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In the present study, three-dimensional analysis is presented to investigate the effect of pile dimensions and configuration on the dynamic response of piled raft foundations subjected to vertical vibration. The analysis considered several factors affecting the maximum amplitude of vertical displacement of deep foundation such as length, diameter, number of piles, and spacing between piles. Furthermore, a validation for experimental piled raft models depending on a scale factor of (20) using (Plaxis 3D) computer software is presented. The sand is simulated using the (mohr-coloumb) model, while the concrete is simulated as a linear elastic material. It has been found that the increasing length and diameter of piles lead to a decrease in the maximum amplitude of displacement. On the other hand, the results showed that the increasing number of piles and increasing the spacing between piles can minimize the dynamic response of the foundation.

This paper presents an experimental study conducted on model piled rafts in partially saturated sandy soil. The aim of the experimental program is to study the effect of matric suction on the load carrying capacity of piled rafts embedded within partially saturated sandy soil .The influence of number of piles are presented and discussed in this study. The piled raft is arranged in different configurations of piles (single, double and triple piled raft with spacing 3.5D c/c) with the same area ratio (raft area to the cross section area of piles) to avoid different contact pressure area and to show the effect of different piles number and its group action. The influence of matric suction (i.e., capillary stresses) in partially saturated zone is typically not taken into account in the conventional design of both shallow and deep foundations so that the present research study the determination and contribution of matric suction towards the load carrying capacity of piled raft. The experimental work consist of 3 models of footing "single piled raft (8.3 x 5) cm, double piled (16.6 x 5) cm and triple piled raft (25 x 5) cm". All these models are loaded and tested under both of fully saturated condition (i.e., matric suction equals to 0kPa) and unsaturated conditions (i.e., matric suction value equals to 6kPa , 8kPa and 10kPa), which are achieved by predetermined lowering of water table.

In terms of delivery systems for active compounds, orally disintegrating films are a great option. The initial stage in creating an oral disintegrating film is selecting a film-forming polymer. The basic polymers combination Microcrystalline Cellulose (MCC), which is co-processed with Carboxymethylcellulose Sodium (CMC) and hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose were used to create an oral disintegrating film that contains cholecalciferol (Vitamin D3), a fat-soluble vitamin that aids in the body's absorption of calcium and phosphorus. The goal of the current inquiry was to develop orally disintegrating films of vitamin D3 to improve patient comfort and compliance for pediatric or elderly patients due to its simplicity of administration. Films containing drugs and made of the appropriate plasticizer and chosen polymers demonstrated outstanding film forming and folding endurance. The dissolution test showed that Vitamin D3 has a rapid disintegration property, with the majority of it dissolving in the medium (pH 6.8) in less than two minutes after being inserted. To verify that the films were successfully formed, a variety of procedures including HPLC, FT-IR and microscopic studies were employed. When kept at 40oC with humidity of 75%, the film showed good stability for at least three months. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mixed convection of ferrofluid in square configurations having various iso‐perimetric shaped obstacles has been investigated for fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics. The iso‐perimetric shapes are allowed to vary in size and tested at three different vertical positions subject to adiabatic and isothermal conditions. Simulations have been carried out for various choices of controlling parameters using the higher order mixed finite element method. In particular, the higher order and stable finite element pair of cubic and quadratic (ℙ3/ℙ2$$ {\mathrm{\mathbb{P}}}_3/{\mathrm{\mathbb{P}}}_2 $$) approximations on the hybrid grid is utilized to achieve the discretization of the governing non‐dimensional equations of mass, momentum and energy. The adaptive Newtons method is chosen to solve the discrete system of nonlinear equations. The present solver has been tested against a well‐known open source finite element analysis tool (FEAT2) and published results in the literature. The impact of governing parameters is investigated in the ranges as nanoparticles volume fraction ϕ(0%≤ϕ≤15%$$ \phi\ \Big(0\%\le \phi \le 15\% $$), the Richardson number Ri(0.01≤Ri≤5)$$ Ri\ \left(0.01\le Ri\le 5\right) $$, the perimeter of the obstacle Γ(0.2π≤Γ≤0.6π)$$ \Gamma\ \left(0.2\pi \le \Gamma \le 0.6\pi \right) $$, and positions of the obstacles C(0.25≤C≤0.75)$$ C\ \left(0.25\le C\le 0.75\right) $$. It is concluded that an increase in the perimeter of the inner obstacles causes a weakness in the fluid flow while a good thermal enclosure is obtained. Moreover, the isothermal obstacles enhance the average Nusselt number more than the adiabatic obstacles in all cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine the frequency of anatomical variation of olfactory fossa among the adult Pakistani population by Keros classification on computed tomography (CT) of paranasal sinuses. Study Design: Cross-sectional study Place and Duration of Study: Department of Radiology, Combined Military Hospital, Rawalpindi Pakistan, from May 2019 to Mar 2020. Methodology: A total of 65 patients of either gender were included. Patients with previous trauma or surgery of the skull base or paranasal sinuses, malignant diseases of the sinuses and congenital anomalies were excluded. All the included patients in the study underwent CT paranasal sinuses. Measurements of the olfactory fossae followed by grouping as per Kero's classification were done, and CT findings were recorded. Results: The patients included in the study ranged from 18 to 65 years, with a mean age of 33.09±10.86 years and 72.3% of patients 18 to 40 years of age. Of 65 patients, 36(55.4%) were males, and 29(44.6%) were females. The mean CT depth of the olfactory fossa was 6.34 ±4.03mm. Type-I olfactory fossa by Keros classification was found in 17(26.2%), Type-II in 35(53.8%) and Type-III in 13(20%) of patients. Conclusion: This study concluded that Keros Type-II is the most common anatomical variation of olfactory fossa among the adult Pakistani population on CT of paranasal sinuses with an intermsediate risk of intracranial complications during endoscopic sinus surgery involving this region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plain strain model tests were performed on beds of sands with different particle size distribution (Coarse, Medium and Fine) prepared at loose state (Relative density Dr. of 30%). A strip footing model with skirt was placed on the bed of sand and loaded vertically up to failure at different ratios of skirt depth to width D/B of (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2, and 3). The applied stress increments and the corresponding settlements were measured. The improvement ratio due to different skirt depth and the behavior of bearing capacity parameters Nγ and Nq at each depth were evaluated and compared with some theoretical approaches. The test results revealed that the improvement ratio increased linearly up to D/B of 1.5 then reduced. Two factors were introduce into the general bearing capacity equation where used to evaluate bearing capacity of skirt footing, there values are about 1.6 for skirt ratio ranged between 0.5 to 1.5, and 1.25 for skirt ratio more than 1.5. Also, it is found that the Nγ parameter for D/B=0 were very close to Vesic proposal for fine and medium grain size distribution, while it’s close to Biarez proposal for coarse sand. The behavior of Nq parameter with different skirt ratio shows slight increase up to D/B of 1.5 then decrease with increasing D/B ratio for different grain size distribution. While the behavior of theoretical Nq parameter (depending on angle of internal friction values) shows a linear increase with skirt ratio for different grain size distribution.