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This study investigates the AD574, a 12-bit analog/digital converter (ADC) produced by American Analog Devices, Inc. (ADI) using bipolar/I2L technology. The test samples are subjected to a total ionizing dose (TID) of 400 Gy(Si) under 60Co γ irradiation. The samples with and without the TID are then subjected to a single-event upset (SEU) test, and the upset times of the output codes under the input signal conditions of 0 V, 1 V, and 2.5 V are obtained. The test results indicate that, after accumulating a total dose of 400 Gy(Si), the upset of the AD574 output code shifts toward the right of the center code value, resulting in a change in the upset times. Furthermore, the mechanism of the TID-SEU synergistic effect for the AD574 is preliminarily analyzed; it is believed that this phenomenon is related to the sensitivity of the ADC internal comparator single-event transient (SET). The amplitude and width of the SET pulse of the comparator with the TID increase significantly; this causes a change in the AD574 output code value upset distribution and the number of upset times. This study on the TID-SEU synergistic effect serves as a useful reference for aerospace components with radiation hardness.

The energetic properties of ternary Zr–Nb–Sn Zirconium-based alloy with concentration of dissolved alloying elements ∼1.5% are studied by using density functional theory. The possibility of alloying additions separated by different distances to dissolve/segregate in a host matrix is analyzed with the help of mixing energy and solute–solute binding energy. The ability of solutes to trap single vacancy is discussed by studying formation energy of a vacancy, located on a different distances from both solute atoms and the corresponding solute–solute–vacancy binding. This study provides an insight into the details of vacancy energetics in Zirconium-based alloys exploited in nuclear-power plants.

Objective To investigate MBNL3 expression and its effect on malignant biology behavior of pancreatic cancer cells. Methods Fifty paraffin samples of pancreas cancer excised during surgery in Peking Union Medical College Hospital from 2017 to 2020 were collected. Immunohistochemistry was conducted to explore expression of MBNL3. Pancreatic cancer cells were treated with MBNL3 knocked down or over-expressed by transfection. The proliferation and invasion or migration in different pancreas cells were examined respectively by real time cellular analysis and Transwell assay. The colony formation in different pancreas cells were examined by plate colony forming test. The MBNL3 expression in cell lines was analyzed by Western blot. Results Overall staining score of MBNL3 in pancreatic cancer tissues was 5.0±2.7, significantly higher than that of adjacent tissues(2.1±0.6)(P＜0.05). Cell proliferation experiment showed that 72 h after transfection, MBNL3 knockdown groups grew slower than control group in pancreatic cancer cells, whereas MBNL3 over-expressed groups grew faster than control group. Transwell assay showed that 10 h after transfection, invasion and migration of MBNL3 knockdown groups were weaker than control groups in pancreatic cancer cells (P＜0.05),meanwhile MBNL3 over-expressed groups were stronger than control groups in pancreaticcancer cells (P＜0.05). Colony forming experiments showed that colony formation number of MBNL3 knockdown groups were less than control groups in pancreatic cancer cells (P＜0.05), and the same of MBNL3 over-expressed groups were more than control group in pancreatic cancer cells(P＜0.05). Conclusions MBNL3 is highly expressed in pancreatic cancer tissue, which might take part in regulating the proliferation, invasion and migration of pancreatic cancer cells.

The development of efficient heterogeneous catalytic system to convert plentiful biomass to renewable bio-chemicals is urgent need. Titanate nanotubes-based materials obtained from hydrothermal treatment have been reported as low-cost and efficient catalytic materials in chemical syntheses for bio-based chemicals production with interesting catalytic performance. This mini-review expressly revealed the significance and potential of using titanate nanotubes based material as sustainable and environmentally benign solid catalysts/supports for synthesis of various bio-based chemicals, including glycerol-derived solketal, jet fuel range alkanes precursors, biomass-derived esters, aldehydes, aromatic compounds and so on. From the current knowledge on titanate nanotubes-based material via hydrothermal method here summarized, the future lines of research in the field of catalysis/supports for bio-based chemicals production are outlined.

The titania nanotubes-bonded sulfamic acid (TNTs-NHSO3H) catalyst was designed and successfully fabricated by the post-synthesis modification method. The as-prepared catalyst was characterized by a variety of characterization techniques, including Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, and thermogravimetry-differential thermal gravimetry (TG-DTG). The crystal structure of the TNTs still maintained during the modification process. Although the BET surface area was decreased, the amount of Brønsted acid sites can be efficiently fabricated on the TNTs. The catalytic activity of TNTs-NHSO3H was examined for the synthesis of n-butyl levulinate (BL) from levulinic acid (LA) and furfuryl alcohol (FA). A relatively high selectivity (99.6%) at 99.3% LA conversion was achieved for esterification of levulinic acid owing to the strong Brønsted acidity sites. And also, the TNTs-NHSO3H catalyst exhibited a higher reactivity for alcoholysis of FA and the yield of BL reached 90.4% with 100% FA conversion was obtained under the mild conditions.

Rationale: Adenomyosis is a disease in which the endometrial tissues (glands and stroma) extend into the myometrium. It usually occurs in parous women aged 35 to 50 years old. The common symptoms include secondary severe dysmenorrhea and menorrhagia. Hemoperitoneum is extremely rare and easily overlooked. Patient concerns: A 46-year-old woman had adenomyosis and hemoperitoneum caused by bleeding of adenomyosis. Diagnoses: Adenomyosis and hemoperitoneum. Interventions: Hysterectomy with unilateral adnexectomy and subcutaneous injection of GnRH-α every 28 days for 3 times. Outcomes: The patient recovered well after the operation and was asymptomatic for 3 months after the operation. Lessons: We reported a case of adenomyosis in a parous woman. This patient received surgery because hemoperitoneum caused by bleeding of adnomyosis. It was important to timely diagnose and treat.

Currently, positive channel metal oxide semiconductor (PMOS) dosimeters used in China have low sensitivity; to solve this problem, this study aimed to improve the circuit of the PMOS dosimeter probe through detailed investigation of the circuit principles. A probe circuit was hence developed for the differential working mode, and a 60Co γ radiation source was used to perform irradiation tests on commonly used probes in China. The results showed that the radiation response of the developed probe circuit in the differential working mode was linear and consistent with that of the constant current injection mode. Additionally, the sensitivity of the probe in the differential mode was four times that of the constant current injection mode, which was a considerable improvement.

Abstract Tenofovir and entecavir are currently designated as the preferred oral antiviral drugs for chronic hepatitis B. However, only less than 40% of patients can achieve HBeAg seroconversion. We aim at investigating the role of intestinal microbiome in HBeAg seroconversion induced by oral antiviral therapy and describe multi-omics characteristics of HBeAg seroconversion associated intestinal flora. In this study, we prospectively collected fecal samples at baseline from the patients with HBeAg positive chronic hepatitis B who would have oral antiviral therapy. 16S rDNA sequencing and metabolomics were performed. We identified HBeAg seroconversion-related microbial signature and constructed prediction model for HBeAg seroconversion. Thirty-seven of these subjects achieved HBeAg seroconversion within 156 weeks after the initiation of oral antiviral therapy, while 41 subjects remained HBeAg positive even after over 156 weeks of therapy. A computational statistical and machine learning approach allowed us to identify a microbial signature for HBeAg seroconversion. Using random forest method, we further constructed a classifier based on the microbial signature, with area under curve being 0.749 for the test set. Patients who achieved HBeAg seroconversion tended to have lower abundance of certain fecal metabolites such as essential amino acids, and several dipeptides. By analyzing the fecal microbiota from the patients with and without HBeAg seroconversion, we showed intestinal microbiome play a critical role in HBeAg seroconversion induced by oral antiviral therapy. We also identified intestinal microbial signature that is associated with HBeAg seroconversion after oral antiviral therapy.

Microplastics (MPs) (microscopic plastic particles) are defined as plastic fragments in the range of 1 to 5 mm. They are invisible and usually too small to be seen by humans but pollution by MPs has become an issue due to the rising use of plastic products. Pollution of microscopic plastics has gained international attention in recent years and has become an important issue in the field of environmental protection, food safety, and human health. Numerous studies have reported that MPs have the potential for causing detrimental effects in various species. The focus of this mini review was on LC-MS-based metabolomics research into this issue by targeted and untargeted approaches. We also summarized biomarkers for assessing toxicity in land and aquatic species that are induced by MPs with different sizes and shapes, type of monomer, and the dose. Based on previous research results, MPs have the potential for affecting energy metabolism and the immune system, chronic inflammation, and neurotransmitter disorders in a wide variety of species. These biomarkers discovered by metabolomics are consistent with other methods, showing the reliability of LC-MS-based metabolomics. Further research is highly anticipated to explore other toxicity effects that are induced by MPs.

Objective To investigate the infection of Helicobacter pylori (Hp) and its resistance to six kinds of antibiotics in Shenzhen. Methods Urease test and Hp cultivation were performed in 5 080 patients with gastrointestinal discomfort in three hospitals in Shenzhen, and antibiotic sensitivity test of agar dilution was performed. Results Among the 5 080 patients, a total of 3 203 patients were Hp positive, with a positive rate of 63.05%. The resistance rate of 3 203 Hp strains to antibiotics was metronidazole (MNZ)(99.6%),amoxicillin(AMX)(30.5%),clarithromycin(CAM)(10.6%), doxycycline (DOX) (0.3%), furazolidone(FR) (0.2%), and levofloxacin(LVX) (0.1%). The rates of total sensitivity to Hp was 0.18%, single drug resistance, double and multiple drug resistance were 62.06%, 33.94% and 3.81%, respectively. MNZ and AMX had the highest double drug resistance (26.69%), while MNZ, CAM and AMX had the highest triple drug resistance (3.68%). The age ≤40 years seems to be a factor for single antibiotic resistance, while the age ＞40 years is a risk factor for double antibiotic resistance of Hp strain. Gender is an influence factor of Hp strain on CAM and single and double antibiotic resistance. Conclusions Hp has a high infection rate and high resistance to MNZ, followed by AMX and CAM.

Summary: The accumulation of misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) induces the unfolded protein response (UPR), which acts through various mechanisms to reduce ER stress. While the UPR has been well studied for its effects on the ER, its impact on the Golgi is less understood. The Golgi complex receives transport vesicles from the endosome through two types of tethering factors: long coiled-coil golgin and the multisubunit Golgi-associated retrograde protein (GARP) complex. Here, we report that ER stress increases the phosphorylation of golgin Imh1 to maintain the GARP-mediated recycling of the SNAREs Snc1 and Tlg1. We also identify a specific function of the Golgi affected by ER stress and elucidate a homeostatic response to restore this function, which involves both an Ire1-dependent and a MAP kinase Slt2/ERK2-dependent mechanism. Furthermore, our findings advance a general understanding of how two different types of tethers act cooperatively to mediate a transport pathway.

The hydroxyapatite (HA) coating on carbon/carbon (C/C) is reasonable and feasible to obtain bone graft materials with appropriate mechanical and biological properties. However, improvement of the physical and chemical properties of HA-C/C composites to promote bone regeneration and healing remains a challenge. In our present study, the HA coatings on C/C with magnesium (Mg) (Mg-HA-C/C) composites were synthesized that Ca (NO3)2, Mg (NO3)2, and NH4H2PO4 were mixed and coatings were made by electromagnetic induction deposition’s heating. As determined with in vitro experiments, Mg-HA-C/C composites containing 10 and 20% Mg decreased miR-16 levels, increased cell viability, elevated the levels of osteogenesis-related genes, and promoted osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) seeded on their surfaces. In a rat model of skull defects, compared to the control group, at 4 and 12 weeks after the operation, the bone volume fraction (BV/TV) of Mg-HA-C/C composite group was increased by 8.439 ± 2.681% and 23.837 ± 7.845%, as well as the trabecular thickness (Tb.Th) was 56.247 ± 24.238 μm and 114.911 ± 34.015 μm more. These composites also increased the levels of ALP and RUNX2 in skull. The Mg-HA-C/C composite-enhanced bone regeneration and healing were blocked by in situ injection of an miR-16 mimic lentivirus vector. Thus, Mg-HA-C/C composites promote osteogenic differentiation and repair bone defects through inhibiting miR-16.

Objectives: Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) are a major public-health threat. The most important mechanism of carbapenem resistance in CRE is carbapenemase production. Early identification of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) leads to improved clinical outcomes. This systematic review aimed to assess the accuracy and applicability of the modified Hodge test (MHT), the carbapenemase Nordmann–Poirel (Carba NP) test, the modified carbapenem inactivation method (mCIM) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/MS) for CPE detection. Methods: The meta-analysis included pooled sensitivity, specificity, diagnostic odds ratio, and summary receiver operating characteristic (SROC) curve and area under the curve (AUC). Results: A total of 67 studies were included in the analysis. Pooled effect sizes (95% confidence interval) of the MHT, Carba NP, mCIM and MALDI-TOF/MS, respectively, were as follows: sensitivity, 92% (87–95%), 97% (94–98%), 99% (99–100%) and 99% (96–100%); specificity, 93% (86–97%), 100% (99–100%), 99% (96–100%) and 99% (96–100%); diagnostic odds ratio, 98.156 (48.175–199.995), 1277.710 (751.391–2172.692), 3597.352 (1287.575–10000) and 1781.360 (651.827–4868.228); and AUC, 0.97, 1, 1 and 1. Conclusion: Carba NP, mCIM and MALDI-TOF/MS all demonstrated high accuracy in CPE detection, whereas the MHT is not recommended owing to some clear drawbacks. We recommend the selection of carbapenemase detection tests in the order of mCIM, Carba NP and MALDI-TOF/MS according to their simplicity, cost, and equipment and skills involved.

Abstract Background Ginkgolide B (GKB) is a major active component of the extracts of Ginkgo biloba leaves, and it has been used as an anti-cancer agent. However, it is unknown whether GKB has the therapeutic effects on lung cancer. Here, we studied the effects of GKB on lung cancer cells. Methods The effects of GKB on lung cancer cell proliferation and invasion were analyzed by cell counting kit (CCK-8) and cell invasion assays, respectively. Apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry. Western blot analysis was used to confirm the expression of autophagy-associated proteins in GKB-treated cells. Immunofluorescence analysis was used to analyze the level of light chain 3B (LC3B). Results Treatment with GKB time-dependently inhibited the proliferation and decreased the invasive capacity of A549 and H1975 cells. GKB induced apoptosis of these cells, but there was no significant effect on apoptosis compared to the control treatment. GKB-induced inhibition of cell proliferation and GKB-induced cell death were due to autophagy rather than apoptosis. GKB-induced autophagy of lung cancer cells was dependent on beclin-1, and autophagy-induced inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome contributed to the anti-tumor effect of GKB. Conclusions GKB-mediated autophagy of lung cancer cells is beclin-1-dependent and results in inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Therefore, GKB might be a potential therapeutic candidate for the treatment of lung cancer.

Objective To investigate the effect on the radiosensitivity enhancement of hepatocellular carcinoma cells by targeting SIRT1 with miR-150-5p. Methods The establishment of radioresistant cell strain RR-HepG2 was induced by fractional incremental radiotherapy. RT-qPCR was used to detect the expression of miR-150-5p in HepG2 and RR-HepG2 at different radiation doses. Cell cloning assay was used to detect the radiosensitivity of the two groups cell at the same radiation dose. Flow cytometry and Western blot were used to detect the effect of over-expression of miR-150-5p on apoptosis of HepG2 cells. Double luciferase assay was used to detect the association between miR-150-5p and SIRT1.Cell cloning and Western blot were used to detect the changes of radiosensitivity and apoptotic protein after over-expression of SIRT1. Results The expression of miR-150-5p in RR-HepG2 group decreased significantly with the same radiation dose(P＜0.05). The survival fraction and sensitivity of cells in agomiR-150-5p group decreased significantly(P＜0.05), the expression of Bax and caspase-9 increased significantly, the expression of Bcl-2 decreased significantly, and the apoptotic rate was significantly increased. The wild type (WT)agomiR-150-5p luciferase activity decreased significantly and SIRT1 protein level decreased significantly(P＜0.05); wild type (WT)anta-agomiR-150-5p luciferase activity increased significantly and SIRT1 protein level increased significantly (P＜0.05); WT-anta-agomiR-150-5p luciferase activity increased significantly and SIRT1 protein level increased significantly (P＜0.05). The survival fraction of cells in the agomiR-150-5p group decreased significantly, the expression of Bax and caspase-9 increased significantly, and the expression of Bcl-2 decreased significantly(P＜0.05). The survival fraction of cells in the agomiR-150-5p+SIRT1 group increased significantly, the expression levels of Bax and caspase-9 decreased significantly, and the expression of Bcl-2 increased significantly(P＜0.05). Conclusions The down-regulation of SIRT1 expression by miR-150-5p improves the radiosensitivity of hepatocellular carcinoma cells and provides a potential target for clinical radiotherapy of hepatocellular carcinoma.

Levulinic esters, synthesized by the esterification of biomass-derived levulinic acid with various alcohols, is an important chemical that plays an essential role in the fields of biomass fuel additives, organic synthesis, and high value-added products. In the present work, the catalytic esterification of levulinic acid with n-butyl alcohol was selected as a typical model reaction to investigate the catalytic performance of an inexpensive commercial catalyst, titanium oxide nanoparticles. The influences of reaction time, reaction temperature, and catalyst loading on the conversion of levulinic acid to n-butyl levulinate were systematically examined through single-factor experiments. Additionally, the optimization of the reaction conditions was further investigated by a Box–Behnken design in response to the surface methodology. The desired product, n-butyl levulinate, with a good yield (77.6%) was achieved under the optimal conditions (reaction time of 8 h, reaction temperature of 120 °C, and catalyst dosage of 8.6 wt.%) when using titanium oxide nanoparticles as catalysts. Furthermore, it was found that addition of water to the catalytic system facilitated the reaction process, to some extent. This study reveals that the nanosized TiO2 material, as an efficient solid acid catalyst, had good catalytic performance and stability for the esterification of levulinic acid after six consecutive uses.

We developed a fast (2 = 0.99) and the limit of detection (LOD) achieved was 2.75 × 104 TCID50/mL, which is superior to that obtained using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). By using an enhancement method called fiber optic nanogold-linked immunosorbent assay (FONLISA), the LOD can be further improved to 50/mL, which is comparable to that found by the conventional qPCR method. Employing the larvae homogenate samples of NNV-infected grouper, the results obtained by the FOPPR biosensor agree with those obtained by the quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) method. We also examined pond water samples from an infected container in an indoor aquaculture facility. The lowest detectable level of NNV coat protein was found to be 0.17 μg/mL, which is one order lower than the LOD reported by ELISA. Therefore, we demonstrated the potential of the FOPPR biosensor as an outbreak surveillance tool, which is able to give warning indication even when the trend of larvae death toll increment is still not clear.

Background: A risk assessment of in-stent restenosis (ISR) patients is critical for providing adequate treatment. Nevertheless, the prognostic value of high-sensitivity CRP (hs-CRP) levels on ISR has not been consistently demonstrated in clinical studies. In the current meta-analysis, we aim to assess the predictive role of hs-CRP in patients treated with stenting. Methods: We searched PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and the Cochrane Registry through May 2022. We selected random control trials that compared the effects of different interventions, and that revealed the effects of hs-CRP. Two reviewers independently screened the articles, extracted the data, and assessed the quality of the studies according to the PRISMA guidelines (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses). The data were pooled using a random-effects meta-analysis. Results: Nine articles were included in the meta-analysis. A total of 1.049 patients received stent implantation, and 185 ISR events were recorded during the 1–12-month follow-up period. Baseline hs-CRP levels were not associated with the prediction of ISR among patients receiving stent implantation. The OR of hs-CRP for ISR was 1.81 (0.92–2.69). In the subgroup analysis, 6–12-month hs-CRP levels, diabetes mellitus (DM), and age ≥60(years)were associated with a higher risk of ISR. Conclusions: This meta-analysis shows that higher levels of baseline hs-CRP are not associated with an increased risk of ISR in stented patients. However, an increased risk of ISR was associated with hs-CRP levels at 6 to 12 months of follow-up, which is higher in studies with diabetes mellitus patients and the elderly.

(1) Background: Strains HL1 and M1, isolated from kefir grains, have been tentatively identified, based on their partial 16S rRNA gene sequences, as Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens. The two strains demonstrated different health benefits. Therefore, not only the genetic factors exerting diverse functionalities in different L. kefiranofaciens strains, but also the potential niche-specific genes and pathways among the L. kefiranofaciens strains, should be identified. (2) Methods: Phenotypic and genotypic approaches were employed to identify strains HL1 and M1 at the subspecies level. For the further characterization of the probiotic properties of both strains, comparative genomic analyses were used. (3) Results: Both strains were identified as L. kefiranofaciens subsp. kefirgranum. According to the COG function category, dTDP-rhamnose and rhamnose-containing glycans were specifically detected in the L. kefiranofaciens subsp. Kefirgranum genomes. Three unique genes (epsI, epsJ, and epsK) encoding glycosyltransferase in the EPS gene cluster, and the ImpB/MucB/SamB family protein encoding gene were found in HL1 and M1. The specific ability to degrade arginine via the ADI pathway was found in HL1. The presence of the complete glycogen metabolism (glg) operon in the L. kefiranofaciens strains suggested the importance of glycogen synthesis to enable colonization in kefir grains and extend survival under environmental stresses. (4) Conclusions: The obtained novel information on the potential genes and pathways for polysaccharide synthesis and other functionalities in our HL1 and M1 strains could be applied for further functionality predictions for potential probiotic screening.

Environmental exposure to arsenic can cause a variety of health problems. Epidemiological and experimental studies have established a diabetogenic role for arsenic, but the mechanisms responsible for arsenic-induced impairment of insulin action are unclear. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in various metabolic disorders, particularly in the development of insulin resistance. The present study investigated whether arsenite, an active form of arsenic, induces hepatic insulin resistance and the mechanisms underlying it. After male C57BL/6J mice were exposed to arsenite (0 or 20 ppm) in drinking water for 12 months, intraperitoneal glucose tolerance tests (IPGTTs) and insulin tolerance tests (ITTs) revealed an arsenite-induced glucose metabolism disorder. Hepatic glycogen levels were lower in arsenite-exposed mice. Further, for livers of mice exposed to arsenite, miR-191 levels were higher, and protein levels of insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1), p-IRS1, and phospho-protein kinase B (p-AKT) were lower. Further, glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) had lower levels on the plasma membrane. For insulin-treated L-02 cells, arsenite decreased glucose consumption and glycogen levels, increased miR-191 levels, and inhibited the IRS1/AKT pathway and the translocation of GLUT4 from the cytoplasm to the plasma membrane. For insulin-treated L-02 cells, the decreases of glucose consumption, glycogen levels, GLUT4 on the plasma membrane, and p-AKT levels induced by arsenite were reversed by SC79 (agonist of AKT) and an miR-191 inhibitor; these effects caused by miR-191 inhibitor were restored by IRS1 siRNA. In insulin-treated L-02 cells, miR-191, via IRS1, was involved in the arsenite-induced decreases of glucose consumption and glycogen levels and in inhibition of the translocation of GLUT4. Thus, miR-191 blocking the translocation of GLUT4 was involved in arsenite-induced hepatic insulin resistance through inhibiting the IRS1/AKT pathway. Our study reveals a mechanism for arsenite-induced hepatic insulin resistance, which provides clues for discovering biomarkers for the development of type 2 diabetes and for prevention and treatment of arsenic poisoning.

Localized micro/nano-electroporation (MEP/NEP) shows tremendous potential in cell transfection with high cell viability, precise dose control, and good transfection efficacy. In MEP/NEP, micro or nanochannels are used to tailor the electric field distribution. Cells are positioned tightly by a micron or nanochannel, and the cargoes are delivered into the cell via the channel by electrophoresis (EP). Such confined geometries with micro and nanochannels are also widely used in sorting, isolation, and condensing of biomolecules and cells. Theoretical studies on the electrokinetic phenomena in these applications have been well established. However, for MEP/NEP applications, electrokinetic phenomena and their impact on the cell transfection efficiency and cell survival rate have not been studied comprehensively. In this work, we reveal the coupling between electric field, Joule heating, electroosmosis (EO), and EP in MEP/NEP at different channel sizes. A microfluidic biochip is used to investigate the electrokinetic phenomena in MEP/NEP on a single cell level. Bubble formation is observed at a threshold voltage due to Joule heating. The bubble is pushed to the cargo side due to EO and grows at the outlet of the nanochannel. As the voltage increases, the cargo transport efficiency decreases due to more intense EO, particularly for plasmid DNAs (3.5 kbp) with a low EP mobility. An 'electroporation zone' is defined for NEP/MEP systems with different channel sizes to avoid bubble formation and excessive EO velocity that may reduce the cargo delivery efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]