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It is emphasized that the formulation developed by Liu by taking into account the variation of the Anderson–Gruneisen parameter with volume for the temperature dependence of thermal expansivity is not consistent with the earlier studies performed by Anderson and coworkers. The results obtained from the Liu formulation do not present any improvement over the Anderson model which is based on the constant value of the Anderson–Gruneisen parameter independent of temperature for a given material.

In the present research the Mathematical Modeling & Simulation of Chaff Cutter Energized by Human Powered Flywheel Motar has been studied. The machine system consists of a Human Powered Flywheel Motor as energy source. This source comprises of a Bicycle-drive mechanism with speed increasing gearing and a Flywheel. This energy source energizes the process unit through a spiral jaw clutch and torque-amplification gearing. The operator pumps human energy to the flywheel at a convenient input power level for about one minute. After enough energy is stored, pedaling is stopped and the energy in the flywheel is made available to the process unit by engaging the spiral jaw clutch[1].

Day to day technological changes and growing environmental issues on the globe enhanced the requirement for some idea to solve the problems associated with the changes. Sustainable Manufacturing is the answer for this in manufacturing industries. So this article based on finding the leading factors called Performance Variables or the driver and barriers for the sustainable manufacturing in Indian manufacturing industries through survey technique. For this a questionnaire is sent online to 832 industry people and out of which 448 final responses are treated for the data analysis purposes in descriptive statistics on SPSS 16.0.The results received are highly reliable.

Lignocelluloses are the most inexhaustible natural compounds in the biosphere, representing around half of the biomass on the planet, with a yearly generation of 10–50 × 109 tons. They are produced as by-products in rural and ranger service from the foods grown, which in turn causes the accumulation of these squanders. This biomass, as squanders, is collected in substantial amounts each year, causing several environmental issue and loss of possibly significant assets. A huge commitment could be made by reusing and preserving this huge amount of biomass. The lignocellulosic biomass is mainly composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin which can be used for variety of purposes like in mash and paper businesses, the creation of fuel liquor and chemicals, protein for nourishment, textile industry, etc., thereby encouraging its utilization. The current modern action of lignocellulosic biomass maturation is restricted, basically in view of the trouble in financial bioconversion of these materials to esteem included items. A cheap way for its bioconversion is the cultivation of mushroom on these lignocelluloses material as they are rich source of nutrients, which provide mushrooms with nutrients and nourishment. The extracellular and intracellular enzymes of mushroom help in degrading wastes into easily digestible wastes, thereby making full use of the resources.

This paper discusses the design and simulation of cantilever beams for mechanical vibration power. On this paper an optimal power output is configured in a biomorphic cantilever beam configuration for the single piezoelectric substances. The structure of the beam modeled in COMSOL 5.1. The LZT (PZT-5A) material used and the size taken as 21x0.14mm in case of active bimorph layers and in case of structural steel the size taken as 21x0.16mm. This cantilever structure produces a max. power of 1mw, and 5.39V at a resistive load of 12k at resonating frequency of 75.5 Hz with an acceleration of 1 g (g = 9.81 m /s2). In the area of the MEMS sensors and WiFi networks, this power harvesting machine can be used for many purposes.

The purpose of this research paper is to present the importance of DOE methodology to improve the quality of ball bearing.As per the survey currently faces the main problem in automobile are noise and vibration it happens mainly in 2 wheelers, but noise is the most common complaint in ball bearings. The noise has directly affected the production and manufacturing of ball bearing and it is not good for any ball bearing industry. The noise is majorly depend on various factors like damage faced, bad surface finish and extra overload, improper assembly, unskilled drivers, etc.Therefore, it is very important to reduce the noise for betterment of quality and bearing life.The paper has done an analysis of mathematical model preparation by using different process optimization of ball bearing. The main aim of this paper is to explain the methodology of DOE used in reducing the noise of ball bearing.The Cause and Effect diagram, using data of bearing company easy introduction of 7 Quality Control tools and to improve the quality level of manufacturing processes of ball bearing, this paper is based on real experimental values done on Bearing name-ball bearing (6205).

The remarkable progress made in genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and microarray gene expression methods has led to exponential rise in the amount of biological data available to scientific community. This huge raw data requires storage, annotation, accurate analysis, and visualization. Hence, there is a growing demand to develop diverse computational databases, which can submit, store, edit, and update the large-scale data. In this context, the rapid emergence of computational informatics has greatly assisted us in developing databases which deal with heterogeneous data covering molecular sequence, structure, localization, and biological relevance. Moreover, computational databases also allow the user to execute custom queries and provide integrated views and evaluation of distinct kinds of datasets. In this chapter we brief about protein identification database and some other important biological databases and their classification into different categories.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a cancer which occurs in liver and severity of this cancer makes it the sixth most prevalent cancer and second leading cause of death among all cancers. The load of hepatitis-B virus (HBV) in serum is one of the important risk factors for the HCC. Several other factors also contribute to the HBV associated malignant hepatoma (HCC) i.e. HBV mutation, integration and condition of the host. Transformation of the liver to HBV-associated HCC usually accompanies long-run symptoms i.e. inflammation and cirrhosis of the liver and infective agent load could be a vigorous prognosticator for each incidence and progression of this carcinoma. One of the prominent factors i.e. HBV X supermolecule (HBx) interferes with many signal pathways that are related to the proliferation and apoptosis of hepatic cells. Besides, HBx C-terminal truncation is also responsible for HCC. Longtime HBV infection causes risk of HCC; thus most of the study related to HBV (85%) is limited to HBV endemic regions. In this review, we have outlined the molecular mechanisms that come from other than HBV endemic places which can be innovative approaches to treat HCC.

The early Paleogene (56–48 Myr) provides valuable information about the Earth’s climate system in an equilibrium high $$p_{{\rm{CO}}_2}$$ world. High ocean temperatures have been reconstructed for this greenhouse period, but land temperature estimates have been cooler than expected. This mismatch between marine and terrestrial temperatures has been difficult to reconcile. Here we present terrestrial temperature estimates from a newly calibrated branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether-based palaeothermometer in ancient lignites (fossilized peat). Our results suggest early Palaeogene mid-latitude mean annual air temperatures of 23–29 °C (with an uncertainty of ± 4.7 °C), 5–10 °C higher than most previous estimates. The identification of archaeal biomarkers in these same lignites, previously observed only in thermophiles and hyperthermophilic settings, support these high temperature estimates. These mid-latitude terrestrial temperature estimates are consistent with reconstructed ocean temperatures and indicate that the terrestrial realm was much warmer during the early Palaeogene than previously thought. Mean annual temperatures in the mid-latitudes were between 23 and 29 °C during the early Palaeogene, a peat-based temperature record suggests.

The clinical manifestation in sickle cell disease (SCD) patients varies from one individual to another due to factors like the presence of alpha-thalassaemia mutation, foetal haemoglobin, and β-globin gene haplotype. The present study enumerates the clinical profile of sickle cell anaemia patients from Central India.Seven hundred seventy-six SCD patients from Jabalpur and surrounding districts (Madhya Pradesh) in central India were registered with the sickle cell clinic of NIRTH, Jabalpur. The present study reveals recorded signs and symptoms of genetically confirmed sickle cell anaemia (404) and sickle beta thalassaemia (92) patients.Majority of the patients were from scheduled caste communities (47.9%) and Gond tribal community (13.8%). Splenomegaly was the most common clinical manifestation observed (71.4%). Overall, 63.5% patients had a history of blood transfusion. The most frequent signs and symptoms observed were Pallor, Icterus, Joint pain, Fever, and Fatigue. Majority of the patients revealed onset of disease prior to attaining the age of 3 years (sickle cell anaemia 44.3% and sickle beta thalassaemia 35.9%). Mean haemoglobin levels among SCA individuals were marginally higher than SBT patients. On the other hand, mean foetal haemoglobin levels among SBT individuals showed the reverse trend. Notably, the present study reports the first incidence of priapism recorded in Central India.The study revealed a high prevalence of SCD among scheduled caste, backward caste, and tribal communities. Dissemination of study findings, screening, pre-marriage counselling, and pre-natal diagnosis are fundamental to preventing or lowering of birth of sickle cell anaemia children in the affected populations.

Following the discovery of cell penetrant pyridine-4-carboxylate inhibitors of the KDM4 (JMJD2) and KDM5 (JARID1) families of histone lysine demethylases (e.g., 1), further optimization led to the identification of non-carboxylate inhibitors derived from pyrido[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-one. A number of exemplars such as compound 41 possess interesting activity profiles in KDM4C and KDM5C biochemical and target-specific, cellular mechanistic assays.

Coal samples from Tarakan basin of East Kalimantan, Indonesia are analyzed for selected major and trace elements and significance of the relationships established among them. They contain high concentrations of Ca, Fe, Mn, Na, K, Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, and Zn as compared to Clark’s values for upper continental crust and bituminous coals. The correlation matrix among them indicates a positive relation of Cr, Fe, Mn, Na, K, and total sulphur with inorganic matter. This indicates their derivation from a detrital source. However, Ni and Ca have shown a strong affinity with organic matter.

The present paper contains the result of investigation carried out on selected trace elements in the less studied lignite deposits of Rajasthan, Western India. The study has been made on two new lignite deposits–Barsingsar and Gurha. The former has elevated ash content (mean 20.8%) than the latter one (mean 5.1%) and both of them have high volatile matter (mean 43.7% and 49.9% respectively). The lignite samples have been studied for selected elements like Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, K, Na, Cu, Co, Ni, Cr, Zn, Pb, Cd and As. The elements like Cd, Co, Ni, Pb and Cu occur in high concentration when compared to the Clarke values for brown coal. Ca and Mg relate positively with organic matter in Barsingsar lignite indicating their organic source while K, Cu, Co, Pb and Cd indicate their inorganic origin. Ca might have come in contact with the organic matter during humification and would have become a part of humate. The elements like Cu, Co, Ni, Cr, Cd and Pb showing strong affinity with inertinite could have got associated with the mineral matter present in the fusinite and funginite macerals. In Gurha lignites Pb and Co have shown their affinity with inorganic matter which could have been drawn from sulphides and clay minerals.

The majority of the power plants in India are fed with non-coking coals where the coals are dispatched from their respective mines via wagons loaded by a rapid loading system or pay loader. The usual top size of coal is 200 mm and sampling is carried out manually from wagons. The manual method of wagon-top sampling of large size raw coal is not only difficult but also violates some of the fundamental principles of sampling. As per sampling requirements, samples are to be drawn from the full depth of the wagons, which is impossible to be done manually. Since the ash distribution in the different size fractions is not homogeneous, the results from the samples, which do not reflect the true size distribution of the lot, are likely to be biased. More importantly, sample collection by shovel from the top is a function of human discretion and not governed by the equiprobability rule. In another case, the sample has been collected by a cross-belt type auto mechanical sampler for 200 mm size coal at one o...

Scanning electron micrography of unpolished lithotype of coal samples from coalfields of Meghalaya shows a wide variation in distribution of mineral matter in them. It is abundant in moderately dull coal, less abundant in moderately bright coal, and rare to very rare in bright coals. Its order of abundance in individual lithotypes may be put as: ‘moderately dull coal’ > ‘moderately bright coal’ > ‘bright coal’. There exists a specific micro-structural relation between mineral matter and the coaly substance. In the moderately dull coal, mineral matter occurs as superficial impregnation and cavity filling; in moderately bright coal as superficial impregnation, cavity filling, and intimate intergrowth; and in bright coals as superficial mounting and pore fillings.

In the present investigation an attempt has been made to study the petrographic and geochemical characteristics of coal deposits of West Bokaro coalfield of India. Coal samples were subjected to detailed petrographic and geochemical analyses. The results reveal that these coals are rich in vitrinite with significant concentration of inertinite and a meager amount of liptinite. The mineral matter is dominated by argillaceous matter (clay minerals, quartz, etc.) followed by carbonate (ankerite, siderite, calcite, etc.) and suplphides (mainly pyrite), which occurs in different forms, such as dispersed, cavity filling, fissure filling, as well as massive impregnation. The volatile matter (d.a.f. basis) and reflectance values (Rom) suggest these coals to be between high volatile bituminous type B to medium volatile bituminous in rank. These coals can be best used for blending to produce metallurgical coke. The petrochemical characteristics of these coals favor their use in gasification and hydrogenation.

Laccases (E.C. 1.10.3.2 benzenediol: oxygen oxidoreductase) are an interesting group of N glycosylated multicopper blue oxidase enzymes and the widely studied enzyme having a broad range of substrate specificity of both phenolic and non-phenolic compounds. They are widely found in fungi, bacteria plant, insects, and in lichen. They catalyze the oxidation of various phenolic and non-phenolic compounds, with the concomitant reduction of molecular oxygen to water. They could increase productivity, efficiency, and quality of products without a costly investment. This chapter depicts the applications of laccase enzyme from white rot fungi, having various industrial (such as textile dye bleaching, paper and pulp bleaching, food includes the baking, it also utilized in fruit juice industry to improve the quality and stabilization of some perishable products having plant oils), pharmaceutical (as it has potential for the synthesis of several useful drugs such anticancerous, antioxidants, synthesis of hormone derivatives because of their high value of oxidation potential) significance.

Environmental pollution is becoming one of the major threats around the world because of the release of toxic and hazardous substances from food, pharmaceutical, and other industries as well. These wastes are mainly dumped indiscriminately which ultimately reached water bodies, thereby affecting marine ecosystem. Therefore, effective effluent treatment is an important step which can help in conserving our water resources. White rot fungus (WRF) have been shown to degrade and mineralize a wide variety of wastes because of their nonspecific extracellular lignin mineralizing enzymes (LMEs). These enzymes are used for the decolorization of synthetic dyes. They help in the degradation of pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and pharmaceuticals wastes like- anti-inflammatory, lipid regulatory, antiepileptic drugs, endocrine disrupting chemicals, etc. They also help in degrading the food waste and convert them into useful products which can be used as food, feed, fodder; some of these wastes are lignocellulosic waste, viticulture waste, olive mill waste, molasses waste, etc.

Anticaking agents are widely used for preventing lump formation during storage of shredded Mozzarella cheese (SMC). Potato starch (PS) as an anticaking agent may be added in SMC to improve its storage stability. The SMC added with PS was studied for 8 weeks of storage along with control and changes in physico-chemical and sensory attributes were observed. The free fatty acid (FFA) and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) values for SMC with PS reduced by 6.5 and 9.5 times, respectively as compared to control. Sensory and meltability also improved significantly (p

In this paper, we reported the compositional, morphological and structural properties of the alumina(Al2O3) thin films prepared by sol-gel technique and annealed between 800 0C to 1200 0C for 1-hour in an air atmosphere. The deposited films were polycrystalline in nature. Thin films were found uniform and adherent to the alumina substrate. Effect of annealing temperature on structural parameters such as pore size and surface area were calculated. The result indicates that pore size and surface area was decreased by increasing annealing temperature. The material characterization was done by field emission scanning electron microscope (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and Brunaur, Emmet and Teller (BET).

Farming system approach is considered as most powerful tool for improving livelihood of small and marginal farmers. A study was undertaken during 2011-2015 to characterize the existing farming situation in New Tehri district of Uttarakhand with the objective of holistic improvement of livelihood, profit maximization and on-farm employment generation through integrated farming system (IFS) approach. Analysis of results revealed that crop + dairy was thepredominant farming system (68%) followed by crop + dairy + horticulture + goatery. Introduction of improved cultivars of rice, maize, wheat and barley gave additional yield of 17 to 42 % over traditional cultivars. Similarly, introduction of improved cultivars and need based integrated pest management resulted in increased productivity of pre-dominant pulses like pigeonpea, blackgram, mungbean, kidneybean, horsegram, chickpea and lentil by 31% to70%. Introduction of improved cultivars of soybean (Cv. PS 1092) and mustard (Cv. Pusa Bold) along with integrated plant nutrient management (IPNM) measures provided enhanced yield of 27% (soybean) and 46% (mustard) in Narendra Nagar, whereas yield enhancement of 15% (soybean) and 47% (mustard) was recorded in Thauldar Block. Interventions in horticulture component also resulted in yield improvement and enhanced productivity. The monthly vegetable availability increased from 110 to 154 kg house hold in the study area. The results of the study showed thatannual requirement of proteins (110-125 kg) and carbohydrates (550 to 575 kg) for a five member can be easily met out through integrated farming system approach. This study envisaged that integrated farming system approach along with improved technological interventions may bring long-term farming system sustainability, improved livelihood and generate sufficient local employment which will restrict rural youth migration in hill areas of Uttarakhand.

Based on morphometric findings and polymerase chain reaction amplification of internal transcribed spacer regions (ITSs), the worms and eggs retrieved from sloth bear (Melursus ursinus) kept at Mahendra Mohan Choudhury Zoological Park, Chhatbir (Punjab, India) were delineated as Baylisascaris transfuga. Therapeutic intervention with fenbendazole à 10 mg/kg body weight for three consecutive days, associated with complete disinfection of the enclosures, proved to be effective for the first few days with the reduction of eggs per gram (EPG) of faeces from 2800 (zero day) to 400 (14.28 %), 700 (25 %) and 800 (28.57 %) on days 1, 4 and 7 post treatments, respectively. The intensity of EPG increased to 2400 (85.71 %) on day 21 post treatment with respect to day zero. A modified schedule with fenbendazole à 15 mg/kg body weight for first three days followed by 10 mg/kg body weight for next three days proved to be effective thus indicating the development of resistance. The study places on record the molecular characterisation of B. transfuga from sloth bears and development of resistance against fenbendazole.

Results of an investigation conducted to study the effect of fibre hybridization on the strength characteristics such as compressive strength, split tensile strength, and water permeability of steel fibre reinforced concrete (SFRC) are presented. Steel fibres of different lengths, that is, 12.5 mm, 25 mm, and 50 mm, having constant diameter of 0.6 mm, were systematically combined in different mix proportions to obtain mono, binary, and ternary combinations at each of 0.5%, 1.0%, and 1.5% fibre volume fraction. A concrete mix containing no fibres was also cast for reference purpose. A total number of 1440 cube specimens of size 100*100*100 mm were tested, 480 each for compressive strength, split tensile strength, and water permeability at 7, 28, 90, and 120 days of curing. It has been observed from the results of this investigation that a fibre combination of 33% 12.5 mm + 33% 25 mm + 33% 50 mm long fibres can be adjudged as the most appropriate combination to be employed in hybrid steel fibre reinforced concrete (HySFRC) for optimum performance in terms of compressive strength, split tensile strength and water permeability requirements taken together.

The paper presents results of an investigation conducted to study the compressive strength, split tensile strength and water permeability of fibre concrete mixes containing steel fibres in mono, binary and ternary combinations. Steel fibres of different lengths i.e. 12.5 mm, 25 mm and 50 mm having constant diameter of 0.6 mm were used to obtain mono, binary and ternary combinations. A reference concrete mix with no fibres was also used for comparison purpose. The total fibre volume fraction was kept at 1.0% in all the mixes. Compressive strength, split tensile strength and water permeability tests were conducted of specimens of size 100 x 100 x 100 mm after 28 days of curing. It has been observed that a fibre combination of 33% 12.5 mm + 33% 25 mm + 33% 50 mm long fibres can be adjudged as the most appropriate combination to be employed in HySFRC for compressive strength, split tensile strength and water permeability.

Ubiquitous and pervasive computing are new era of computing and it needs lightweight cryptographic algorithms for security. Lightweight cryptography is used for resource constrained devices (which have limited memory, limited power and less processing capability) such as radio frequency identification (RFID) tags, contactless smart cards, wireless sensor network, health care devices and internet of things (IoT). The design of lightweight block cipher has been active research topic over the years. The comparative evaluations of these block ciphers (which actually reach low cost goal) on any platform is hard. In this paper comparative evaluation of selected symmetric key lightweight block ciphers such as PRINT, PRESENT, EPCBC, DESL, TWINE, Puffin, KLEIN, KATAN, LED, LBLOCK and RECTANGLE is presented.

Spoilage mechanisms are aw dependent and sorption isotherm is an ideal tool to assess product behavior under different aw and temperature conditions. Shredded Mozzarella cheese with and without microcrystalline cellulose was studied for desorption isotherms by the static gravimetric method at 5, 10 and 15C in a aw range of 0.113–0.985. It was noticed that Smith and Halsey were the best-fit models. Negative temperature effect on equilibrium moisture content (EMC) at a given aw and a positive temperature effect on aw at a given EMC was observed. Isokinetic theory concluded that desorption process was entropy driven. Practical Applications Shredded cheese industry can directly be benefitted with the outcomes of this sorption study as sorption studies can be used to optimize storage condition, packaging requirement etc. Results are imperative that besides anti-caking properties microcrystalline cellulose, also contribute towards storage stability by lowering aw.

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is used to support patients of all ages with acutesevere respiratory failure which does not respond to conventional treatments. Over the years its use in older children and adults is increasing. We hereby report a case of 3 and a half year old girl child with primary acute respiratory distress syndrome. She did not respond to conventional ventilation and rescue therapy underwent Venovenous (V-V) ECMO. Post ECMO she had poor neurological status with cortical microbleeds in MRI, however she had complete neurological recovery in due course of time. Neurological injuries are feared complications of ECMO that result in increased patient morbidity and risk of death. The incidence of neurological complications related to ECMO in neonates and children has been reported to be between 9.9% and 17.3%.

The settling rate of coal fine particles by interaction with proper coagulants and flocculants is important in the water treatment/dewatering process. The standard test for measuring sedimentation rates is the jar test; the method is simple and direct. However, this method suffers from a number of disadvantages, despite its widespread application, it runs the risk of introducing large error due to the possible misinterpretation of the interface and the error may vary from person to person. To overcome this problem, different methods have been used for measuring the settling characteristics. In the present article, a German-made DCAT-11 instrument having bottom load weighing facilities synchronized with a computer to record the data and having facilities to measure up to 0.01 mg accuracy was used for testing a coal fines sample collected from an operating coal washery. The results show that the data obtained by the jar test are replicated by the data obtained from the instrument.

The present study was carried out to examine the applicability of Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) in estimating daily discharge and sediment delivery from mountainous forested watersheds and to assess the impact of forest cover types on stream discharge pattern and sediment load. The study watersheds namely Arnigad and Bansigad, comprising of dense Oak forest (80%) and degraded Oak forest (83%) respectively, are located in lesser lower Himalaya (India). Apart from hill topography, deforestation in the watersheds results in huge loss of productive soil and water as runoff. Daily discharge, sediment concentration and other hydro-meteorological data were monitored at the outlet of each watershed. SWAT was calibrated and validated for daily discharge and sediment concentration using the observed data. The performance of the model was evaluated using the statistical measures of coefficient of determination (R2) and Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (ENS). The statistical analysis of calibration results for Arnigad watershed showed very good agreement between observed and simulated daily values, with an R2 value of 0.91, and an ENS of 84.48% in discharge simulation; and an R2 value of 0.89, and an ENS of 83.11% in sediment simulation. The model also exhibited high performance on Bansigad watershed with an R2 value of 0.91, and an ENS of 89.74% in discharge simulation; and an R2 value of 0.86, and an ENS of 82.07% in sediment simulation. The model performed equally well on validation data and estimated the discharge and sediment yield very close to the observed data. The simulated mean annual water yield and sediment yield were also comparable to observed values in both the watersheds. The mean annual surface runoff and water yield over the entire study period were simulated as 6 and 59.4% respectively of the mean annual rainfall in Arnigad watershed; and 6.9 and 63.7% respectively in Bansigad watershed. The results of the study indicated that SWAT is capable of estimating the discharge and sediment yield from Himalayan forested watersheds and can be a useful tool for assessing hydrology and sediment yield response of the watersheds in the region. Key words: Oak forest, soil and water assessment tool (SWAT), discharge, sediment concentration, calibration, water yield.

This paper deals with biomass accumulation and net primary productivity pattern in a fallow period of a lake margin agroecosystem. The slight slopping margin of present study site was characterized into two ecological zones, i.e. upper and lower from top up-land to lower region near water margin. Maximum biomass of dominant weed Cynodon dactylon (Linn) Pers. and ‘rest (other) weeds’ were 190.55 and 265.22 g m-2 in upper zone in September. In contrast, in the lower zone of study site, peakvalue of biomass of dominant plant C. dactylon and ‘rest weeds’ were 67.91 and 178.84 g m-2, respectively in June as lower zone was inundated from first fortnight of July to September, 2008. Maximum percentage contribution of the weed (C. dactylon) was 54.00 and 59.15% in March and‘rest weeds’ was 74.49 and 75.15% in April, 2008 in the respective upper and lower zones. Maximum productivity values of respective dominant weed (C. dactylon) and ‘rest weeds’ in upper zone were 2.07 and 2.51 g m-2 day-1 in July. In contrast, in the lower zone of the study site peak productivity values of respective dominant weed (C. dactylon) and ‘rest weeds’ were observed 1.36 in June and 1.23 g m-2 day-1 in October. Total productivity values in two respective zones upper and lower zones varied between 330.59 and 140.17 g m-2 per eight month. Analysis of variance in standing biomass of plant species was found significant p

Mobile ad hoc networks (MANET) are currently the most evolving research area in wireless networks as well as mobile communications. Discovering a new path upon route failure has become hot research issue. Also current MANET protocols are being designed without security in mind, where it is assumed that all the nodes in the network are friendly. In MANET communications, every node in the network acts as a router and forwards the packet from one node to another. So to meet the growing needs of MANET communications the model should handle link failure efficiently and should also address security issues. New protocol to resolve link failure which is caused due to node mobility and also security issues in the current paper. General Terms Computer Network, Wireless Ad-hoc Network, Protocol.

This article entails results of the study designed to characterize the coals of Ib River coalfield of Mahanadi Valley, Orissa. The study reveals that durain is the dominant lithotype of these coals, which has imparted a dull appearance. This is reflected in its microscopic constituents by the dominance of the macerals of inertinite group and high mineral matter content. This is followed by vitrinite, while liptinites occur in small quantity. Further, it is evolved that these coals are sub-bituminous in rank and have originated from forest and open moors under oxic conditions with intermittent flooding.

The present study is undertaken to investigate the coals of East Kalimantan for their oil proneness and their suitability for hydrogenation. These coals are Sub-bituminous/Low rank A and per-hydrous in nature. They also have elevated sulphur content. Petrographically, they have high huminite (90.7–98.1%) and poor concentration of liptinite and inertinite. The study reveals that the coalification is characterized by loss of hydrogen and oxygen in this region. The richness of hydrogen, in relation to carbon, is probably responsible for vitrinite suppression and makes these coals per-hydrous and oil prone. The role of petrofactor has also been evaluated to predict reactivity of these coals during hydrogenation. There is a good correlation between petrofactor and conversion. These coals do possess favorable characteristics for hydrogenation and have a high conversion (~95%) and oil yield (>65%).

In this paper is suggested an efficient method to solve differential equations. Using quadratic Legendre multi-wavelets approximation method, differential equations are converted into the system of algebraic equations with the help of operational matrix of integration and its product. Some illustrative examples are included to show the efficiency and applicability of the method.

One way of overcoming the problem of false alarms encountered in a single parameter detection system due to non-fire stimulii is the simultaneous use of multiple signatures. Researchers have found significant benefits of multi-sensor detection in reducing false triggering. Appreciable interest has been expressed in using carbon monoxide (CO) or carbon dioxide (CO2) gas sensors in combination with smoke sensors. The present study has been carried out to determine the correlation and inter-dependence between two different fire signatures like CO–OD (optical density), CO–CO2, CO2–OD. The signatures have been investigated using experimental measurements of a fire inside a closed compartment measuring 7 x 7 x 4.2 m. A range of fuels are used, and both smouldering and flaming combustion are examined. Attempts have been made to examine whether correlation coefficients between two signatures can form a basis of detection and be exploited as one of the components in multi- criteria fire detection algorithm. The CO/CO2 ratio as a criterion for detector operation has also been examined and discussed in the light of existing literature and codal provisions.

Soil moisture affects various hydrological processes, including evapotranspiration, infiltration, and runoff. Forested areas in the lower western Himalaya in India constitute the headwater catchments for many hill streams and have experienced degradation in forest cover due to grazing, deforestation and other human activities. This change in forest cover is likely to alter the soil moisture regime and, consequently, flow regimes in streams. The effect of change in forest cover on soil moisture regimes of this dry region has not been studied through long term field observations. We monitored soil matric potentials in two small watersheds in the lower western Himalaya of India. The watersheds consisted of homogeneous land covers of moderately dense oak forest and moderately degraded mixed oak forest. Observations were recorded at three sites at three depths in each watershed at fortnightly intervals for a period of three years. The soil moisture contents derived from soil potential measurements were analyzed to understand the spatial, temporal and profile variations under the two structures of forest cover. The analysis revealed large variations in soil moisture storage at different sites and depths and also during different seasons in each watershed. Mean soil moisture storage during monsoon, winter and summer seasons was higher under dense forest than under degraded forest. Highest soil moisture content occurred at shallow soil profiles, decreasing with depth in both watersheds. A high positive correlation was found between tree density and soil moisture content. Mean soil moisture content over the entire study period was higher under dense forest than under degraded forest. This indicated a potential for soil water storage under well managed oak forest. Because soil water storage is vital for sustenance of low flows, attention is needed on the management of oak forests in the Himalayan region.

The present paper entails the role of different pyrite forms during desulfurization of Nagaland coals of north-east India. This coal contains a considerable quantity of pyrite which occurs in various forms like framboidal, disseminated, cavity and fissure fillings, massive replacement and discrete grains. The discrete pyrite grains show strong affinity with liptinite and inertinite macerals while rest of the forms show low to moderate correlation with different macerals. The correlation between different pyrite forms and desulfurization reveals that the coal samples rich in disseminated pyrite have undergone minimum desulfurization followed by framboidal pyrite rich coal samples. These pyrite forms probably caused difficulty in desulfurization due to their small size, complicated structure and their highly scattered occurrences. The maximum removal was observed in samples rich in cavity and fissure filling pyrite.

Women play substantial roles in farming systems and are vigorously involved in farm and livestock management, but their contribution in farming systems is generally overlooked and undervalued which has reflected them as invisible workers. Considering the importance of women's role in farming systems, the present study was conducted to study the extent of work performed by women in pre-dominant farming systems of western plain zone of Uttar Pradesh (WPZ). A total of 60 farm women were selected as respondents through random sampling technique. The results of study reveals that the farm women spent their maximum time (2204 hr) in livestock management activities amongst which fodder collection (574 hrs)was found the most time consuming activity. In crop production, maximum time was spent in detrashing and detopping (290-276 hr) of sugarcane followed by weeding activities (104 hr). Hoeing and weeding (198 hr) were found most time consuming activitiy amongst horticulture.The farm women found solely engaged in household, post-harvest management and processing activities. The status of farm women reported to be low due to her limited access to economic resources, viz. agricultural land, animals, income from farm etc. The study has shown that on an averagea farm woman contributes nearly 5232 hr annually in the pre-dominant farming systems as family worker which has an estimated economic value worth Rupees 10,104,6 whereas, the farm women working as hired labourers contribute 1656 hours annually receives Rupees 33,007 which is 14 to 35% less than the government wage rate.

Wireless sensor networks are prone to different types of attacks from malicious sources. These attacks are aimed at generating incorrect data or modifying legitimate data that is in transit in the network. A Sybil attack is a type of attack on WSNs where a malicious node either fabricates some new identities for itself or steals identities of some legitimate nodes. It can be countered in three basic methods. The first method verifies if a particular identity actually belongs to a real unique entity. The second method manages the cost and profit of acquiring identities. The third method focuses on confining the effects of the Sybil attack. However, these methods may not be used in wireless sensor networks directly. This is so because there are restrictions on the computational and storage capabilities of sensor nodes. Currently some of the principal detection schemes that are used in wireless sensor networks are radio resource testing, verification of key sets for random key predistribution, registration and position verification. The radio resource verification defense can be broken with custom radio hardware, and validation may be costly in terms of energy. Position verification can only put a limitation on how many Sybil nodes an attacker can generate unless it is able to very precisely verify node positions. Node registration needs human effort to securely add nodes to the network, and involves a way to securely maintain and query the current known topology information. The proposed method proposes a new approach to authenticate a sensor node based on a cryptographic hash function. It detects Sybil nodes so that they are isolated and any type of Sybil attack is avoided. This method performs well in terms of energy and memory usage when compared to previous methods.

An outbreak of acute gastroenteritis had occurred in Rajpara village of Bhavnagar district. The objective of this study was to find out the socio-demographic, epidemiological and environmental determinants of this outbreak.A case-control study was conducted in Rajpara village among 238 cases of acute gastroenteritis and an equal number of controls in January 2015. Multiple logistic regression was used for identifying the variables independently predicting acute gastroenteritis.Upper socio-economic status, occupation requiring travel outside village, source of drinking water from well of 'new' Rajpara village, change in taste of water, use of chlorine tablets, travel outside village in last week, another family member affected with acute gastroenteritis, using common utensil for hand washing, hand washing before eating, ate food from outside in last week, having sanitary latrine at house, waste disposal in a common dump (instead of at house), waste accumulation around house and flies inside house were significantly associated with occurrence of acute gastroenteritis. On multiple logistic regression, change in taste of water (P0.001), waste disposal in a common dump (P=0.012), another family member been affected (P0.001), waste accumulation around house (P0.001), higher socio-economic status (P=0.002) and eating outside food (P=0.011) made a significant contribution to prediction.Socio-demographic factors (higher socio-economic status), epidemiological correlates (change in taste of water, another family member been affected with acute gastroenteritis and eating outside food) and environmental determinants (waste disposal in a common dump and waste accumulation around house) significantly determines the occurrence of cases of acute gastroenteritis.

A city is a system of interconnected systems set in a specific environmental and societal context. It is considered to be the base of the nation’s development. In order for it to flourish, all the key city factors need to work together, utilizing all of their resources, to overcome the challenges and grasp the opportunities that the city faces. Developing Smart Cities can benefit synchronized development, industrialization, informationization, urbanization and agricultural modernization and sustainability of cities development. Various Agencies, International and National are involved presently in framing the standards for the development of the Smart Cities. The main target for developing Smart Cities will be the convenience of the public services, Delicacy of city management, live ability of living environment, Smartness of infrastructures, Long-term effectiveness of network security. In this paper, we have explored the various key aspects to be developed under the four major pillars of the Smart city.

In a prospective hospital-based surveillance of 958 under five children admitted with acute gastroenteritis in Chandigarh (May 2011 to July 2012), 239 stool samples were collected. Rotavirus antigen was detected in 18.8% of samples by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Genotypes G1P[8] (53.3%), G12P[6] (15.6%) were prevalent, and G3 not detected.

[1] Teleseismic receiver function analysis of seismograms recorded on a ∼700 km long profile of 17 broadband seismographs traversing the NW Himalaya shows a progressive northward deepening of the Indian Moho from ∼40 km beneath Delhi south of the Himalayan foredeep to ∼75 km beneath Taksha at the Karakoram Fault. Similar studies by Wittlinger et al. (2004) to the north of the Karakoram Fault show that the Moho continues to deepen to ~90 km beneath western Tibet before shallowing substantially to 50-60 km at the Altyn Tagh Fault. The continuity of the Indian Moho imaged in the receiver functions reported here, along with those of Wittlinger et al. (2004), suggest that in this part of the Himalayan orogen the Indian plate may penetrate as far as the Bangong Suture, and possibly as tar north as the Altyn Tagh. Copyright 2006 by the American Geophysical Union.