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Carbon dioxide emission and GHGs are associated with fossil fuels which have adverse effects on the environment. The key intention of this paper was to determine the asymmetric effect of CO2 emission on expenditures, trade, FDI, and renewable energy consumption in Pakistan. An asymmetrical technique (nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag) was employed to validate the constructive and adverse relation among variables. Furthermore, the Granger causality test was also used to verify the unidirectional association amid variables. Study outcomes revealed that the adverse shocks of renewable energy consumption exposed expressively to upsurge CO2 emission in the short-run dynamics. Conversely, constructive shocks of renewable energy consumption display an adversative association with CO2 emission. Furthermore, the decreasing trend in foreign direct investment tends to impede the detrimental effects of CO2 emission. Additionally, the variable expenditures also create the non-eco-friendly impacts and manifest the positive linkage through CO2 emission. Trade possesses statistically insignificant linkage with environmental degradation. The results also disclose that positive as well as negative variations in the foreign direct investment expose to degrade the environmental eminence. Long-run results suggest the direct association between downward trend in renewable energy consumption and CO2 emission signifying that the pollution level decreases, and the upward trend in renewable energy consumption, however, demonstrates insignificantly positive effects. The results also disclose that positive as well as negative variations in the FDI lead to degrade the CO2 emission. Moreover, it is found that the expenditures soar the issue of pollution again in the long run. Finally, the consequence of trade on CO2 emission is adverse, as the outcome suggests. In order to improve the environmental policies for sustainable growth, the study provides direction toward a sustainable environment by reducing carbon dioxide emission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports new evidence on the existence of both large and small price divergent clusters for China's energy markets, 2000-2009. The largest convergent price clusters suggest that the coal and gasoline markets are well integrated, however, small convergent price clusters suggest that electricity and diesel markets are proving harder to integrate. The paper argues that the traditional approach to price convergence analysis should be applied with caution, especially in a transitional economy such as China where questions to be asked should relate to the 'degree of market-orientation' and not simply whether it is a market-based economy or not. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies of total factor productivity (TFP) in livestock production are rare, but when available provide useful information especially in the context of developing countries such as China where livestock is becoming more important in the domestic agricultural economy. We estimate TFP for four major livestock products in China employing the stochastic frontier approach, and decompose productivity growth into its technical efficiency (TE) and technical progress components. Efforts are made to adjust and augment the available livestock statistics. The results show that growth in TFP and its components varied between the 1980s and the 1990s as well as over production structures. While there is evidence of considerable technical innovation in China's livestock sector, TE improvement has been relatively slow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pakistan is listed among the countries that are extremely susceptible to climate changes and it has experienced several natural disaster shocks with tremendous impacts. However, post-disaster recovery and rehabilitation is still a major challenge due to difficulty in targeting the right beneficiaries and the effectiveness of post-disaster aid. This study proposes a conceptual framework and rehabilitation measures for the judicious allocation of two post-disaster aid programmes in the context of 2010 super flood disasters in Pakistan. Using primary data sets from the most severely affected district of province Punjab, it employs Probit and Tobit models and empirically investigates the determinants of better targeting and aid allocation. The results show that 'cash aid' for house reconstruction was much better targeted than agricultural assistance in compensating the affected households. The targeting and the effectiveness of aid programmes were mainly determined by gender, membership, farmer size and injured members. Finally, this study suggests that for better targeting of post-disaster aid programmes, local governments and international organizations should pay attention to those families with fewer adult females and injured members, and those without CBO membership. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rural waste management is a highly complex issue requiring multi‐stakeholders' cooperation. The promotion of cooperative action through social mobilization is essential. Based on evolutionary game theory, this study constructs a dynamic model consisting of government, social funds, and rural residents to study the effectiveness of public–private partnership (PPP) projects in rural waste management in China. The results show that excessively high or low subsidies from the government to social funds are detrimental to the sustainability of rural waste management. The optimal subsidy rate ranges from 600,000 RMB to PPP 750,000 RMB. It may strike a balance between avoiding excessive financial burden on the government and encouraging a 5% increase in social funds' investment. Waste management fees are suitable for promoting the quality of rural waste management services, with the maximum ideal fee being 24 RMB. The simulation results also demonstrate that the policy combination of high incentives and high penalties and low supervision and high penalties is conducive to tripartite cooperation in PPP projects. In addition, the government should impose fines of more than 750,000 RMB on social funds to prevent potentially ineffective management services offered by the social funds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phenomenon of accelerated economic growth and heightened energy consumption in emerging economies is resulting in a substantial upsurge in CO2 emissions. Due to the inescapable apprehensions around climate change and the diminishing availability of fossil fuel resources, there exists a pervasive need on a worldwide scale to transition towards renewable energy sources. However, emerging economies have unique hurdles in adopting renewable energy technologies, owing to low financial resources, volatile political environments, and insufficient regulatory frameworks. Therefore, the present study aims to examine the effectiveness of financial development, environmental taxation, and political stability in facilitating the adoption of renewable energy in developing countries. The system‐Generalized Method of Moments approach was used to analyze the dataset including 17 emerging economies spanning the period from 1994 to 2021. The study also utilizes the cross‐sectional autoregressive distributed lag approach, and the results obtained from cross‐sectional autoregressive distributed lag align closely with those obtained from the system‐Generalized Method of Moments estimates, thereby confirming the reliability and strength of the findings. Results show that environmental taxes encourage the adoption of renewable energy; however, political stability and financial development help to provide a feasible structure for the adoption of renewable energy. The findings will contribute to the development of viable policy recommendations for these economies to facilitate the advancement of sustainable energy transitions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Theoretically, agricultural insurance influences farmers' use of pesticides by changing the expected income of agricultural production. Full-cost insurance, with high guarantee and high compensation characteristics, may significantly affect farmers' pesticide use. First, this paper constructs a production function to characterize and compare the marginal incomes of insured and uninsured farmers under risk uncertainty and analyses how insured farmers can increase marginal income by increasing or reducing factor inputs. Considering scale differentiation, it discusses pesticide use strategies different types of farmers may adopt to maximize household utility. Second, using survey data of the pilot counties of full-cost insurance for wheat in Henan Province, China, the simultaneous equation model is used for empirical testing. The results reveal the following: (i) Farmers' insurance participation and pesticide application behaviour are not mutually independent. (ii) For the whole sample, full-cost insurance for wheat has a significant pesticide reduction effect. (iii) However, considering scale differentiation, pesticide application decreases significantly among insured ordinary farmers but does not change significantly among insured large-scale farmers. Third, policy measures are proposed to activate the green development function of agricultural insurance. • Construct a production function and a utility function to conduct mechanism analysis. • Estimate simultaneous equation model based on pilot area household level dataset. • Analyse the effect of full-cost insurance on pesticide input behavior. • Find full-cost insurance significantly reduces the pesticide use of ordinary farmers. • But insignificant effect on the pesticide use of large-scale farmers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The accumulation of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has surged over the years as a consequence of diverse humans activities such as deforestation and farming, in particular. The rapidly growing agriculture and farm mechanization have contributed to substantial increases in energy use and carbon dioxide emissions across the globe. It is hypothesized that agriculture significantly contributes to a country's economy to which China is no exception. Hence, the main intention of the current study was to explore the asymmetrical influences of cereal crop production, forestry production, and economic progress on CO 2 emissions in China between 1970 and 2017. The non-linear ARDL (Autoregressive Distributed Lag) bounds testing method was used to determine the short- and long-run dynamics linked with positive and negative shocks to the explanatory variables. The findings indicate that positive shocks to cereal crop production deteriorate the atmospheric quality by intensifying carbon dioxide emissions only in the long run, while the impacts of negative shocks in this regard are statistically insignificant. Ironically, shocks to forestry do not exhibit any significant impact on China's carbon dioxide emission levels. Moreover, carbon dioxide emissions demonstrate a strong progressive association with the positive shocks to energy resources utilized within the Chinese economy. Additionally, positive and negative shocks to economic progress are evidenced to boost and reduce the carbon dioxide emission figures in the long run. Lastly, negative shocks to livestock production are witnessed to increase carbon dioxide emissions only in the short run. Hence, for achieving the Chinese carbon-neutrality agenda, it is recommended to prioritize the use of renewable energy resources, particularly for producing cereal crops, in order to curb carbon dioxide emissions in China. Simultaneously, the Chinese economic growth policies should integrate environmentally-friendly schemes to counter the adversative environmental influences related to the economic progress in China. • The environmental impacts of cereal crops and forestry production are assessed. • The environmental impacts of livestock production are assessed. • Positive shocks to cereal crops production boost CO 2 emissions. • Negative and positive shocks to economic progress reduce and boost CO 2 emissions. • Positive shocks to energy use boost CO 2 emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Conduct a choice experiment on Fuji apples in a face-to-face survey in six cities. • Assess the interaction of consumers' trust and preferences for traceable foods. • WTPs depend on degree of consumers' trust on supervision and on food labels. • Find government isn't the most trusted safety inspection and certificate authority. Food safety is a very important topic in China. We investigate Chinese consumers' preferences and willingness to pay (WTP) for food traceability using a choice experiment. Given that consumers' trust in the food system may affect their preferences and WTP, we also assess the interaction between consumers' trust in government's supervision of food safety and food labels and consumers' preferences for traceable food products. Using data collected from a choice experiment on Fuji apples in a face-to-face survey in six Chinese cities, the results show that (i) consumers are willing to pay for traceable food but their valuations can differ upon the degree of their trust in government's supervision of food safety and food labels; (ii) consumers are willing to pay for traceability with strong evidence of preference heterogeneity; (iii) government is not the most trusted safety inspection and certificate authority as found in prior studies using animal food products in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information attributes characterize traceable agri-food. The perceived value of information attributes influences consumers' preferences for traceable agri-food, consisting of two dimensions, predictive value and confidence value. We examine heterogeneous preferences and willingness to pay (WTP) in China's traceable agri-food market. Using the choice experiments, we explore how the traceability information, certification type, region of origin, and price influence Chinese consumers' Fuji apple choices. We identify three consumer classes by a latent class model: certification-oriented class (65.8%), price-sensitive and origin-oriented class (15.0%), and no-buy class (19.2%). The results show that consumer sociodemographic characteristics, predictive value, and confidence value are the heterogeneous sources that determine their preferences for Fuji apple information attributes. Specifically, consumers' age, family income per month, and whether the family has children under 18 significantly impact the membership probability of consumers in both certification-oriented and price-sensitive and origin-oriented classes. Consumers' predicted value and confidence value significantly impact the membership probability of consumers in the certification-oriented class. In contrast, consumers' predicted value and confidence value have no significant impact on the membership probability of consumers in price-sensitive and origin-oriented class.

The present study major aim was to examine the impact of globalization, economic growth, population growth, renewable energy usage and nuclear energy on CO 2 emissions globally by taking the annual data varies from 1985 to 2020. Stationarity among study variables were tested via unit root testing, while nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) technique was used to demonstrate the linkages among variables with the estimation of long-run and short-run. Study results reveal that both in the short run and long run, negative globalization and economic growth shocks positively and negatively influence CO 2 emissions, respectively. Besides, higher population growth is found to positively influence CO 2 emissions while renewable energy consumption cannot influence the CO 2 emission figures. Lastly, positive and negative shocks to alternative nuclear energy consumption are evidenced to negatively influence CO 2 emissions both in the short run and long run. Hence, in line with these findings, several new policies and strategies are recommended for reducing carbon emissions globally., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

The primary goal of this study was to examine the relationship between fossil fuel energy, electricity production from nuclear sources, renewable energy, CO 2 emissions, and economic growth in Pakistan. Data ranging from 1975 to 2019 were utilized, and the stationarity of this data was verified through the unit root testing. The dynamic connections between variables were investigated by utilizing the linear autoregressive distributed lag technique. Long-run analysis results uncover that fossil fuel energy, renewable energy use, CO 2 emissions, and GDP per capita have a productive relationship with economic progress in Pakistan, whereas electric power consumption, electricity produced from nuclear sources, and energy utilization have an adverse effect on economic growth. Furthermore, the consequences revealed that fossil fuel energy, renewable energy consumption, carbon dioxide emissions, and GDP per capita have a significant linkage to Pakistan's economic growth via short run, whereas we revealed that the variables electric power consumption, electricity produced from nuclear sources, and energy usage have an adversative linkage to Pakistan's economic growth. Feasible progressive policies are required from the Pakistani government to pay more attention for tackling the energy and power sectors' issues in terms of fulfilling the country's energy requirements., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Agriculture plays an integral part in facilitating socioeconomic development in Nepal. However, it is also associated with environmental concerns which need to be controlled for the sake of ensuring environmental and agricultural sustainability in tandem. Against this backdrop, this current study aims to check whether shocks to the levels of agricultural productivity, land utilization for crop production, and fertilizer consumption influence the carbon dioxide emission figures of Nepal over the 1965-2018 period. The long-run associations between these variables are confirmed from the cointegration analysis. Besides, the outcomes from the asymmetric non-linear autoregressive distributed lag regression analysis show that crop productivity does not influence the emission levels in Nepal. However, a decline in the land area used for crop production purposes is evidenced to trigger higher emissions of carbon dioxide both in the short- and long run. On the other hand, higher fertilizer consumption is found to boost the short- and long-run carbon dioxide emission levels in Nepal. Accordingly, considering the objective of reducing agriculture-based emissions, this study recommends the Nepalese government to adopt policies that can enhance the productivity of low energy-intensive crop production, stimulate green agriculture and non-agriculture activities, and minimize the use of chemical fertilizers in arable lands., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Population growth has been a leading driver of global CO 2 emissions over the last several decades. CO 2 emission and greenhouse gas emissions are a key issue in the world that affects food production and also causes the climate change. The core purpose of this study was to inspect the influence of carbon dioxide emission to population growth, food production, economic growth, livestock and energy utilization in Pakistan. The STIRPAT (Stochastic Impact by Regression on Population, Affluence and Technology) model with the extension of an ARDL (Autoregressive Distributed Lag) method was utilized to demonstrate the linkage amid variables. Outcomes during short-run investigation reveal that variables population growth, economic growth, rural population growth, livestock production uncovered a productive association with CO 2 emission. Furthermore, via long-run population growth, economic growth, rural population growth, livestock production and energy utilization have positive interaction with CO 2 emission, while the variables food production and urban population growth demonstrated an adverse influence to CO 2 emission during long- and short-run interaction. Similarly, the error correction model exposed that population growth, economic progress, livestock and energy utilization have constructive interaction to CO 2 emission, while the variables food production, urban and rural population growth exposed an adverse impact to CO 2 emission. On the basis of this analysis, we will address the strategic consequences., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

One of the major challenges to the survival of life on earth is the increasingly evolving climate change. The key source of environmental pollution is global warming. With the combustion of fossil fuels, greenhouse gas (GHG), which is generated in the external environment, is increased and air pollutant as well. The present analysis key intention was to examine the CO 2 emission and climatic effects on major agricultural crop production and land use in Pakistan. The study used time span annual data varies from 1970 to 2019, and data stationarity was rectify by utilizing the unit root tests. A generalized method of moments with two-stage least squares technique was applied to expose the variables' association with CO 2 emission. The study consequences uncover that the wheat, maize, sugarcane, cotton, bajra, gram, sesamum crops, and land use have constructive association with CO 2 emission having positive coefficients with probability values (0.3762), (0.0435), (0.2287), (0.2303), (0.2272), (0.0192), (0.4535), and (0.0017) correspondingly, while rainfall, temperature, rice, jowar, and barley uncovered an adversative linkage to CO 2 emission in Pakistan. As Pakistan is an emerging country, potential constructive measures must be introduced in directive to reduce CO 2 emissions to improve the agricultural productivity., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)