwarfs have associated different observational difficulties. They are cool objectswhose emission radiation peaks at infrared wavelengths and, thus, with a lowsurface brightness in the optical range. Also, the photometric variability as wellas the significant chromospheric activity hinder the radial velocity and transitdeterminations. It is necessary, therefore, to carry out a detailed characterization ofM-dwarfs before building a shortlist with the best possible candidates for exoplanetsearches. Brown dwarfs (BDs) are self-gravitating objects that do not get enough massto maintain a sufficiently high temperature in their core for stable hydrogen fusion.They represent the link between low-mass stars and giant planets. Due to their lowtemperatures, BDs emit significant flux at mid-infrared wavelength which makesthis range very adequate to look for this type of objects. The Virtual Observatory (VO) is an international initiative designed to help theastronomical community in the exploitation of the multi-wavelength informationthat resides in data archives. In the last years the Spanish Virtual Observatory isconducting a number of projects focused on the study of substellar objects takingadvantage of Virtual Observatory tools for an easy data access and analysis of largearea surveys. This is the framework where this thesis has been carried out. This dissertation addresses three problems in the framework of low-mass starsand brown dwarfs, namely, the search for brown dwarf candidates crossmatchingcatalogues (Chapter 4), the search for nearby bright M dwarfs and the subsequentspectroscopic characterization (Chapter 5), and a study of binarity in mid to late-Tbrown dwarfs (Chapter 6); the first two topics use Virtual Observatory tools. Aims and methodology In the first paper we carried out a search of brown dwarfs in the sky area in commonto the WISE, 2MASS Point Source and SDSS catalogues. A VO-workflow with thecriteria that must accomplish our candidates was built using STILTS. The workflowreturned 138 sources that were visually inspected. For the six new candidatesthat passed the inspection, proper motions were calculated using the positionsand the different observing epochs of the catalogues previously quoted. Effectivetemperatures were estimated using VOSA and spectral types and distances usingappropriate photometric calibrations. In the second publication we conducted an all-sky photometric search by cross correlatingthe Carlsberg Meridian Catalogue (CMC14) and the 2MASS Point SourceCatalogue with the aim of increasing the number of known, nearby M dwarfsthat could be used as targets for exoplanet searches in general and CARMENES inparticular. This VO search was combined with low-resolution spectroscopic followupof 27 objects using the IDS spectrograph at the Isaac Newton telescope at LaPalma, as well as with an astrometric and photometric study. In the third paper we attempted to refine the multiplicity properties of Tdwarfs studying the largest sample so far observed with high angular resolutionimaging. We undertook two parallel programs using the Wide Field Camera 3(WFC3) installed on the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). We used a PSF-fittingsubtraction technique to reveal the presence of any close companion to the sourcesin our sample. Monte Carlo simulations were carried out to estimate the capabilityof WFC3 to detect close binaries in terms of angular separation and magnitudedifference. Simulations were also used to determine the fraction of binaries thatwould have been detected around each source based on assumed separations, massratio distributions and orientations of the systems. Results The main conclusion from this dissertation is that the Virtual Observatory hasproved to be an excellent research methodology in the field of low mass stars andbrown dwarfs. In particular, it allowed an efficient management of the queries todifferent catalogues and archives as well as the estimation of physical parametersthrough VO-tools. In the first publication we present the identification of 31 brown dwarf (25known and 6 strong candidates not previously reported in the literature) identifiedin the sky area in common toWISE, 2MASS and SDSS. This is a remarkable numberconsidering that 2MASS has been extensively searched for ultracool dwarfs andclearly show how new surveys and the use of VO tools can help to mine oldersurveys. The robustness of our methodology was confirmed with the spectroscopicconfirmation of our candidate targets making it an ideal technique to identify browndwarfs and, by extension, other rare objects. In the second paper, we show the potential of the VO and a purely photometricapproach for finding new bright, nearby M dwarfs that escaped previous surveysmostly based on proper motions. We discover 24 new potential targets for exoplanethunting (7 at less than 20 pc), 12 of which have been included in the CARMENESinput catalogue of M dwarfs. We also identify three young very low-mass stars (M4-M5 spectral types) in the Taurus-Auriga region and a wide (110 AU) binary system. In the third paper we infer an upper limit for the binary fraction of >T5 dwarfsof

We conduct a series of comparisons between spectroscopic and photometric observations of globular clusters and stellar models to examine their predictive power. Data from medium-to-high resolution spectroscopic surveys of lithium allow us to investigate first dredge-up and extra mixing in two clusters well separated in metallicity. Abundances at first dredge-up are satisfactorily reproduced but there is preliminary evidence to suggest that the models overestimate the luminosity at which the surface composition first changes in the lowest-metallicity system. Our models also begin extra mixing at luminosities that are too high, demonstrating a significant discrepancy with observations at low metallicity. We model the abundance changes during extra mixing as a thermohaline process and determine that the usual diffusive form of this mechanism cannot simultaneously reproduce both the carbon and lithium observations. Hubble Space Telescope photometry provides turnoff and bump magnitudes in a large number of globular clusters and offers the opportunity to better test stellar modelling as function of metallicity. We directly compare the predicted main-sequence turn-off and bump magnitudes as well as the distance-independent parameter $\Delta M_V ~^{\rm{MSTO}}_{\rm{bump}}$. We require 15 Gyr isochrones to match the main-sequence turn-off magnitude in some clusters and cannot match the bump in low-metallicity systems. Changes to the distance modulus, metallicity scale and bolometric corrections may impact on the direct comparisons but $\Delta M_V ~^{\rm{MSTO}}_{\rm{bump}}$, which is also underestimated from the models, can only be improved through changes to the input physics. Overshooting at the base of the convective envelope with an efficiency that is metallicity dependent is required to reproduce the empirically determined value of $\Delta M_V ~^{\rm{MSTO}}_{\rm{bump}}$., Comment: 20 pages, 11 Figures, 4 Tables, Accepted for publication in MNRAS

We present ALMA observations of the 2M1207 system, a young binary made of a brown dwarf with a planetary-mass companion at a projected separation of about 40 au. We detect emission from dust continuum at 0.89 mm and from the $J = 3 - 2$ rotational transition of CO from a very compact disk around the young brown dwarf. The small radius found for this brown dwarf disk may be due to truncation from the tidal interaction with the planetary-mass companion. Under the assumption of optically thin dust emission, we estimated a dust mass of 0.1 $M_{\oplus}$ for the 2M1207A disk, and a 3$\sigma$ upper limit of $\sim 1~M_{\rm{Moon}}$ for dust surrounding 2M1207b, which is the tightest upper limit obtained so far for the mass of dust particles surrounding a young planetary-mass companion. We discuss the impact of this and other non-detections of young planetary-mass companions for models of planet formation, which predict the presence of circum-planetary material surrounding these objects., Comment: 10 pages, 6 figures, accepted for publication in AJ

SPIRou is a near-IR echelle spectropolarimeter and high-precision velocimeter under construction as a next- generation instrument for the Canada-France-Hawaii-Telescope. It is designed to cover a very wide simultaneous near-IR spectral range (0.98-2.35 μm) at a resolving power of 73.5K, providing unpolarized and polarized spectra of low-mass stars at a radial velocity (RV) precision of 1m/s. The main science goals of SPIRou are the detection of habitable super-Earths around low-mass stars and the study of stellar magnetism of star at the early stages of their formation. Following a successful final design review in Spring 2014, SPIRou is now under construction and is scheduled to see first light in late 2017. We present an overview of key aspects of SPIRou's optical and mechanical design., Ground-Based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy V, June 22-26, 2014, Series: Proceedings of SPIE; no. 9147

Cosmic rays provide an important source for free electrons in the Earth's atmosphere and also in dense interstellar regions where they produce a prevailing background ionization. We utilize a Monte Carlo cosmic ray transport model for particle energies of 1 MeV < E < 1 GeV, and an analytic cosmic ray transport model for particle energies of 1 GeV < E < 1 TeV in order to investigate the cosmic ray enhancement of free electrons in substellar atmospheres of free-floating objects. The cosmic ray calculations are applied to Drift-Phoenix model atmospheres of an example brown dwarf with effective temperature Teff = 1500 K, and two example giant gas planets (Teff = 1000 K, 1500 K). For the model brown dwarf atmosphere, the electron fraction is enhanced significantly by cosmic rays when the pressure pgas < 10^-2 bar. Our example giant gas planet atmosphere suggests that the cosmic ray enhancement extends to 10^-4 - 10^-2 bar, depending on the effective temperature. For the model atmosphere of the example giant gas planet considered here (Teff = 1000 K), cosmic rays bring the degree of ionization to fe ~ 10^-8 when pgas < 10^-8 bar, suggesting that this part of the atmosphere may behave as a weakly ionized plasma. Although cosmic rays enhance the degree of ionization by over three orders of magnitude in the upper atmosphere, the effect is not likely to be significant enough for sustained coupling of the magnetic field to the gas., 16 pages, 9 figures, accepted to ApJ

The large-scale field of the Sun is well represented by its lowest energy (or potential) state. Recent observations, by comparison, reveal that many solar-type stars show large-scale surface magnetic fields that are highly non-potential - that is, they have been stressed above their lowest-energy state. This non-potential component of the surface field is neglected by current stellar wind models. The aim of this paper is to determine its effect on the coronal structure and wind. We use Zeeman-Doppler surface magnetograms of two stars - one with an almost potential, one with a non-potential surface field - to extrapolate a static model of the coronal structure for each star. We find that the stresses are carried almost exclusively in a band of uni-directional azimuthal field that is confined to mid-latitudes. Using this static solution as an initial state for an MHD wind model, we then find that the final state is determined primarily by the potential component of the surface magnetic field. The band of azimuthal field must be confined close to the stellar surface as it is not compatible with a steady-state wind. By artificially increasing the stellar rotation rate we demonstrate that the observed azimuthal fields can not be produced by the action of the wind but must be due to processes at or below the stellar surface. We conclude that the background winds of solar-like stars are largely unaffected by these highly-stressed surface fields. Nonetheless, the increased flare activity and associated coronal mass ejections that may be expected to accompany such highly-stressed fields may have a significant impact on any surrounding planets., Comment: 11 pages, 8 figures, accepted by Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

We perform a census of the reddest, and potentially youngest, protostars in the Orion molecular clouds using data obtained with the PACS instrument onboard the Herschel Space Observatory and the LABOCA and SABOCA instruments on APEX as part of the Herschel Orion Protostar Survey (HOPS). A total of 55 new protostar candidates are detected at 70 um and 160 um that are either too faint (m24 > 7 mag) to be reliably classified as protostars or undetected in the Spitzer/MIPS 24 um band. We find that the 11 reddest protostar candidates with log (lambda F_lambda 70) / (lambda F_lambda 24) > 1.65 are free of contamination and can thus be reliably explained as protostars. The remaining 44 sources have less extreme 70/24 colors, fainter 70 um fluxes, and higher levels of contamination. Taking the previously known sample of Spitzer protostars and the new sample together, we find 18 sources that have log (lambda F_lambda 70) / (lambda F_lambda 24) > 1.65; we name these sources "PACS Bright Red sources", or PBRs. Our analysis reveals that the PBRs sample is composed of Class 0 like sources characterized by very red SEDs (T_bol < 45 K) and large values of sub-millimeter fluxes (L_smm/L_bol > 0.6%). Modified black-body fits to the SEDs provide lower limits to the envelope masses of 0.2 M_sun to 2 M_sun and luminosities of 0.7 L_sun to 10 L_sun. Based on these properties, and a comparison of the SEDs with radiative transfer models of protostars, we conclude that the PBRs are most likely extreme Class 0 objects distinguished by higher than typical envelope densities and hence, high mass infall rates., Accepted to Apj; 36 pages, 25 figures, 8 tables

Red Dwarfs are at the heart of Astronomy because they are the most abundant type of star that we know of in our Galaxy. Yet, surprisingly little is known about their formation, evolution and the nature of their companions. In this thesis I present the first results of the WFCAM Transit Survey, a unique long-time monitoring program of many thousands of red dwarfs in the infrared, where they are the brightest. By studying their properties in eclipsing binary systems it is shown that red dwarfs are of great value to simulations of low-mass star formation, binary dynamics, stellar structure and ultimately the fundamental properties of Earth-like planets.

We present 1.3 millimeter ALMA Cycle 0 observations of the edge-on debris disk around the nearby, ~10 Myr-old, M-type star AU Mic. These observations obtain 0.6 arcsec (6 AU) resolution and reveal two distinct emission components: (1) the previously known dust belt that extends to a radius of 40 AU, and (2) a newly recognized central peak that remains unresolved. The cold dust belt of mass about 1 lunar mass is resolved in the radial direction with a rising emission profile that peaks sharply at the location of the outer edge of the "birth ring" of planetesimals hypothesized to explain the midplane scattered light gradients. No significant asymmetries are discerned in the structure or position of this dust belt. The central peak identified in the ALMA image is ~6 times brighter than the stellar photosphere, which indicates an additional emission process in the inner regions of the system. Emission from a stellar corona or activity may contribute, but the observations show no signs of temporal variations characteristic of radio-wave flares. We suggest that this central component may be dominated by dust emission from an inner planetesimal belt of mass about 0.01 lunar mass, consistent with a lack of emission shortward of 25 microns and a location, 13 pages, 2 figures, 2 tables, accepted by ApJ Letters

Stars play a central role in modern astrophysics. To understand how stars form is therefore fundamental for the field. Stars form in gas clouds in the interstellar medium. This medium is magnetized and turbulent; star formation is therefore a complex, highly non-linear and multiscale problem. In this context, star formation processes are still not well-known, and particularly protostellar disk and multiple stars -- which means stars that are gravitationaly bound -- formation. Numerical simulations are crucial to have a better insight of these processes. This work is divided in two main parts, dedicated to the study of the first phases of star formation. The first part presents the numerical simulations I performed during my thesis to investigate protostellar disks and multiple star system formation. When the magnetic intensity is strong enough, it could prevent both protostellar disks formation and fragmentation through an efficient angular momentum transport process. I first develop an analytical and numerical study to show the key role played by the geometry of the collapse on the angular momentum transport processes. When the rotation axis of the prestellar core and the magnetic field are misaligned, magnetic braking is less efficient and massive disks formation is restored. The influence of turbulence on magnetic diffusion, disk formation, fragmentation and outflows -- one of the most important tracers of star formation ­-- is then discussed. Turbulence is responsible for an efficient magnetic diffusion in the central regions of the collapsing core as well as for a misalignment between the rotation axis and the magnetic field. Magnetic braking is thus efficiently reduced, and both massive disks formation and fragmentation may happen. The second part is dedicated to synthetic observations performed from our numerical simulations. Three different types of synthetic observations were performed: column-density maps, spectral energy distributions and visibilities. Following a classic analysis performed in observational studies, these observations will be compared to analytical models to try to deduce disk properties.; De par le rôle central que jouent les étoiles dans l'astrophysique moderne, la compréhension de leur formation est un des principaux enjeux actuels de la discipline. Les étoiles se forment dans les nuages de gaz du milieu interstellaire. Ce milieu est magnétisé et turbulent ; la formation des étoiles est ainsi un phénomène complexe, non-linéaire et multi-échelle. Dans ce contexte, les processus de formation stellaire, et en particulier la formation des disques protostellaires et des systèmes multiples -- c'est à dire d'étoiles liées gravitationnellement -- sont encore mal compris. Les simulations numériques sont donc essentielles pour permettre de faire progresser notre connaissance de ces phénomènes. Ce travail de thèse se divise en deux parties, dédiées à l'étude des phases précoces de la formation des étoiles. La première partie sera centrée sur les simulations numériques que j'ai réalisées durant ma thèse, pour étudier la formation des disques protostellaires et des systèmes multiples. Le champ magnétique, lorsqu'il est suffisamment intense, est à l'origine d'un transport efficace du moment cinétique, qui peut empêcher la formation des disques protostellaires et inhiber la fragmentation du cœur. Sera d'abord présentée une étude analytique et numérique montrant l'importance de la géométrie de l'effondrement sur le transport du moment cinétique. En effet, lorsque le champ magnétique et l'axe de rotation du cœur préstellaire ne sont pas alignés, le freinage magnétique se révèle moins efficace, pouvant permettre la formation des disques. L'influence de la turbulence sur la diffusion du champ magnétique, la formation des disques, la fragmentation et les flots bipolaires -- traceurs importants de la formation stellaire -- sera ensuite étudiée. La turbuence permet de diffuser efficacement le champ magnétique des régions internes du cœur en effondrement et provoque également un basculement de l'axe de rotation du cœur, ce qui réduit le freinage magnétique. Des disques massifs peuvent alors se former et fragmenter. La deuxième partie de ce manuscrit se concentrera sur des observations synthétiques réalisées à partir de nos simulations. Trois types d'observations synthétiques ont été réalisées : des cartes en densité de colonne, des distributions spectrales d'énergie ainsi que des amplitudes de visibilité. Ces observations seront comparées à des modèles analytiques, suivant une procédure habituellement utilisée dans les études observationnelles, afin de tenter d'en déduire les propriétés des disques.

Stars play a central role in modern astrophysics. To understand how stars form is therefore fundamental for the field. Stars form in gas clouds in the interstellar medium. This medium is magnetized and turbulent; star formation is therefore a complex, highly non-linear and multiscale problem. In this context, star formation processes are still not well-known, and particularly protostellar disk and multiple stars -- which means stars that are gravitationaly bound -- formation. Numerical simulations are crucial to have a better insight of these processes. This work is divided in two main parts, dedicated to the study of the first phases of star formation. The first part presents the numerical simulations I performed during my thesis to investigate protostellar disks and multiple star system formation. When the magnetic intensity is strong enough, it could prevent both protostellar disks formation and fragmentation through an efficient angular momentum transport process. I first develop an analytical and numerical study to show the key role played by the geometry of the collapse on the angular momentum transport processes. When the rotation axis of the prestellar core and the magnetic field are misaligned, magnetic braking is less efficient and massive disks formation is restored. The influence of turbulence on magnetic diffusion, disk formation, fragmentation and outflows -- one of the most important tracers of star formation ­-- is then discussed. Turbulence is responsible for an efficient magnetic diffusion in the central regions of the collapsing core as well as for a misalignment between the rotation axis and the magnetic field. Magnetic braking is thus efficiently reduced, and both massive disks formation and fragmentation may happen. The second part is dedicated to synthetic observations performed from our numerical simulations. Three different types of synthetic observations were performed: column-density maps, spectral energy distributions and visibilities. Following a classic analysis performed in observational studies, these observations will be compared to analytical models to try to deduce disk properties., De par le rôle central que jouent les étoiles dans l'astrophysique moderne, la compréhension de leur formation est un des principaux enjeux actuels de la discipline. Les étoiles se forment dans les nuages de gaz du milieu interstellaire. Ce milieu est magnétisé et turbulent ; la formation des étoiles est ainsi un phénomène complexe, non-linéaire et multi-échelle. Dans ce contexte, les processus de formation stellaire, et en particulier la formation des disques protostellaires et des systèmes multiples -- c'est à dire d'étoiles liées gravitationnellement -- sont encore mal compris. Les simulations numériques sont donc essentielles pour permettre de faire progresser notre connaissance de ces phénomènes. Ce travail de thèse se divise en deux parties, dédiées à l'étude des phases précoces de la formation des étoiles. La première partie sera centrée sur les simulations numériques que j'ai réalisées durant ma thèse, pour étudier la formation des disques protostellaires et des systèmes multiples. Le champ magnétique, lorsqu'il est suffisamment intense, est à l'origine d'un transport efficace du moment cinétique, qui peut empêcher la formation des disques protostellaires et inhiber la fragmentation du cœur. Sera d'abord présentée une étude analytique et numérique montrant l'importance de la géométrie de l'effondrement sur le transport du moment cinétique. En effet, lorsque le champ magnétique et l'axe de rotation du cœur préstellaire ne sont pas alignés, le freinage magnétique se révèle moins efficace, pouvant permettre la formation des disques. L'influence de la turbulence sur la diffusion du champ magnétique, la formation des disques, la fragmentation et les flots bipolaires -- traceurs importants de la formation stellaire -- sera ensuite étudiée. La turbuence permet de diffuser efficacement le champ magnétique des régions internes du cœur en effondrement et provoque également un basculement de l'axe de rotation du cœur, ce qui réduit le freinage magnétique. Des disques massifs peuvent alors se former et fragmenter. La deuxième partie de ce manuscrit se concentrera sur des observations synthétiques réalisées à partir de nos simulations. Trois types d'observations synthétiques ont été réalisées : des cartes en densité de colonne, des distributions spectrales d'énergie ainsi que des amplitudes de visibilité. Ces observations seront comparées à des modèles analytiques, suivant une procédure habituellement utilisée dans les études observationnelles, afin de tenter d'en déduire les propriétés des disques.

Observations from near the Eureka station on Ellesmere Island, in the Canadian High Arctic at 80° North, benefit from 24-hour darkness combined with dark skies and long cloud-free periods during the winter. Our first astronomical surveys conducted at the site are aimed at transiting exoplanets; compared to mid-latitude sites, the continuous darkness during the Arctic winter greatly improves the survey's detection efficiency for longer-period transiting planets. We detail the design, construction, and testing of the first two instruments: a robotic telescope, and a set of very wide-field imaging cameras. The 0.5m Dunlap Institute Arctic Telescope has a 0.8-square-degree field of view and is designed to search for potentially habitable exoplanets around low-mass stars. The very wide field cameras have several-hundred-square-degree fields of view pointed at Polaris, are designed to search for transiting planets around bright stars, and were tested at the site in February 2012. Finally, we present a conceptual design for the Compound Arctic Telescope Survey (CATS), a multiplexed transient and transit search system which can produce a 10,000-square-degree snapshot image every few minutes throughout the Arctic winter. © 2012 SPIE., Ground-Based and Airborne Telescopes IV, July 1-6, 2012, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Series: Proceedings of SPIE; no. 8444

Observations have shown that continuous radio emission and also sporadic H-alpha and X-ray emission are prominent in singular, low-mass objects later than spectral class M. These activity signatures are interpreted as being caused by coupling of an ionised atmosphere to the stellar magnetic field. What remains a puzzle, however, is the mechanism by which such a cool atmosphere can produce the necessary level of ionisation. At these low temperatures, thermal gas processes are insufficient, but the formation of clouds sets in. Cloud particles can act as seeds for electron avalanches in streamers that ionise the ambient gas, and can lead to lightning and indirectly to magnetic field coupling, a combination of processes also expected for protoplanetary disks. However, the precondition is that the cloud particles are charged. We use results from Drift-Phoenix model atmospheres to investigate collisional processes. We show that ionisation by turbulence-induced dust-dust collisions is the most efficient kinetic process. Dust-dust collisions alone are not sufficient to improve the magnetic coupling of the atmosphere inside the cloud layers, but the charges supplied either on grains or within the gas phase as separated electrons can trigger secondary non-linear processes. Cosmic rays are likely to increase the global level of ionisation, but their influence decreases if a strong, large scale magnetic field is present as on Brown Dwarfs. We suggest that although thermal gas ionisation declines in objects across the fully-convective boundary, dust charging by collisional processes can play an important role in the lowest mass objects. The onset of atmospheric dust may therefore correlate with the anomalous X-ray and radio emission in atmospheres that are cool, but charged more than expected by pure thermal ionisation., accepted for publication in ApJ

We report on the discovery of new members of nearby young moving groups, exploiting the full power of combining the Radial Velocity Experiment (RAVE) survey with several stellar age diagnostic methods and follow-up high-resolution optical spectroscopy. The results include the identification of one new and five likely members of the βPictoris moving group, ranging from spectral types F9 to M4 with the majority being M dwarfs, one K7 likely member of the εCha group and two stars in the Tucana-Horologium association. Based on the positive identifications, we foreshadow a great potential of the RAVE data base in progressing towards a full census of young moving groups in the solar neighbourhood. © 2010 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2010 RAS.

Formées lors de l’effondrement gravitationnel d’un nuage de gaz moléculaire, les étoiles naissantes auront différentes masses variant entre 0.08 et environ 100M . La majorité de la population stellaire de la Galaxie est constituée d’étoiles dont la masse est inférieure à environ 0.6 M . Le dernier évènement de formation stellaire dans le voisinage solaire s’est produit dans la bulle locale il y a au plus 100 millions d’années, vraisemblablement provoqué par le passage d’une onde de choc dans le bras local de la Galaxie. C’est ainsi que se formèrent de jeunes associations d’étoiles dont les membres se caractérisent en particulier par une vitesse spatiale et une position commune dans la Galaxie. Les associations jeunes étant peu densément peuplées et relativement proches du Soleil, leurs membres se font plutôt rares et dispersés sur toute la voûte céleste. Jusqu’à présent, surtout les étoiles les plus massives (brillantes) ont été répertoriées. Les étoiles jeunes de faible masse, constituant la majorité de la population, restent pour la plupart à être identifiées. Les étoiles jeunes de faible masse représentent une population clef pour contraindre les modèles évolutifs des étoiles M et des naines brunes. Elles sont également d’excellentes candidates pour chercher des exoplanètes via les techniques d’imagerie directe. Ce mémoire présente une nouvelle méthode utilisant un modèle cinématique enrichi d’une analyse statistique Bayesienne pour identifier des étoiles jeunes de faible masse dans les associations beta Pictoris, Tucana-Horologium et AB Doradus. À partir d’un échantillon de 1080 étoiles K et M, toutes comportant des indicateurs de jeunesse tels l’émission Halpha et une forte luminosité dans les rayons X, leurs propriétés cinématiques (mouvement propre) et photométriques sont analysées pour en extraire 98 candidates hautement probables membres d’une des trois associations. Une confirmation de leur statut comme membre nécessitera en particulier une mesure de leur vitesse radiale (prédit par notre analyse) et une mesure de la largeur équivalente du lithium à 6708 Å pour mieux contraindre leur âge., The gravitational collapse of a molecular gas cloud produces the incipient stars with various masses between 0.08 and approximately 100 M . The majority of the stellar galactic population is made up of stars with masses lower than approximately 0.6 M . The last event of stellar formation in the solar neighborhood happened in the local bubble no more than 100 million of years ago, probably caused by the propagation of a shock wave in the galactic local arm. This is how young associations, also called moving groups were formed. Their members are characterized by a common velocity and position within the Galaxy. Young associations, being sparsely populated and relatively close to the Sun, their members are found all over the sky. So far, only the most massive members (luminous ones) have been identified. Young low-mass stars, comprising the majority of the population, remain to be identified. Those stars are expected to be excellent candidates to find exoplanets through direct imaging techniques, while also forming a key population to constrain M stars and brown dwarfs evolutionnary models. This master thesis presents a new method using a kinematical model coupled with a Bayesian statistic analysis to identify young low-mass stars in the beta Pictoris, Tucana- Horologium and AB Doradus associations. Using a sample of 1080 K and M stars, all showing youth indicators such as Halpha emission and X-rays luminosity, their photometric and kinematic properties (proper motion) are analyzed to extract 98 highly probable members distributed over the three associations. Status confirmation as members will require measurement of their radial velocity (predicted by our analysis) and the lithium at 6708 Å equivalent widths to better constrain their age.