Search

Learning analytics processes have an increased relevance in the digitization and virtualization of learning and teaching due to COVID-19, this analytical practice may mean improvements in K-12 levels in Spain. The work aims to expose the principal scientific publications regarding Learning analytics at these educational levels through a systematic mapping study. The authors set the hypothesis that there is limited research in such an educational context. Results validate the hypothesis and foster to continue the work through a deeper systematic review.

Javascript is one of the most famous mainstream programming languages nowadays. It has gained considerable practical relevance over the last years, with applications in several areas, such as games, 3D rendering, and, mainly, web development. Like any other software system, systems developed in Javascript need to keep their ability to evolve to remain useful and relevant over time. Empirical evidence has shown that bad smells are possible indicators of problems hindering software evolvability. In this context, this paper presents a mapping study investigating if and to what extent bad smells have been defined for the Javascript language and how the interest in this topic has evolved. Our study identified 26 different types of bad smells investigated in the context of Javascript in 8 different works published between 2013 and 2020. This result suggests that although Javascript has gained practical relevance in recent years, there is still room for further empirical studies defining and evaluating the impact of bad smells on Javascript-based software systems.

Safety and security are important properties of any software system, particularly in safety-critical domains, such as embedded, automotive, or cyber-physical systems. Moreover, particularly those domains also employ highly-configurable systems to customize variants, for example, to different customer requirements or regulations. Unfortunately, we are missing an overview understanding of what research has been conducted on the intersection of safety and security with configurable systems. To address this gap, we conducted a systematic mapping study based on an automated search, covering ten years (2011--2020) and 65 relevant (out of 367) publications. We classified each publication based on established security and safety concerns (e.g., CIA triad) as well as the connection to configurable systems (e.g., ensuring security of such a system). In the end, we found that considerably more research has been conducted on safety concerns, but both properties seem under-explored in the context of configurable systems. Moreover, existing research focuses on two directions: Ensuring safety and security properties in product-line engineering; and applying product-line techniques to ensure safety and security properties. Our mapping study provides an overview of the current state-of-the-art as well as open issues, helping practitioners identify existing solutions and researchers define directions for future research.

While most research shows positive effects of gamification, the focus on its adverse effects is considerably smaller. Having this in mind, we conducted a systematic mapping study of the negative effects of game design elements on education/learning systems. The study revealed 77 papers reporting undesired effects of game design elements. We found that badges, competitions, Ieaderboards, and points are the game design elements most often reported as causing negative effects. The most cited negative effects were lack of effect, lack of understanding, irrelevance, motivational issues, and worsened performance. The ethical issue of cheating was also often reported. As part of our results, we map the relations between game design elements and the negative effects that they may cause. Our mapping study can help gamification designers make more informed decisions when selecting game design elements to be included in education/learning systems, raising awareness on potential negative effects.

Software traceability plays a critical role in software maintenance and evolution. We conducted a systematic mapping study with six research questions to understand the benefits, costs, and challenges of using traceability in maintenance and evolution. We systematically selected, analyzed, and synthesized 63 studies published between January 2000 and May 2020, and the results show that: traceability supports 11 maintenance and evolution activities, among which change management is the most frequently supported activity; strong empirical evidence from industry is needed to validate the impact of traceability on maintenance and evolution; easing the process of change management is the main benefit of deploying traceability practices; establishing and maintaining traceability links is the main cost of deploying traceability practices; 13 approaches and 32 tools that support traceability in maintenance and evolution were identified; improving the quality of traceability links, the performance of using traceability approaches and tools are the main traceability challenges in maintenance and evolution. The findings of this study provide a comprehensive understanding of deploying traceability practices in software maintenance and evolution phase, and can be used by researchers for future directions and practitioners for making informed decisions while using traceability in maintenance and evolution.

This article presents a systematic mapping study in order to obtain a general description of the area of knowledge called Software Quality, and to identify the amount (frequency) and type of research carried out in the last decade. The study raises the analysis of aspects such as innovation in terms of methods, techniques and methodologies related to software quality, the quality factors addressed, the context in which they have been carried out, the phases of the software process in which they have focused, as well as the evaluation mechanisms used in the context of empirical research. The study carried out to conclude that research in the field of software quality is still current.

Effective assessment of cyber risks in the increasingly dynamic threat landscape must be supported by artificial intelligence techniques due to their ability to dynamically scale and adapt. This article provides the state of the art of AI-supported security risk assessment approaches in terms of a systematic mapping study. The overall goal is to obtain an overview of security risk assessment approaches that use AI techniques to identify, estimate, and/or evaluate cyber risks. We carried out the systematic mapping study following standard processes and identified in total 33 relevant primary studies that we included in our mapping study. The results of our study show that on average, the number of papers about AI-supported security risk assessment has been increasing since 2010 with the growth rate of 133% between 2010 and 2020. The risk assessment approaches reported have mainly been used to assess cyber risks related to intrusion detection, malware detection, and industrial systems. The approaches focus mostly on identifying and/or estimating security risks, and primarily make use of Bayesian networks and neural networks as supporting AI methods/techniques.

With the increase of research in self-adaptive systems, there is a need to better understand the way research contributions are evaluated. Such insights will support researchers to better compare new findings when developing new knowledge for the community. However, so far there is no clear overview of how evaluations are performed in self-adaptive systems. To address this gap, we conduct a mapping study. The study focuses on experimental evaluations published in the last decade at the prime venue of research in software engineering for self-adaptive systems - the International Symposium on Software Engineering for Adaptive and Self-Managing Systems (SEAMS). Results point out that specifics of self-adaptive systems require special attention in the experimental process, including the distinction of the managing system (i.e., the target of evaluation) and the managed system, the presence of uncertainties that affect the system behavior and hence need to be taken into account in data analysis, and the potential of managed systems to be reused across experiments, beyond replications. To conclude, we offer a set of suggestions derived from our study that can be used as input to enhance future experiments in self-adaptive systems.

Background: High numbers of women experience a traumatic birth, which can lead to Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) onset, and negative and pervasive impacts for women, infants and families. Policies, suitable service provision, and training are needed to identify and treat psychological morbidity following a traumatic birth experience, but currently there is little insight into whether and what is provided in different contexts. The aim of this study was to map policy, service and training provision for women following a traumatic birth experience in different European countries. Methods: A survey was distributed as part of the COST Action “Perinatal mental health and birth-related trauma: Maximizing best practice and optimal outcomes”. Questions were designed to capture ‘country level data’; ‘care provision’ (i.e., national policies or guidelines for the screening, treatment and/or prevention of a traumatic birth, service provision), and nationally mandated pre-registration and post-registration ‘training’ for maternity professionals. Results: Eighteen countries participated. Only one country had national policies regarding the screening, treatment and prevention of a traumatic birth experience/PTSD. Service provision was provided formally in six countries (33%), or informally in the majority (78%). In almost all countries (89%), women could be referred to specialist perinatal or mental health services. Services tended to be provided by midwives, although some multidisciplinary practice was apparent. Thirty-nine percent of the countries offered ‘a few hours’ professional/pre-registration training but none offered nationally mandated post-registration training. Conclusions: A traumatic birth experience is a key public health concern. Evidence highlights important gaps regarding formalized care provision and training for care providers.

An autonomous car is a driverless vehicle for the purpose of navigating autonomously and safely over the earth's surface. Interest in this type of transport has increased significantly in recent years and it is possible that the number of these vehicles on the streets will increase, changing the daily lives of cities. In this context, this work aims to understand the technological limitations and impacts of using autonomous cars, observing the feasibility, adaptation, traffic legislation, and perceived benefits. Following the method of systematic literature review proposed by Kitchenham, 69 primary studies from relevant bases in the area of Technology were analyzed. These studies showed some evidence by indicating, for example, that there will be a change in the way people relate to cars, particularly in terms of sharing them, in addition to impacts on urban mobility.

Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: None. Background takotsubo syndrome (TTS) is an acute heart failure syndrome characterized by transient systolic dysfunction, widespread myocardial edema and not trivial rate of in-hospital complications. Tissue mapping by cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging provides measure of myocardial interstitial expansion. Few studies to date comprehensively examined native T1, T2 and extracellular volume (ECV) quantification by CMR in TTS. Purpose to describe T1 and T2 mapping findings by cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging in a cohort of TTS patients and control subjects. Methods we performed CMR imaging with native T1 and T2 mapping assessment as well as ECV and late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) imaging in n = 14 TTS patients at a median of 4 (3, 7) days after the acute event. Control group consisted of n = 14 healthy individuals with no known prior acute cardiac events. Extracellular-volume (ECV) fraction estimate was derived from native and post-contrast T1 of myocardium and blood pool corrected for hematocrit as reported in literature. All mapping measurements were performed in the interventricular septum from the mid-short-axis view. Results median age of the study population was 72 years, 84% female. Typical apical ballooning was present in 72% of the patients, atypical in 28%, with median left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of 45%; mid interventricular septum was involved in all patients based on the presence of wall motion abnormalities at hospital admission. Median native T1, T2 and ECV were 1078 msec vs 965 msec, 55 msec vs 47 msec and 29% vs 25% in TTS and controls respectively (p Conclusions myocardial edema, as signified by increased T2, is a prominent feature of TTS, likely driving interstitial expansion and increase of native T1 and ECV in the acute phase. Correlation of T2 with LVEF on admission suggests that CMR-based parametric assessment of myocardial edema could contribute to better characterize disease severity in TTS.

This paper is focused in the Institutional Teaching Initiation ScholarshipProgram (Pibid). This way the general objective is conducting a survey of recent studies, developed between 2014 to 2018, which deal with English language teachers education in this context. Specifically, this work aims to understand the advances and gaps in the selectedcorpus of studies. The research was carried out on Google Scholar and on Capes' dissertations and theses portal. In addition, the collection of El Kadri et al. (2018) was analyzed. The 37 selected works were classified according to their investigative focus, methodology and research participants; beyond the results achieved. A more prevalent research focus was evidenced in initial teacher education, with the undergraduate students of the program. Qualitative research stood out, with the use of different instruments for data collection / generation. Some of the results showed the resignification of identities and Relationships on the part of the pibidians; others presented Pibid as a place to experience alternative practices. With points that yet should be explored, we highlighted the continued teacher education of supervisors and coordinators within the scope of the program; monitoring its graduates and articulating the internship with Pibid. Centrándonos en el Programa de Becas de Iniciación a la Enseñanza Institucional (PIBID), el objetivo de este artículo es realizar una encuesta de estudios desarrollados entre 2014 y 2018, que abordan la formación de profesores de inglés en el contexto referido. En concreto, el trabajo tiene como objetivo comprender cuáles son los avances y brechas en el corpus de estudios seleccionados. Se utilizó el portal de disertaciones y tesis de Capes y Google Scholar. Además, se analizó la colección de El Kadriet al. (2018). Los 37 trabajos seleccionados fueron clasificados según su enfoque de investigación, metodología yparticipantes de la investigación; más allá de los resultados obtenidos. Un enfoque de investigación más prevalente se evidenció en la formación inicial del profesorado, con la participación de estudiantes de pregrado. Se destacó la investigación cualitativa, con el uso de diferentes instrumentos para la recolección /generación de datos. Algunos resultados mostraron la resignificación de identidades y relaciones por parte de los pibidianos; otros presentaron a PIBID como un lugar para experimentar prácticas alternativas. Los puntos aexplorar son la formación continua del profesorado de los supervisores y coordinadores; seguimiento de los egresados y articulación de la pasantía con PIBID. Tendo como foco o Programa Institucional de Bolsa de Iniciação à Docência (PIBID), este artigo tem como objetivo geral realizar um levantamento de estudos recentes, desenvolvidos entre 2014 a 2018, que tratam da formação de professores de língua inglesa no referido contexto. De modo específico, o trabalho visa compreender quais são os avanços e as lacunas do conjunto de estudos levantado. As pesquisas foram realizadas no Google Acadêmico e no portal de dissertações e teses da Capes. Ademais, foi analisada a coletânea de El Kadri et al. (2018). Os 37 trabalhos selecionados foram classificados conforme seusfocos investigativos, metodologia e participantes da pesquisa; além dos resultados alcançados. Evidenciou-se um foco de investigação mais predominante na formação docente inicial, com os alunos de graduação participantes do programa. As pesquisas qualitativas se sobressaíram, com o emprego de diferentes instrumentos para coleta/geração de dados. Alguns dos resultados mostraram a ressignificação de identidades e relações por parte dos pibidianos; outros apresentaram o Pibid como um lugar de experienciar práticas alternativas. Como pontos ainda a serem explorados, destacamos a formação docente continuada de supervisores e coordenadores no âmbito do programa; um acompanhamento dos egressos e a articulação do estágio com o Pibid.

Limited literature is available regarding anatomic patterns of articular injuries in comminuted patellar fractures. The present study aimed to map the location and frequency of fracture lines on the coronal and sagittal planes of the articular surface in AO/OTA 34C3 fractures. The directions of the fracture lines from the CT scans of 66 multifragmentary patellar fractures were highlighted in the coronal plane of the articular surface and in the midsagittal plane. The images of all fractures were then oriented to fit and superimposed over a single template. The primary horizontal fracture lines were identified in 63 patients (95.4%) using coronal articular surface fracture mapping. The average value of the primary horizontal fracture line was located between the middle and inferior facets. The secondary horizontal fracture lines ran frequently on the inferior border of the articular facet (83.3%). The secondary vertical fracture lines created satellite fragments and were mostly located on the periphery of the bilateral facet. Sagittal fracture mapping of the primary and secondary horizontal fracture lines with the main coronal fracture line revealed a predominantly X-shaped fracture map. The presence of the free articular type of coronal split fragment was significantly related to inferior pole fractures (OR: 8.15, P = 0.01).

Smart meters and the smart grid will allow utility companies and customers to monitor their electricity and utility usage in fine-grained detail instead of the previously common monthly or yearly measurements. With this fine-grained detail comes serious privacy concerns. One of the most promising solutions for measuring and preserving privacy loss is differential privacy. Both differential privacy and the smart grid are relatively young developments that will require more research before they can be confidently implemented worldwide. With this systematic mapping study, we will provide an overview of the current literature and attempt to determine the future directions the research may take.

Deep Learning (DL) is being used nowadays in many traditional Software Engineering (SE) problems and tasks. However, since the renaissance of DL techniques is still very recent, we lack works that summarize and condense the most recent and relevant research conducted at the intersection of DL and SE. Therefore, in this paper, we describe the first results of a mapping study covering 81 papers about DL & SE. Our results confirm that DL is gaining momentum among SE researchers over the years and that the top-3 research problems tackled by the analyzed papers are documentation, defect prediction, and testing., 8 pages, 5 figures, 4 tables. Accepted for publication at ACM SAC 2021

Wheat grain yield (GY) improvement using genomic tools is important for achieving yield breakthroughs. To dissect the genetic architecture of wheat GY potential and stress-resilience, we have designed this large-scale genome-wide association study using 100 datasets, comprising 105,000 GY observations from 55,568 wheat lines evaluated between 2003 and 2019 by the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center and national partners. We report 801 GY-associated genotyping-by-sequencing markers significant in more than one dataset and the highest number of them were on chromosomes 2A, 6B, 6A, 5B, 1B and 7B. We then used the linkage disequilibrium (LD) between the consistently significant markers to designate 214 GY-associated LD-blocks and observed that 84.5% of the 58 GY-associated LD-blocks in severe-drought, 100% of the 48 GY-associated LD-blocks in early-heat and 85.9% of the 71 GY-associated LD-blocks in late-heat, overlapped with the GY-associated LD-blocks in the irrigated-bed planting environment, substantiating that simultaneous improvement for GY potential and stress-resilience is feasible. Furthermore, we generated the GY-associated marker profiles and analyzed the GY favorable allele frequencies for a large panel of 73,142 wheat lines, resulting in 44.5 million datapoints. Overall, the extensive resources presented in this study provide great opportunities to accelerate breeding for high-yielding and stress-resilient wheat varieties.

Impairments in feedback processing, often associated with risk-taking behavior, may have implications for development of substance abuse in adolescents. The most commonly used substances by adolescents include tobacco and cannabis, with some individuals using both substances, potentially heightening risk. Our objective was to examine feedback processing and impulsivity in adolescents who smoke cigarettes and use cannabis daily (N = 21), comparing them with adolescents who smoke cigarettes daily and use cannabis occasionally (N = 18) and non-smoking (N = 27) adolescents. To do this, the Balloon Analog Risk Task (BART) with concurrent EEG was used to measure risk-related feedback processing, and impulsivity was measured using the Barratt's impulsiveness scale (BIS-11). It was found that adolescent daily tobacco/cannabis smoking was associated with higher BIS-11 scores, shortened feedback-related-negativity (FRN) latencies and reduced P300 amplitudes. In addition, FRN latencies during win conditions were inversely associated with tobacco-use severity, indicated by scores on the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND), and with BIS-11 scores. Adolescents with concurrent tobacco and cannabis use show altered feedback processing and higher impulsivity. Future work should disentangle whether the effect reflects risk, consequences of use or both.

Objection: Among the many studies on the proximal humerus, few have focused on cortical bone distribution around the surgical neck region and its relationship with the epiphysis. Materials and methods: Ninety-five surgical neck fracture patients with available plain X-rays and CT scans were enrolled. In addition, 38 normal subjects were also included to illustrate the cortical thickness of the diaphysis, cortical change region and greater tuberosity.Results: The fracture lines were mainly distributed in the cortical change region. Significant differences were found in cortical thickness between the diaphysis, surgical region and greater tuberosity in men and women. The thickest cortex was noted in the diaphysis, and the thinnest cortex was noted in the greater tuberosity. No significant differences were observed in the width of the cortical change region in man and women.Conclusion: The surgical neck region had decreased cortical thickness. It was concluded that the epiphysis connection region had an effect and acted on the proximal humeral fracture pattern in adults; therefore, the surgical neck fracture was identified as an epiphyseal relative fracture.

Highlights • The following contributions are provided: A general process for conducting systematic prospective appraisal of policy options within the field of research policy, using multicriteria mapping (MCM). • Novel methods for systematically analysing MCM data using pairwise comparison and merit orders which improve the utility of the MCM method. • Quantitative findings (derived using MCM) on the appraisal of policy options for antimicrobial resistance (AMR) by 47 experts from six European countries, providing seven stakeholder perspectives, and identifying most and least favoured policy options. • Qualitative findings (derived using MCM) addressing different modes of reasoning as to why contrasting policy options may be expected to perform well or poorly in different settings and from different perspectives. • Qualitative findings (derived using MCM) underpinning a framework for policy design that may be useful for research policy around AMR. • Quantitative findings (derived not using MCM) concerning those particular options that interviewees identified as most complementary to each other, supported by qualitative illustrations and qualifications., This article provides prospective appraisal of key policy instruments intended to stimulate innovation to combat antimicrobial resistance (AMR). AMR refers to the ability of microbes to evolve resistance to those treatments designed to kill them, and is associated with the overuse or misuse of medicines such as antibiotics. AMR is an emerging global challenge with major implications for healthcare and society as a whole. Diagnostic tests for infectious diseases can guide decision making when prescribing medicines, so reducing inappropriate drug use. In the context of growing international interest in policies to stimulate innovation in AMR diagnostics, this study uses multicriteria mapping (MCM) to appraise a range of policy instruments in order to understand their potential performance while also highlighting the uncertainties that stakeholders hold about such interventions in complex contexts. A contribution of the article is the demonstration of a novel method to analyse and visualise MCM data in order to reveal stakeholder inclinations towards particular options while exploring interviewees’ uncertainties about the effectiveness of each instrument's design or implementation. The article reports results from six European countries (Germany, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain and the UK). The findings reveal which policy instruments are deemed most likely to perform well, and why, across stakeholder groups and national settings, with areas of common ground and difference being identified. Importantly, the conclusions presented here differ from prominent policy discourse, with international implications for the design of mixes of policy instruments to combat AMR. Strategic and practical methodological implications also emerge for general appraisal of innovation policy instrument mixes., Graphical abstract Appraising research policy instrument mixes: a multicriteria mapping study in six European countries of diagnostic innovation to manage antimicrobial resistanceImage, graphical abstract

The aim of this paper is to provide the basis for development of the Bridging Document between China National Standard of “Classifications for mineral resources and mineral reserves (GB/T 17766-2020)” and “United Nations Framework Classification for Resources (UNFC-2019)”. This paper analyses GB/T 17766-2020 and UNFC-2019 updated recently. Based on the existing bridging document, this paper sets up correspondences between categories of the two systems from the view of definitions. The correspondences are tested by a case study. The mapping study shows that the mineral resources and mineral reserves in GB/T 17766-2020 can correspond respectively to the Viable Projects and Potentially Viable Projects classes. As the application scope of UNFC-2019 is different from that of GB/T 17766-2020, it will be key point to mapping in depth the categorization of G axes between the two classification systems. This paper provides correspondences on categories between GB/T 17766-2020 and UNFC-2019, and laid a good foundation to develop the bringing document between the two classification systems.

Delayed motor tasks require timely interaction between immobility and action. The neural substrates of these processes probably reside in the premotor and motor circuits; however, fine-grained anatomical/functional information is still lacking. Participants performed a delayed simple reaction task, structured as a ready-set-go sequence, with a fixed, predictable, SET-period. Responses were given with lip movements. During the SET-period, we performed a systematic dense-mapping of the bilateral dorsal premotor region (dPM) by means of single transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) pulses on an 18-spot mapping grid, interleaved with sham TMS which served as a baseline. Reaction times (RTs) in TMS trials over each grid spot were compared to RTs in sham trials to build a statistical parametric z-map. The results reveal a rostro-caudal functional gradient in the dPM. TMS of the rostral dPM induced a shift from reactive towards predictive response strategies. TMS of the caudal dPM interfered with the SET-period duration. By means of dense TMS mapping, we have drawn a putative functional map of the role of the dPM during the SET-period. A higher-order rostral component is involved in setting action strategies and a caudal, lower-order, part is probably involved in the inhibitory control of motor output.

espanolContext: Measurement enables organizations to gain knowledge about its processes and projects, also to reach predictable performance and high capability processes, which places organizations in better positions to make appropriate decisions. Measuring the software development process supports organizations in its endeavor to understand, evaluate, manage, and improve its development processes and projects. In the last decades, the software development process has evolved to meet the market needs and to keep abreast of modern technologies and infrastructures that have influenced the product development and its use. These changes in the development processes have increased the importance of the measurement and caused changes in the measurement process and the used measures. Objective: This thesis aims to contribute to the software process measurement domain in two main aspects; first, propose a novel solution to support the identification and the operational definition of the measurement concepts and objectives. The second is defining a measurement lifecycle and integrate it into the process lifecycle. Method: We have carried out a survey and mapping study to understand the current state of the art, and to identify existing gaps. After that, we have proposed a theoretical solution to support the software process measurement, and finally, we have developed this solution to allow its practical use in real environments, enabling its application and evaluation in a real project. Results: The proposed solution consists of three main components: (i) Measurement lifecycle; which define the measurement activities throughout the process lifecycle, (ii) Measurement metamodels; these metamodels support the measurement lifecycle and its integration into the process lifecycle, (iii) Transformation process; which allow the derivation of the necessary measurement models, artifacts, and activities throughout the process lifecycle. Conclusion: The solution presented in this dissertation allows organizations to manage and improve their processes and projects; the proposed information model supports the unification of the measurement concepts vocabulary, coherently connects them, and ensures the traceability between these concepts. The defined measurement process lifecycle provides a clear and comprehensive guide for the organizations to establish the measurement objectives and carry out the necessary activities to achieve them. The proposed measurement definition metamodel support and guide the engineers to define the measurement concepts and their relationships completely and operationally. Moreover, the proposed transformations use this metamodel to support the measurement process and to derive the necessary measurement artifacts and activities throughout the process lifecycle. EnglishContexto: la medicion permite a las organizaciones obtener conocimiento sobre sus procesos y proyectos, tambien alcanzar un rendimiento predecible y procesos de alta capacidad, lo que pone las organizaciones en mejores posiciones para tomar decisiones apropiadas. La medicion del proceso de desarrollo de software apoya a las organizaciones en su esfuerzo para comprender, evaluar, gestionar y mejorar sus procesos y proyectos de desarrollo. Objetivo: Esta disertacion propone una solucion novedosa para respaldar la identificacion y la definicion de los conceptos y objetivos de medicion en una forma operativa. Ademas, busca definir un ciclo de vida de la medicion e integrarlo en el ciclo de vida del proceso. Metodo: Hemos llevado a cabo una encuesta y estudios de mapeo para comprender el estado del arte e identificar brechas existentes. Posteriormente, hemos propuesto una solucion teorica para respaldar la medicion del proceso del software y, finalmente, hemos desarrollado esta solucion para permitir su uso practico en entornos reales, permitiendo su aplicacion y evaluacion en un proyecto real. Resultados: La solucion propuesta consta de tres componentes principales: (i) Ciclo de vida de la medicion; que define las actividades de medicion a lo largo del ciclo de vida del proceso, (ii) Metamodelos de medicion; estos metamodelos apoyan el ciclo de vida de la medicion y su integracion en el ciclo de vida del proceso, (iii) Proceso de transformacion; que permite la derivacion de los modelos de medicion, artefactos y actividades necesarios a lo largo del ciclo de vida del proceso. Conclusion: la solucion presentada en este trabajo permite a las organizaciones gestionar y mejorar sus procesos y proyectos; El modelo de informacion propuesto apoya la unificacion del vocabulario de los conceptos de medicion, los conecta de forma coherente y garantiza la trazabilidad entre estos conceptos. El ciclo de vida del proceso de medicion proporciona una guia clara y completa para que las organizaciones establezcan los objetivos de medicion y realicen las actividades necesarias para lograrlos. El metamodelo de definicion de la medicion apoya y guia a los ingenieros para definir los conceptos de medicion y sus relaciones de manera completa y operativa; ademas, las transformaciones propuestas utilizan este metamodelo para respaldar el proceso de medicion y derivar los artefactos y las actividades de medicion necesarios durante el ciclo de vida del proceso.

Energy Communities are finding their way into the local energy systems as new regulations surge. However, they often lack resources due to their limited size, and depend heavily on subsidies for providing competitive offerings. In parallel, new technologies support the development of smart services for the energy market and provide chances for increasing the competitiveness of energy communities. This paper utilizes the multi-criteria mapping (MCM) method to discuss with stakeholders from energy communities in Germany the relevance and priorities for realizing specific smart services. A general ranking, as well as four perspective-based rankings, are analyzed by discussing contrasts and uncertainties. The results provide relevant insights on potentials from each service and a basis for the design of new information systems and architectures for energy communities.

Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: Private grant(s) and/or Sponsorship. Main funding source(s): This study was supported by a Clinical Training Research Fellowship (K. Knott) from the British Heart Foundation and directly and indirectly from the Biomedical Research Centre at University College London Hospitals and Barts Heart Centre. Background Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) with automated inline perfusion mapping permits rapid fully automated non-invasive myocardial blood flow (MBF, ml/g/min). Understanding the microvascular component of MBF would help optimize epicardial coronary artery disease detection and potentially serve as an independent diagnostic / therapeutic target. Purpose To explore MBF influences at stress and rest in patients with unobstructed epicardial coronary arteries. Methods 242 participants (mean age 56.9 years) from 5 European centers with unobstructed epicardial coronary arteries and no myocardial scar underwent adenosine vasodilator perfusion mapping at stress and rest. The factors influencing MBF were determined using univariate and multivariate linear regression analyses. Results Mean rest perfusion was 0.91+/-0.24ml/g/min. Rest perfusion was higher in females (0.97+/-0.22ml/g/min vs 0.83 +/- 0.24ml/g/min) and lower in patients on beta blockers. Mean stress MBF was 2.53+/-0.82ml/g/min. Factors independently associated with reduced stress MBF were increasing age, diabetes, increasing left ventricular mass (LVMi) and the use of beta blockers. The predicted stress MBF can be obtained from the equation MBF = 2.66–0.015(age-60)–0.013(LVMi-57)-0.405(diabetes)–0.365(beta blocker). This means stress MBF falls 10% over 19 years and that diabetes drops the MBF by the equivalent of being 27 years older. These changes are large: for example, a 70-year-old diabetic would have 30% lower stress MBF than a 35 year-old non-diabetic. Conclusions In the absence of obstructive epicardial coronary disease, stress MBF falls with age, diabetes, increased LV mass and beta-blockers. These data may help develop normal reference ranges, input to other modelling (eg CT FFR), and they advance perfusion mapping as a measure of microvascular function. Abstract Figure. Summary of the determinants of perfusion

Infra-red maps and profiles with high spatial resolution were obtained for two single crystal diamonds with pronounced CO2 IR absorption peaks. Detailed examination allows unambiguous assignment of the spectral features to solid CO2-I phase. It is shown that the distribution of IR band positions, intensities and widths in the sample follows regular patterns and is not chaotic as was suggested in previous works where spectra of a few individual spots were analysed. Consequently, pressure effects alone fail to explain all observed features and shifts of the CO2 bands. Experimental data can be explained by presence of impurities (such as water, N2, etc.) in the trapped CO2. This implies that spectroscopic barometry of CO2 microinclusions in diamond may be subject to poorly controlled bias. However, barometry is still possible if Davydov splitting of the CO2-I ν2 band is unequivocally observed, as this indicates high purity of the CO2 ice.

Mobile apps are becoming increasingly important in everyone’s daily life. The success of an app is linked to high user acceptance. Therefore, it is necessary to capture users’ expectations, needs, and problems regarding an app in any situation. For this reason, we conducted a systematic mapping study to obtain an overview of the current state of the art of in-app feedback collection approaches. We analyzed 36 publications and derived requirements for in-app feedback tools. We categorized the requirements into these groups: initiation of data collection, data collection enhancements, integrated communication regarding feedback provided, and transparency.

Data visualization is an arrangement that presents data in manners that enable the utilization of human subjective and visual capacities. It is the method used to convert crude information into some visual structure. It uses designs and visuals to help with the psychological burden of comprehending big data. The burden put on general well-being because of the coronavirus is exacerbated by the ceaseless rise of new strains and unanswered inquiries concerning viral spread inside the host. Observations regarding the course of coronaviruses in people have been step by step expanded and extended to numerous regions worldwide. These observation programs have created an enormous amount of genomic information regarding coronaviruses, which encourages the investigation of the infection by computational strategies that are proficient and cost effective.

The use of IT is aimed at creating a competitive advantage in business. However, there are many organizations that do not have adequate control of these technologies and do not allow them to achieve their desired objectives, for this reason it is important to properly manage and control IT through an IT governance framework. Through a framework, it will allow to achieve the alignment of IT with the Corporate Governance of the company, companies need a guide on how to adapt the strategic objectives stipulated by the Senior Management. The objective of this article is to show the most important studies that use the standards or framework related to IT Governance, in order to have a comprehensive approach to how the IT area is aligned with Corporate Governance. The methodology used was the search and review of the different IT governance studies implemented in the organizations, for which the literature review guide was used. In the collection of articles, a total of 383 articles were obtained, of which 18 were selected and used for the mapping study. The result of this research is the identification of two frameworks/standards. COBIT 5 and ISO 38500 that are most used in the implementation of ITG in organizations.

This is a mapping study conducted to evaluate the characteristics of where content that engages in perspectives or attitudes on female dog spaying is published. Three databases, CAB Direct, PubMed, and Scopus, were systematically searched. There were 84 out of 642 papers identified and screened for relevance on attitudes or perceptions on female canine spaying. These 84 articles were then examined for recurring authors, institutional representation, and publisher information. Additionally, information regarding the population being addressed, veterinarian or client, was noted with most literature addressing the veterinary perspective. Many important articles were published in a wide array of journals from many countries, which suggests the importance of not only browsing journals but also searching for relevant literature in databases like CAB Abstracts and MEDLINE.

The market size of e-commerce continued to grow in recent years. Amazon, a leading technology company that provides reliable online marketplaces had attracted more than two million active sellers with over 600 million active products listed on it in a snapshot in 2019. The Amazon Best Sellers Rank (BSR) is an important indicator of how well the listed product is sold and it is a common interest to all sellers. This research investigates the algorithm for setting BSR on Amazon by developing a python-based web scrapper to collect hourly data on Amazon Web Services (AWS) server. A BSR to sales mapping study is performed using a machine learning regression algorithm. The study would help Amazon sellers to understand the mechanism of BSR and its impact on future sales.

A modelagem da segurança viária se coloca como importante alternativa na otimização de recursos e esforços para promoção de mobilidade segura. Este trabalho apresenta o mapeamento sistemático de artigos que tratam do desenvolvimento de modelos de previsão de acidentes, especialmente em rodovias, com uso de técnicas de aprendizado de máquina (AM). Para tanto, foi aplicado um protocolo de condução da revisão, utilizando como bases de dados o Portal de Periódicos Capes e Google Acadêmico. Inicialmente alguns aspectos bibliométricos foram apresentados, seguido de uma análise qualitativa. Como resultados fez-se a identificação das principais abordagens metodológicas e suas características, desempenho dos modelos e variáveis explicativas. Desta forma, o mapeamento foi importante para traçar o panorama da área de pesquisa, apontar limitações e oportunidades de investigação e ainda, evidenciar o potencial de utilização de AM para análise de acidentes de trânsito.

Interest in gender norms is rising within the field of global health and among its funders. With more resources available for norms change work, international institutions seek to develop thoughtful strategic and programmatic responses to a variety of issues, including violence against children. Yet changing deeply rooted gender norms requires sensitivity to local context. This can present a challenge for mid- to large sized organisations, as well as funders, who are typically required to develop strategies that encompass multiple contexts. This paper presents practical lessons learned from a mapping study of UNICEF's existing work to change discriminatory gender norms. As the world's leading children's rights organisation, preventing violence against children (0-9) and adolescents (ages 10-19) is a key component of UNICEF's work. This mapping formed the foundation of the institution's efforts to build out a coordinated strategy and programme of work around 'positive gender socialisation.' The mapping was unique in that it accounted for differences across and within regions and sought to develop an institutional programme of work based on local experience and existing priorities. The lessons learned are relevant to other organisations and practice-oriented research programmes embarking on work to change norms that lead to violence against children.

A brain tumor is a type of cancer of abnormal brain cells or mass. The skull is rather solid, and it encloses the brain. Any growth within such a confined space can cause problems. There could be cancerous (malignant) or noncancerous (benign) brain tumors. As benign or malignant tumors develop, they may increase the pressure within the skull. This can cause brain damage and could even be life-threatening. In the recent decade, lots of systems have been produced that provide automatic classification of brain tumors via utilizing means of magnetic resonance spectroscopy and pattern recognition. In spite of promising classification accuracies, none of these systems has established its direction into clinical practice, which is also concerning the missing transparency of the basis of their decision making. In this paper, a systematic mapping study on brain tumors recognition is presented. After four sorting methods, 857 relevant studies in total have been obtained. After applying four filters, 49 papers as primary studies related to the main topic are selected. The selected papers have classified respect to several facets. The results provide an overview of the existing relevant studies reported in the literature, highlight focus areas and research gaps.

Objectives The inclusion of productivity in economic evaluations is a contentious issue. Methods are currently being developed to assess how it may feasibly be included for specific interventions, such as workplace interventions (WPIs), where productivity is a key outcome. Mapping (also called cross-walking or prediction modelling) may offer a solution. Prior to producing a mapping algorithm, it is recommended that the conceptual validity between ‘source’ and ‘target’ measures be understood first. This study aimed to understand the conceptual validity of two existing measures of health status (EQ-5D; SF-6D) and presenteeism to inform the potential for a subsequent mapping algorithm. Methods A purposive sample of individuals who were currently working and had either rheumatoid arthritis (RA), ankylosing spondylitis (AS) or psoriatic arthritis (PsA). Individuals were recruited through support groups. Semi-structured telephone interviews were conducted until data saturation (no new emerging themes) was reached. Deductive and inductive framework analysis methods were used to identify key aspects of the conditions (themes) that impact on presenteeism (working at reduced levels of health). Results Twenty-two (RA = 10; AS = 9; PsA = 3) employed individuals were interviewed. Deductive analysis identified evidence which confirmed the domains included in the EQ-5D and SF-6D capture those key aspects of RA, AS and PsA that increase presenteeism. Inductive analysis identified an additional theme; mental clarity, not captured by the EQ-5D or SF-6D, was also found to have a direct impact on presenteeism. Conclusions The results of the study indicate conceptual validity of both health status measures to predict presenteeism. The next step is to develop a mapping algorithm for presenteeism.

During the last decades, software traceability has been studied in a large number of studies, from different perspectives (e.g., how to create traces and what are its benefits). This large...

Internet of things (IoT) has applications in healthcare and medicine, where the treatment of cancer (disease with high incidence and mortality rates) stands out. The goal of this study is to characterize existing IoT platforms for cancer treatment, in terms of their purposes, types of sensors used, and cancer type treated. For that, a systematic literature mapping was performed, which included and analyzed 84 primary articles. We identified and classified 7 types of IoT platforms for cancer treatment, 39 purposes sought by those platforms, and 13 types of cancer. The results show that this is an active research area, where most studies focus on treating the types of cancer with highest incidence worldwide: breast, skin, and lung cancer, in order to reduce costs associated with the diagnosis and detection of the disease.

Background radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFA) on the endocardial ventricular surface is widely used for post-myocardial infarction (post-MI) ventricular tachycardia (VT) treatment. It has been described that about 10% of patients with post-MI require additional epicardial ablation for successful VT termination. However, there is still lack of data regarding the extent of scarring and the presence of local abnormal ventricular electrical activity (LAVA, low-voltage and/or fractionated signals) on the epicardial surface in patients with ischemic VT. Purpose to assess the extent of epicardial electrophysiological substrate in patients with remote myocardial infarction and indications for VT ablation. Methods thirteen out of 59 patients with sustained ischemic VT (12 men; mean age 59,9 ± 9,5) and without previous cardiac surgery signed an informed consent to undergo epicardial mapping and comprized the study population. Endocardial access was used previously as primary method in 4 patients ICD/ CRT-D had been previously implanted in 11 patients: mean left ventricle ejection fraction was 38,8 ± 10,6 %: hemodynamically unstable VT was present in 10 patients; the most frequent scar localization by ECG and transthoracic echocardiography – left ventricle (LV) inferior wall (10 patients), LV lateral wall – (7 patients). All patients underwent full clinical evaluation. Electrophysiological procedure and catheter ablation was performed under general anesthesia. Epicardial access was obtained through percutaneous subxyphoid puncture. Voltage mapping of endocardial and epicardial surfaces was performed. Maps were evaluated for the presence of LAVA. Ablation was performed at sites of LAVA on either side of the ventricular wall. Results epicardial access was successful in 12 patients. Bi- and unipolar mapping was successfully performed and analyzed in 11 subjects. LAVA was present in all but one patient on endocardial surface and in 9 (82%) out of 12 patients on epicardial surface. Localization of endocardial and epicardial LAVA coincided in 8 (67%) patients suggesting transmural ischemic scar. One patient had only epicardial scar, 1 patient had septal endocardial scar without LAVA on the epicardial surface. In one patient LAVA sites were localized on different left ventricle walls. More extensive unipolar than bipolar endocardial scar area was found (11,8 (IQR:2,0;31,6) vs 45,8 (IQR:17,1;86,5) сm2; р=0,03). Epicardial unipolar scar area prevailed over bipolar scar area: median 46.0 cm2 (IQR: 15.9;55.5) vs 107.7 cm2 (IQR: 84.3;168.9) р=0,04. LAVA epicardial area was wider than endocardial: 19.7 cm2 (IQR: 2.3; 29.7) vs 4.1 cm2 (IQR: 0.4; 23.8) р=0.03. Conclusion according to the results of our pilot study in unselected patients with ischemic VT, epicardial arrhythmogenic substrate was detected in 82% of cases. Epicardial LAVA area significantly prevailed over endocardial LAVA area.

Statement of problem Tooth loss directly affects mastication, cognitive function, and oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL). Complete dentures (CDs) and removable partial dentures (RPDs) represent a common oral rehabilitation approach. However, studies addressing the impact of removable dentures on replacing missing teeth are lacking. Purpose The purpose of this clinical study was to evaluate whether the OHRQoL, the jaw function limitation (JFL), and the masticatory efficiency of CD and RPD wearers are similar to those of patients with natural teeth and to evaluate whether wearing removable dentures can predict an effect on the OHRQoL, JFL, and masticatory efficiency of their wearers. Material and methods The Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-14) questionnaire and the JFL scale were used to measure OHRQoL and JFL. Masticatory efficiency was analyzed by using a subjective color-mixing index for the chewing gum bolus and shape index and an objective colorimetric analysis by using a software program ViewGum. Data were analyzed with Kruskal-Wallis and post hoc Dunn tests, followed by multiple linear regression (α=.05). Results The results from OHIP-14 evidenced that both denture groups presented a low impact on OHRQoL. JFL was higher for all denture wearers. For the subjective color-mixing analysis, the control and RPD groups presented better masticatory efficiency than CD wearers. Colorimetric analysis evidenced better masticatory efficiency for the control group, who differed from the CD and RPD groups. Wearing RPDs was a predictor of impaired JFL and OHRQoL, and the use of CDs was a predictor of impaired JFL and masticatory efficiency. Conclusions Despite being rehabilitated, CD and RPD wearers still had impaired OHRQoL, JFL, and masticatory efficiency. Also, the use of these prostheses can predict a negative effect on these 3 variables.