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OBJECTIVE: To obtain population estimates and profile risk factors for infant mortality in two birth cohorts and compare them among cities of different regions in Brazil. METHODS: In Ribeirão Preto, southeast Brazil, infant mortality was determined in a third of hospital live births (2,846 singleton deliveries) in 1994. In São Luís, northeast Brazil, data were obtained using systematic sampling of births stratified by maternity unit (2,443 singleton deliveries) in 1997-1998. Mothers answered standardized questionnaires shortly after delivery and information on infant deaths was retrieved from hospitals, registries and the States Health Secretarys' Office. The relative risk (RR) was estimated by Poisson regression. RESULTS: In São Luís, the infant mortality rate was 26.6/1,000 live births, the neonatal mortality rate was 18.4/1,000 and the post-neonatal mortality rate was 8.2/1,000, all higher than those observed in Ribeirão Preto (16.9, 10.9 and 6.0 per 1,000, respectively). Adjusted analysis revealed that previous stillbirths (RR=3.67 vs 4.13) and maternal age

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T18:56:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S0102-311X2004000800024.pdf: 90040 bytes, checksum: 9a6e5e6046d064813345248ae675b514 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T18:56:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S0102-311X2004000800024.pdf: 90040 bytes, checksum: 9a6e5e6046d064813345248ae675b514 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-01-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T19:51:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0102-311X2004000800024.pdf: 90040 bytes, checksum: 9a6e5e6046d064813345248ae675b514 (MD5) S0102-311X2004000800024.pdf.txt: 58251 bytes, checksum: 529de7f69fde022e53a81735a9d6cb77 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-01-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T15:13:19Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S0102-311X2004000800024.pdf: 90040 bytes, checksum: 9a6e5e6046d064813345248ae675b514 (MD5) S0102-311X2004000800024.pdf.txt: 58251 bytes, checksum: 529de7f69fde022e53a81735a9d6cb77 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T15:13:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0102-311X2004000800024.pdf: 90040 bytes, checksum: 9a6e5e6046d064813345248ae675b514 (MD5) S0102-311X2004000800024.pdf.txt: 58251 bytes, checksum: 529de7f69fde022e53a81735a9d6cb77 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-01-01 O artigo mostra o desenvolvimento de uma pesquisa que objetivou avaliar a qualidade da assistência ambulatorial do Programa Brasileiro de DST/ AIDS. A investigação, realizada entre 2001-2003, envolveu três projetos: uma análise do padrão tecnológico da assistência realizada em cinco serviços, uma avaliação qualitativa em 27 serviços e, finalmente, uma avaliação estruturada de 322 serviços de sete estados brasileiros. Mediante a descrição de todas as etapas dos projetos, as autoras discutem questões teóricas e metodológicas envolvidas na avaliação da assistência em programas de saúde. Discutem ainda algumas questões relacionadas à aplicabilidade e ao impacto das avaliações em serviços de saúde. This article discusses a study focused on quality care in health services under the Brazilian AIDS Program. Research in 2001-2003 involved three different projects: an in-depth analysis of the predominant health care pattern in five services, a qualitative evaluation of 27 services, and a structured evaluation of 322 services from seven Brazilian states. Through a description of the projects' stages, the authors discuss issues on theoretical and methodological approaches to evaluation of care in health programs. The discussion also focuses on key problems with the applicability and impact of health services evaluation. Universidade de São Paulo Faculdade de Medicina Universidade Estadual Paulista Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL) Universidade Federal do Maranhão Universidade Estadual Paulista Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu

The association between young maternal age and preterm birth (PTB) remains controversial. In some studies the association disappeared after controlling for socio-economic and reproductive factors, thus indicating that social disadvantage rather than biological factors may be the explanation. However, in other studies the association persisted after adjustment. The relation between young maternal age and PTB was studied in a city located in Brazil, an underdeveloped country, where the prevalence of teenage pregnancy was high, 29%. A systematic sampling of 2541 hospital births, stratified by hospital, was performed in Sao Luis, Northeast Brazil, from March 1997 to February 1998. The risks of PTB for infants born to two groups of young mothers (

Background Over the last decades there has been a reduction of social inequalities in Brazil, as well as a strong expansion of health services, including prenatal care. The objective of the present study was to estimate the rate of inadequate prenatal care utilization and its associated factors in São Luís, Brazil, in 2010 and to determine whether there was a reduction of inequity in prenatal care use by comparing the present data to those obtained from a previous cohort started in 1997/98. Methods Data from the BRISA (Brazilian birth cohort studies of Ribeirão Preto and São Luís) population-based cohort, which started in 2010 (5067 women), were used. The outcome variable was the inadequate utilization of prenatal care, classified according to the recommendations of the Brazilian Ministry of Health. The explanatory variables were organized into three hierarchical levels based on the Andersen’s behavioral model of the use of health services: predisposing, enabling and need factors. Results Only 2.0% of the women did not attend at least one prenatal care visit. The rate of inadequate prenatal care utilization was 36.7%. Despite an improved adequacy of prenatal care use from 47.3% in 1997/98 to 58.2% in 2010, social inequality persisted: both low maternal schooling (prevalence ratio (PR) = 2.78; 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 2.23-3.47 for 0 to 4 years of study) and low family income, less than 0.5 monthly minimum wage per capita (PR = 1.37; 95% CI 1.22-1. 54), continued to be associated with higher rates of inadequate prenatal care utilization. Racial disparity regarding adequate utilization of prenatal services was detected, with black (PR = 1.19; 95% CI 1.04-1.36) and mulatto (PR = 1.14; 95% CI 1.02-1.26) women showing higher rates of inadequate use. On the other hand, women covered by the FHP - Family Health Program (PR = 0.92; 95% CI 0.85-0.98) showed a lower rate of inadequate prenatal care utilization. Conclusions Despite strong expansion of health services and expressive improvements in adequate prenatal care use and social indicators, inequalities in prenatal care use still persist. The FHP seems to be effective in reducing inadequate prenatal care utilization.

The objective of this study was to analyze changes in perinatal health in two birth cohorts started in 1997/1998 and 2010, respectively, in São Luís, Maranhão State, Brazil. A total of 2,493 live born infants were included in 1997/1998 and 5,166 in 2010. Low birth weight (LBW) rate did not change (8.5% in 1997/1998 and 8.6% in 2010). Preterm birth (PTB) rate also remained stable (13.2% in 1997/1998 and 13% in 2010). Teenage deliveries and births to single mothers decreased. Maternal schooling and prenatal care coverage increased. Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) decreased from 13.3% to 10.6% (p < 0.001). The perinatal mortality rate decreased from 36.6 to 20.7 per 1,000 (p < 0.001) and the infant mortality rate (IMR) dropped from 28.5 to 12.8 per 1,000 (p < 0.001). The cesarean rate increased from 34.1% to 47.5% (p < 0.001). In conclusion, despite favorable changes in socio-demographic, behavioral, and health service factors and decreasing rates of IUGR and perinatal and infant mortality, LBW and PTB remained stable, while the cesarean rate increased. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar as mudanças na saúde perinatal em duas coortes de nascimento realizadas em 1997/1998 e 2010, em São Luís, Maranhão, Brasil. Um total de 2.493 nascidos vivos foi incluído em 1997/1998 e 5.166 em 2010. A taxa de baixo peso ao nascer (BPN) não se modificou (8,5% em 1997/1998 e 8,6% em 2010). A taxa de nascimento pré-termo (NPT) também permaneceu estável (13,2% em 1997/1998 e 13% em 2010). Nascimentos em adolescentes e em mulheres sem companheiro decresceram. A escolaridade materna e a cobertura do pré-natal aumentaram. A taxa de restrição de crescimento intrauterino (RCIU) diminuiu de 13,3% para 10,6% (p < 0,001). A taxa de mortalidade perinatal foi reduzida de 36,6 para 20,7 por mil (p < 0,001) e a taxa de mortalidade infantil diminuiu de 28,5 para 12,8 por mil (p < 0,001). A taxa de cesárea (TC) aumentou de 34,1% para 47,5% (p < 0,001). Apesar das mudanças favoráveis nas variáveis sociodemográficas, comportamentais e de serviços de saúde e da redução nas taxas de RCIU, mortalidade perinatal e infantil, as taxas de BPN e NPT permaneceram estáveis, enquanto a TC aumentou. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar los cambios de la salud perinatal en dos cohortes de nacimiento realizadas en 1997/1998 y 2010 en São Luís, Maranhão, Brasil. Un total de 2.493 niños nacidos vivos fueron incluidos en 1997/1998 y 5.166 en 2010. La tasa de bajo peso al nacer (BPN) no cambió (8,5% y 8,6%). La tasa del nacimiento prematuro (TNP) también se mantuvo estable (13,2% y 13%). Los nacimientos entre adolescentes y madres solteras disminuyeron. La escolaridad de la madre y la cobertura de atención prenatal aumentaron. La tasa de restricción del crecimiento intrauterino (RCIU) se redujo de un 13,3% a un 10,6% (p < 0,001). La tasa de mortalidad perinatal disminuyó de 36,6 a 20,7 por mil (p < 0,001), y la tasa de mortalidad infantil (TMI) se redujo de 28,5 a 12,8 por mil (p < 0,001). La tasa de cesárea (TC) aumentó de 34,1% a 47,5% (p < 0,001). A pesar de los cambios favorables en factores sociodemográficos, de conducta y de servicios de salud, y de la reducción de RCIU, mortalidad perinatal e infantil, las tasas de BPN y el PTB se mantuvieron estables, mientras que la TC aumentó.

Objetivou-se avaliar a utilização dos serviços de saúde bucal (SSB) e fatores associados nos municípios com mais de 100 mil habitantes do Maranhão. A amostra de base populacional incluiu 1214 crianças e 1059 adultos. Estimaram-se razões de prevalência (RP) por regressão de Poisson hierarquizada, segundo modelo teórico de Andersen. Mais de 91% das crianças e 71,9% dos adultos não utilizaram os SSB nos seis meses anteriores à entrevista. Dos que utilizaram 48,5% foram atendidos no SUS. Procedimentos preventivos foram mais frequentes que os curativos. Em crianças e adultos fatores predisponentes, facilitadores e de necessidade explicaram o uso de SSB. Em crianças, idade > 2 anos (RP = 5,29), maior escolaridade do chefe da família (RP = 2,37), > 6 consultas pré-natais (RP = 1,69) e necessidade de tratamento dentário (RP = 9,54) associaram-se ao maior uso dos SSB. Nos adultos, maior uso associou-se à maior escolaridade (RP = 2,26), classe econômica A/B (RP = 1,38), autopercepção da saúde boa/muito boa (RP = 1,72) e necessidade de tratamento (RP = 18,25). A utilização dos SSB não é universal, nem equânime e há deficiência na atenção integral, pois serviços de maior complexidade são utilizados por poucos. Menor número de consultas pré-natais parece ser preditor da não utilização dos SSB por crianças. The scope of this study was to evaluate the use of oral health services (OHS) and related factors in municipalities with more than 100,000 inhabitants in Maranhão, Brazil. It was a population-based sample including 1214 children and 1059 adults. Prevalence ratios (PR) were estimated by hierarchical Poisson regression in accordance with Andersen's theoretical model. Over 91% of children and 71.9% of adults had not used the OHS in the six months prior to the interview. Of those who did, 48.5% were attended in the Unified Health System (SUS). Preventive were more frequent than curative procedures. In children and adults, predisposing, facilitating and need-based factors explained the use of OHS. Children aged >2 years (PR=5.29), with greater schooling of the head of the household (PR=2.37), e"6 prenatal visits (PR=1.69) and dental treatment needs (PR=9.54) were associated with greater use of the OHS. In adults, use was associated with greater schooling (PR=2.26), economic class A/B (PR=1.38), self-perceived health as good/very good (PR=1.72) and need for treatment (PR=18.25). The use of the OHS is neither universal nor equitable and there are deficiencies in comprehensive care, as few people use the more complex services. Fewer prenatal visits appear to be a predictor of non-use of the OHS by children.

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T18:56:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S0102-311X2001000600038.pdf: 36305 bytes, checksum: 0402e38950f904bc754d3296754db2fc (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T18:56:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S0102-311X2001000600038.pdf: 36305 bytes, checksum: 0402e38950f904bc754d3296754db2fc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2001-12-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T19:51:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0102-311X2001000600038.pdf: 36305 bytes, checksum: 0402e38950f904bc754d3296754db2fc (MD5) S0102-311X2001000600038.pdf.txt: 26368 bytes, checksum: 95bcaa66b317b52434083b1a1eb5cebb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2001-12-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T15:13:17Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S0102-311X2001000600038.pdf: 36305 bytes, checksum: 0402e38950f904bc754d3296754db2fc (MD5) S0102-311X2001000600038.pdf.txt: 26368 bytes, checksum: 95bcaa66b317b52434083b1a1eb5cebb (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T15:13:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0102-311X2001000600038.pdf: 36305 bytes, checksum: 0402e38950f904bc754d3296754db2fc (MD5) S0102-311X2001000600038.pdf.txt: 26368 bytes, checksum: 95bcaa66b317b52434083b1a1eb5cebb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2001-12-01 Agressões de morcegos a pessoas vêm sendo notificadas em várias comunidades amazônicas nesta última década. Isto constitui um risco potencial para a raiva humana transmitida por morcegos. O objetivo deste estudo foi de analisar fatores associados a estas agressões em uma destas comunidades. Foi realizado um estudo transversal em um povoado de garimpeiros na Região Amazônica brasileira (160 habitantes). Foi realizada a captura de morcegos junto às casas e foram enviadas amostras para o laboratório. Das 129 pessoas entrevistas, 41% foram agredidas por morcegos pelo menos uma vez, com 92% das mordidas localizadas nos dedos dos pés. Por meio de regressão logística, encontrou-se que adultos eram agredidos ao redor de quatro vezes mais do que crianças (OR = 3,75, IC: 1,46-9,62, p = 0,036). Homens foram agredidos com maior freqüência do que mulheres (OR = 2,08, IC: 0,90-4,76, p = 0,067). Nove Desmodus rotundus e três morcegos frugívoros foram capturados e resultaram negativos para a raiva. O estudo sugere que, em áreas de garimpo, adultos do sexo masculino têm maior probabilidade de serem agredidos por morcegos. As ações de controle para a raiva humana a serem desenvolvidas nestes lugares devem dar ênfase especial a adultos homens. Recomendam-se mais investigações sobre o modo como o garimpo na Região Amazônica está colocando em risco as pessoas e o ambiente. Many people in Amazonian communities have reported bat bites in the last decade. Bites by vampire bats can potentially transmit rabies to humans. The objective of this study was to analyze factors associated with bat biting in one of these communities. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in a village of gold miners in the Amazonian region of Brazil (160 inhabitants). Bats were captured near people's houses and sent to a lab. of 129 people interviewed, 41% had been attacked by a bat at least once, with 92% of the bites located on the lower limbs. A logistic regression found that adults were bitten around four times more often than children (OR = 3.75, CI 95%: 1.46-9.62, p = 0.036). Males were bitten more frequently than females (OR = 2.08, CI 95%: 0.90-4.76, p = 0.067). Nine Desmodus rotundus and three frugivorous bats were captured and tested negative for rabies. The study suggests that, in an area of gold miners, common vampire bats are more likely to attack adults and males. The control strategy for human rabies developed in this region should therefore place special emphasis on adult males. There should also be more research on how the search for gold in the Amazonian region places people and the environment at risk. Pan American Health Organization Science Communication Studies Instituto de Salud Ambiente y Trabajo Universidade Estadual Paulista Instituto de Biociências Departamento de Zoologia Universidad Nacional Autonóma de México Universidade Estadual Paulista Instituto de Biociências Departamento de Zoologia

This study analyzes the prevalence of illicit drug use and associated factors during pregnancy. This was a cross-sectional study of participants in the BRISA prenatal care cohort. Frequencies and hierarchical logistic regression were used. Estimated prevalence rates were 1.45% for illicit drug use, 22.32% for alcohol consumption, and 4.22% for smoking. The study population was mostly young (81% in the 20-34-year bracket), with 9 to 11 years of schooling (75.55%), with more than half of the women outside the workforce (52.18%), and in economic class "C" (67.61%). Pregnant women showed a high level of stress (24.46%), moderate to intense anxiety (40.84%), and severe depressive symptoms (28.8%). Approximately half (49.72%) of the pregnant women reported some type of violence, and they had wide networks (72.77%) and low social support (65.21%). Use of legal drugs, high stress levels, and single parenthood were independently associated with illicit drug use in pregnancy.

BACKGROUND: Screening for violence during pregnancy is one of the strategies for the prevention of abuse against women. Since violence is difficult to measure, it is necessary to validate questionnaires that can provide a good measure of the phenomenon. The present study analyzed the psychometric properties of the World Health Organization Violence Against Women (WHO VAW) instrument for the measurement of violence against pregnant women. METHODS: Data from the Brazilian Ribeirão Preto and São Luís birth cohort studies (BRISA) were used. The sample consisted of 1,446 pregnant women from São Luís and 1,378 from Ribeirão Preto, interviewed in 2010 and 2011. Thirteen variables were selected from a self-applied questionnaire. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to investigate whether violence is a uni-or-multidimensional construct consisting of psychological, physical and sexual dimensions. The mean-and-variance-adjusted weighted least squares estimator was used. Models were fitted separately for each city and a third model combining data from the two settings was also tested. Models suggested from modification indices were tested to determine whether changes in the WHO VAW model would produce a better fit. RESULTS: The unidimensional model did not show good fit (Root mean square error of approximation [RMSEA] = 0.060, p < 0.001 for the combined model). The multidimensional WHO VAW model showed good fit (RMSEA = 0.036, p = 0.999 for the combined model) and standardized factor loadings higher than 0.70, except for the sexual dimension for SL (0.65). The models suggested by the modification indices with cross loadings measuring simultaneously physical and psychological violence showed a significantly better fit compared to the original WHO model (p < 0.001 for the difference between the model chi-squares). CONCLUSIONS: Violence is a multidimensional second-order construct consisting of psychological, physical and sexual dimensions. The WHO VAW model and the modified models are suitable for measuring violence against pregnant women.

Utilizaram-se questionários adaptados à realidade brasileira (PCATool) para avaliar acesso e utilização dos serviços, aplicados a 30 gestores, 80 profissionais e amostra aleatória de 882 usuários da Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF) em São Luís. Diferenças entre as avaliações dos 3 tipos de entrevistados foram identificadas pelo teste de Kruskall-Wallis e pós-teste de Dunn. Usuários tiveram dificuldades no acesso e na utilização dos serviços, também considerados insatisfatórios pelos gestores e profissionais. O acesso foi a dimensão pior avaliada e o não funcionamento das unidades após as 18 horas e finais de semana foram suas principais dificuldades. A avaliação dos gestores e profissionais quase sempre divergiu com a dos usuários, sendo a avaliação dos gestores predominantemente mais favorável. Gratuidade, utilização de serviços preventivos e da ESF antes das consultas especializadas foram bem avaliadas. O funcionamento das unidades precisa se adequar às necessidades dos usuários, principalmente dos trabalhadores. Fortalecer a participação social na gestão local da ESF pode ajudar a identificar essas necessidades, dirimindo divergências entre os atores estudados. Questionnaires adapted to the Brazilian reality (Primary Care Assessment Tool) to evaluate access to and use of services were distributed to 30 managers, 80 professionals and a random sample of 882 Family Health Strategy (FHS) users in São Luís in the state of Maranhão. The differences between the evaluations of managers, professionals and users were identified by the Kruskal-Wallis test and Dunn's post test. Users faced difficulties in access to and use of the services, which were also considered unsatisfactory by managers and professionals. Access was the dimension with the worst evaluation, and non-functioning of units after 6 p.m. and at weekends were the main difficulties. The evaluations of the managers and professionals were almost always divergent from those of the users, with the evaluation of the managers being more favorable. The fact that the service was free of charge, the use of preventive services and the FHS services before the specialized care were well evaluated. The operation of units should attend users' needs, especially that of the working population. Strengthening social participation in local management of the FHS may assist in identifying these needs, thereby reducing the divergent opinions of the players involved.

Background Violence against pregnant women has been associated with gestational and perinatal disorders. Psychological violence is the type least investigated and its associated factors have been little studied. The present study was conducted in order to estimate prevalence rates and analyze the factors associated with exclusive and recurrent psychological violence in the municipality of São Luís, Brazil. Methods Data regarding 982 pregnant women, aged from 14 to 45 years, interviewed in 2010 and 2011 in a prenatal cohort were used. A self-applied questionnaire was used to screen for violence. Pregnant women submitted to physical and sexual violence were excluded from the analysis of factors associated with exclusive psychological violence. Prevalence ratios and 95% confidence intervals were estimated by a Poisson regression model with a hierarchical approach at three levels. At level 1 of the theoretical-conceptual model, we analyzed demographic and socioeconomic characteristics and variables that express gender inequalities; at level 2, we analyzed social support received by the women, and at level 3, the life experiences of the pregnant women. Results Prevalence rate of exclusive psychological violence was 41.6% and of recurrent violence was 32.6%. Exclusive psychological violence was associated with pregnant women’s age of 14 to 18 years (PR: 1.32 95% CI: 1.04 – 1.70), pregnant women’s schooling superior to that of her intimate partner (PR: 1.54 95% CI: 1.09 – 2.16), inadequate social affective support/positive social interaction (PR: 1.34 95% CI: 1.11 – 1.62), use of illicit drugs by the pregnant women (PR: 1.80 95% CI: 1.16 – 2.81) and having had six or more intimate partners in life (PR: 1.52 95% CI: 1.18 – 1.96). Recurrent exclusive psychological violence was associated with inadequate social affective support/positive social interaction (PR: 1.47 95% CI: 1.15 – 1.87), use of illicit drugs by the pregnant women (PR: 2,28 95% CI: 1,40 - 3,71) and having had six or more intimate partners in life (PR: 1.47 95% CI: 1.06 – 2.03). Conclusions Psychological violence was a common phenomenon in this population of pregnant women that was associated with gender inequalities, inadequate social support and illicit drug use and should be routinely investigated during prenatal visits at health care services.

Prevalências de desnutrição e excesso de peso em menores de cinco anos e sua associação com fatores socioeconômicos, sanitários e demográficos foram estimadas nos seis maiores municípios do Maranhão, em 2006/2007. Por meio de inquérito domiciliar por amostragem 1.214 crianças menores de cinco anos foram aleatoriamente selecionadas. Foi utilizada amostragem por conglomerados em dois estágios, representativa dos seis municípios maranhenses com mais de cem mil habitantes. Foram aplicados questionários padronizados para as mães ou responsáveis pelas crianças e aferidos peso e estatura. Para classificação da desnutrição foram utilizados os pontos de corte < - 2 escores z pelos indicadores peso para idade, peso para estatura e estatura para idade. Para a classificação do excesso de peso foram considerados > +2 escores z, de acordo com o indicador peso para estatura, seguindo recomendações da Organização Mundial da Saúde. Pelo índice peso para idade a prevalência de desnutrição foi de 4,5%, pelo índice estatura para idade 8,5% estavam com desnutrição pregressa e pelo índice peso para estatura 3,9% encontravam-se com desnutrição atual, enquanto 6,7% apresentavam excesso de peso. Crianças de famílias chefiadas por mulheres apresentaram menores prevalências de desnutrição (Razão de Prevalências = 0,4). Variáveis socioeconômicas não estiveram associadas à desnutrição ou ao excesso de peso. Recebimento de benefício do programa bolsa família não foi associado à desnutrição ou excesso de peso. A prevalência de desnutrição infantil foi baixa, mas o excesso de peso foi mais prevalente do que a desnutrição. Não foi detectada desigualdade social em relação à desnutrição em crianças menores de cinco anos, sugerindo evolução favorável no sentido de maior equidade. Prevalences of malnutrition and overweight among children under five years and its association with socioeconomic, demographic and health indicators were estimated for the six largest municipalities of Maranhão, in 2006/2007. By means of a household survey, a sample of 1214 children under five years of age was randomly selected. Two-stage cluster sampling was used, representing the six municipalities of Maranhão with over one hundred thousand inhabitants. Standardized questionnaire was administered to mothers or guardians and trained personnel measured weight and height or length. For classification of malnutrition cutoff points of +2 z score, following World Health Organization guidelines. By weight-for-age malnutrition prevalence was 4.5, by length/height-for-age 8.5% were stunted and by the weight-for-length/height 3.9% were malnourished (wasting), while 6.7% were overweight. Children of families headed by women had lower prevalence of malnutrition (prevalence ratio=0.4). Socioeconomic variables were not associated with malnutrition or overweight. Participation in money transfer programs from the government was not associated with malnutrition or overweight. The prevalence of malnutrition was low, but being overweight was more prevalent than malnutrition. Social inequality was not detected in relation to malnutrition in children under five years of age, suggesting a favorable trend towards greater equity.

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T19:03:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S0034-89102013000100018.pdf: 61197 bytes, checksum: 1949674271def21de266f0f8037c1e3d (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T19:03:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S0034-89102013000100018.pdf: 61197 bytes, checksum: 1949674271def21de266f0f8037c1e3d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T18:24:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0034-89102013000100018.pdf: 61197 bytes, checksum: 1949674271def21de266f0f8037c1e3d (MD5) S0034-89102013000100018.pdf.txt: 38378 bytes, checksum: bb14ada712a0ddd9988194bffb6ed0c3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T13:38:38Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S0034-89102013000100018.pdf: 61197 bytes, checksum: 1949674271def21de266f0f8037c1e3d (MD5) S0034-89102013000100018.pdf.txt: 38378 bytes, checksum: bb14ada712a0ddd9988194bffb6ed0c3 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T13:38:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0034-89102013000100018.pdf: 61197 bytes, checksum: 1949674271def21de266f0f8037c1e3d (MD5) S0034-89102013000100018.pdf.txt: 38378 bytes, checksum: bb14ada712a0ddd9988194bffb6ed0c3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-01 OBJETIVO: Avaliar os serviços do Sistema Único de Saúde brasileiro de assistência ambulatorial a adultos vivendo com aids em 2007 e comparar com a avaliação de 2001. MÉTODOS: Os 636 serviços cadastrados no Ministério da Saúde em 2007 foram convidados a responder a um questionário previamente validado (Questionário Qualiaids) com 107 questões de múltipla escolha sobre a organização da assistência prestada. Analisaram-se as frequências das respostas de 2007 comparando-as com as obtidas em 2001 na forma de variação percentual (VP). RESULTADOS: Responderam o questionário 504 (79,2%) serviços. Cerca de 100,0% dos respondentes relataram ter pelo menos um médico, suprimento sem falhas de antirretrovirais e de exames CD4 e carga viral. Vários aspectos mostraram melhor desempenho em 2007 comparados a 2001: registro de número de faltas à consulta médica (de 18,3 para 27,0%, VP: 47,5%), agendamento de consulta em menos de 15 dias no início da terapia antirretroviral (de 55,3 para 66,2%, VP: 19,7%) e participação organizada do usuário (de 5,9 para 16,7%, VP: 183,1%). Houve manutenção de dificuldades: pequena variação na disponibilidade de exames especializados em até 15 dias, como endoscopia (31,9 para 34,5%, VP: 8,1%), e a piora de indicadores como tempo ideal de acesso a consultas especializadas (55,9 para 34,5% em cardiologia, VP negativa de 38,3%). O tempo médio despendido nas consultas médicas de seguimento manteve-se baixo: 15 minutos ou menos (52,5 para 49,5%, VP negativa de 5,8%). CONCLUSÕES: A avaliação de 2007 mostrou que os serviços contam com os recursos essenciais para a assistência ambulatorial. Houve melhoras em muitos aspectos em relação a 2001, mas persistem desafios. Pouco tempo dedicado à consulta médica pode estar vinculado ao número insuficiente de médicos e/ou à baixa capacidade de escuta e diálogo. A acessibilidade prejudicada a consultas especializadas mostra a dificuldade das infraestruturas locais do Sistema Único de Saúde. OBJECTIVE: To assess Brazilian Unified Health System outpatient services delivering care to adults living with AIDS in 2007 and to compare with the assessment conducted in 2001. METHODS: The 636 health services registered in the Ministry of Health in 2007 were invited to respond to a previously validated questionnaire (Qualiaids Questionnaire) with 107 multiple-choice questions about the organization of care delivery. It analyzed the frequencies of responses to the 2007 questionnaire compared with those found in that of 2001 through percent variation (PV). RESULTS: 504 (79.2%) of the services responded to the questionnaire. Almost 100.0% of the respondents reported having essential resources for outpatient care: having at least one doctor, sufficient supplies of antiretroviral drugs, CD4 and viral load tests. Many aspects displayed improvement in 2007 compared to 2001: registry of missed medical appointments (from 18.3 to 27.0%, PV: 47.5%), follow-up appointment within 15 days of starting antiretroviral treatment (from 55.3 to 66.2%, PV: 19.7%) and user's organized participation (from 5.9 to 16.7%, PV: 183.1%). However, some difficulties remained: little change in the availability of specialized exams, such as endoscopy, within 15 days, (31.9 to 34.5%, PV: 8.1%) and decreases in indicators such as optimal time access to specialized appointments (55.9 to 34.5% in cardiology, negative PV: 38.3%). Mean time spent in follow-up medical appointments remained low: about 15 minutes (52.5 to 49.5%, negative PV: 5.8%). CONCLUSIONS: The 2007 assessment revealed that services have essential resources for ambulatory assistance. There was some improvement in many aspects compared to 2001, although some challenges still remain. Little time dedicated to medical appointments may be linked to insufficient number of doctors and/or due to reduced capacity of listening and dialogue. Impaired access to specialized appointments reveals the difficulty local Brazilian Unified Health System facilities have regarding infrastructure. OBJETIVO: Evaluar los servicios del Sistema Único de Salud brasileño de asistencia ambulatoria a adultos viviendo con sida en 2007 y comparar con la evaluación de 2001. MÉTODOS: Los 636 servicios catastrados en el Ministerio de la Salud en 2007 fueron invitados a responder un cuestionario previamente validado (Cuestionario Qualiaids) con 107 preguntas de selección múltiple sobre la organización de la asistencia prestada. Se analizaron las frecuencias de las respuestas de 2007 comparándolas con las obtenidas en 2001 en la forma de variación porcentual (VP). RESULTADOS: Respondieron el cuestionario 504 (79,2%) servicios. Cerca de 100,0% de los encuestados relataron tener al menos un médico, suministro sin fallas de antirretrovirales y de exámenes CD4 y carga viral. Varios aspectos mostraron mejor desempeño en 2007 al compararse con 2001: registro de número de faltas a la consulta médica (de 18,3 a 27,0%, VP: 47,5%), conseguir consulta en menos de 15 días en el inicio de la terapia antirretroviral (de 55,3 a 66,2%, VP: 19,7%) y participación organizada del usuario (de 5,9 a 16,7%, VP: 183,1%). Se mantuvieron algunas dificultades: pequeña variación en la disponibilidad de exámenes especializados en hasta 15 días, como endoscopia (31,9 a 34,5%, VP: 8,1%) y empeoraron indicadores como tiempo ideal de acceso a consultas especializadas (55,9 a 34,5% en cardiología, VP negativa de 38,3%). El tiempo promedio empleado en las consultas médicas de seguimiento se mantuvo bajo: 15 minutos o menos (52,5 a 49,5%, VP negativa de 5,8%). CONCLUSIONES: La evaluación de 2007 mostró que los servicios cuentan con los recursos esenciales para la asistencia ambulatoria. Hubo mejorías en muchos aspectos con relación a 2001, pero persisten desafíos. Poco tiempo dedicado a la consulta médica puede estar vinculado al número insuficiente de médicos y/o a la baja capacidad de atención y diálogo. El acceso perjudicado a consultas especializadas muestra la dificultad de las infraestructuras locales del Sistema Único de Salud. Universidade de São Paulo Faculdade de Medicina Departamento de Medicina Preventiva Ministério da Saúde Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde Departamento de DST, Aids e Hepatites Virais Secretaria Estadual de Saúde Centro de Referência e Treinamento em DST/Aids Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu Departamento de Saúde Pública Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL) Departamento de Saúde Coletiva Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva Universidade Federal do Maranhão Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva Universidade de São Paulo Faculdade de Medicina Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Área Medicina Preventiva Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu Departamento de Saúde Pública

The scope of this study was to evaluate the use of oral health services (OHS) and related factors in municipalities with more than 100,000 inhabitants in Maranhão, Brazil. It was a population-based sample including 1214 children and 1059 adults. Prevalence ratios (PR) were estimated by hierarchical Poisson regression in accordance with Andersen's theoretical model. Over 91% of children and 71.9% of adults had not used the OHS in the six months prior to the interview. Of those who did, 48.5% were attended in the Unified Health System (SUS). Preventive were more frequent than curative procedures. In children and adults, predisposing, facilitating and need-based factors explained the use of OHS. Children aged2 years (PR=5.29), with greater schooling of the head of the household (PR=2.37), e"6 prenatal visits (PR=1.69) and dental treatment needs (PR=9.54) were associated with greater use of the OHS. In adults, use was associated with greater schooling (PR=2.26), economic class A/B (PR=1.38), self-perceived health as good/very good (PR=1.72) and need for treatment (PR=18.25). The use of the OHS is neither universal nor equitable and there are deficiencies in comprehensive care, as few people use the more complex services. Fewer prenatal visits appear to be a predictor of non-use of the OHS by children.

Questionnaires adapted to the Brazilian reality (Primary Care Assessment Tool) to evaluate access to and use of services were distributed to 30 managers, 80 professionals and a random sample of 882 Family Health Strategy (FHS) users in São Luís in the state of Maranhão. The differences between the evaluations of managers, professionals and users were identified by the Kruskal-Wallis test and Dunn's post test. Users faced difficulties in access to and use of the services, which were also considered unsatisfactory by managers and professionals. Access was the dimension with the worst evaluation, and non-functioning of units after 6 p.m. and at weekends were the main difficulties. The evaluations of the managers and professionals were almost always divergent from those of the users, with the evaluation of the managers being more favorable. The fact that the service was free of charge, the use of preventive services and the FHS services before the specialized care were well evaluated. The operation of units should attend users' needs, especially that of the working population. Strengthening social participation in local management of the FHS may assist in identifying these needs, thereby reducing the divergent opinions of the players involved.

We used body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) as fat indicators to assess whether perinatal and early adulthood factors are associated with adiposity in early adulthood. We hypothesized that risk factors differ between men and women and are also different when WC is used for measuring adiposity as opposed to BMI. We conducted a longitudinal study based on a sample of 2,063 adults from the 1978/1979 Ribeirão Preto birth cohort. Adjustment was performed using four sequential multiple linear regression models stratified by sex. Both perinatal and early adulthood variables influenced adulthood BMI and WC. The associations differed between men and women and depending on the measure of abdominal adiposity (BMI or WC). Living with a partner, for both men and women, and high fat and alcohol intake in men were factors that were consistently associated with higher adulthood BMI and WC levels. The differences observed between sexes may point to different lifestyles of men and women, suggesting that prevention policies should consider gender specific strategies. Utilizou-se o índice de massa corporal (IMC) e a circunferência de cintura (CC) para avaliar se alguns fatores perinatais e da vida adulta se associam com adiposidade na vida adulta jovem. Trabalhou-se com a hipótese de que os fatores de risco diferem entre homens e mulheres e também são diferentes quando a CC é utilizada como medida de adiposidade em vez do IMC. Realizou-se estudo longitudinal baseado em 2.063 pessoas da coorte de nascimentos de 1978/1979 de Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil. Foi feito ajuste sequencial em quatro modelos de regressão linear múltipla, estratificados por sexo. Tanto variáveis do início da vida como atuais interferiram no IMC e na CC. As associações foram diferentes para homens e mulheres, e também quando se considerou o IMC ou a CC. Homens e mulheres que vivem com companheira(o) e homens que têm consumo elevado de gordura e álcool apresentam maiores valores de IMC e de CC. As diferenças encontradas podem apontar para estilos de vida diferentes de homens e mulheres, sugerindo que as políticas de prevenção também precisam traçar estratégias diferenciadas segundo gênero.

To assess Brazilian Unified Health System outpatient services delivering care to adults living with AIDS in 2007 and to compare with the assessment conducted in 2001.The 636 health services registered in the Ministry of Health in 2007 were invited to respond to a previously validated questionnaire (Qualiaids Questionnaire) with 107 multiple-choice questions about the organization of care delivery. It analyzed the frequencies of responses to the 2007 questionnaire compared with those found in that of 2001 through percent variation (PV).504 (79.2%) of the services responded to the questionnaire. Almost 100.0% of the respondents reported having essential resources for outpatient care: having at least one doctor, sufficient supplies of antiretroviral drugs, CD4 and viral load tests. Many aspects displayed improvement in 2007 compared to 2001: registry of missed medical appointments (from 18.3 to 27.0%, PV: 47.5%), follow-up appointment within 15 days of starting antiretroviral treatment (from 55.3 to 66.2%, PV: 19.7%) and user's organized participation (from 5.9 to 16.7%, PV: 183.1%). However, some difficulties remained: little change in the availability of specialized exams, such as endoscopy, within 15 days, (31.9 to 34.5%, PV: 8.1%) and decreases in indicators such as optimal time access to specialized appointments (55.9 to 34.5% in cardiology, negative PV: 38.3%). Mean time spent in follow-up medical appointments remained low: about 15 minutes (52.5 to 49.5%, negative PV: 5.8%).The 2007 assessment revealed that services have essential resources for ambulatory assistance. There was some improvement in many aspects compared to 2001, although some challenges still remain. Little time dedicated to medical appointments may be linked to insufficient number of doctors and/or due to reduced capacity of listening and dialogue. Impaired access to specialized appointments reveals the difficulty local Brazilian Unified Health System facilities have regarding infrastructure.

Prevalences of malnutrition and overweight among children under five years and its association with socioeconomic, demographic and health indicators were estimated for the six largest municipalities of Maranhão, in 2006/2007. By means of a household survey, a sample of 1214 children under five years of age was randomly selected. Two-stage cluster sampling was used, representing the six municipalities of Maranhão with over one hundred thousand inhabitants. Standardized questionnaire was administered to mothers or guardians and trained personnel measured weight and height or length. For classification of malnutrition cutoff points of-2z scores for weight-for-age, weight-for-length/height and length/height-for-age were used. Overweight was considered when weight for height was+2 z score, following World Health Organization guidelines. By weight-for-age malnutrition prevalence was 4.5, by length/height-for-age 8.5% were stunted and by the weight-for-length/height 3.9% were malnourished (wasting), while 6.7% were overweight. Children of families headed by women had lower prevalence of malnutrition (prevalence ratio=0.4). Socioeconomic variables were not associated with malnutrition or overweight. Participation in money transfer programs from the government was not associated with malnutrition or overweight. The prevalence of malnutrition was low, but being overweight was more prevalent than malnutrition. Social inequality was not detected in relation to malnutrition in children under five years of age, suggesting a favorable trend towards greater equity.

Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-28T14:11:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 WOS000265765700001.pdf: 537714 bytes, checksum: 44c99c3390c029dd72043e36193dd987 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T18:24:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 WOS000265765700001.pdf: 537714 bytes, checksum: 44c99c3390c029dd72043e36193dd987 (MD5) WOS000265765700001.pdf.txt: 39431 bytes, checksum: 44be86bc41726383d198f5877fb0be57 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-03-20 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T13:38:25Z No. of bitstreams: 2 WOS000265765700001.pdf: 537714 bytes, checksum: 44c99c3390c029dd72043e36193dd987 (MD5) WOS000265765700001.pdf.txt: 39431 bytes, checksum: 44be86bc41726383d198f5877fb0be57 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T13:38:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 WOS000265765700001.pdf: 537714 bytes, checksum: 44c99c3390c029dd72043e36193dd987 (MD5) WOS000265765700001.pdf.txt: 39431 bytes, checksum: 44be86bc41726383d198f5877fb0be57 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-03-20 Background: Since establishing universal free access to antiretroviral therapy in 1996, the Brazilian Health System has increased the number of centers providing HIV/AIDS outpatient care from 33 to 540. There had been no formal monitoring of the quality of these services until a survey of 336 AIDS health centers across 7 Brazilian states was undertaken in 2002. Managers of the services were asked to assess their clinics according to parameters of service inputs and service delivery processes. This report analyzes the survey results and identifies predictors of the overall quality of service delivery.Methods: The survey involved completion of a multiple-choice questionnaire comprising 107 parameters of service inputs and processes of delivering care, with responses assessed according to their likely impact on service quality using a 3-point scale. K-means clustering was used to group these services according to their scored responses. Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify predictors of high service quality.Results: The questionnaire was completed by 95.8% (322) of the managers of the sites surveyed. Most sites scored about 50% of the benchmark expectation. K-means clustering analysis identified four quality levels within which services could be grouped: 76 services (24%) were classed as level 1 (best), 53 (16%) as level 2 (medium), 113 (35%) as level 3 (poor), and 80 (25%) as level 4 (very poor). Parameters of service delivery processes were more important than those relating to service inputs for determining the quality classification. Predictors of quality services included larger care sites, specialization for HIV/AIDS, and location within large municipalities.Conclusion: The survey demonstrated highly variable levels of HIV/AIDS service quality across the sites. Many sites were found to have deficiencies in the processes of service delivery processes that could benefit from quality improvement initiatives. These findings could have implications for how HIV/AIDS services are planned in Brazil to achieve quality standards, such as for where service sites should be located, their size and staffing requirements. A set of service delivery indicators has been identified that could be used for routine monitoring of HIV/AIDS service delivery for HIV/AIDS in Brazil (and potentially in other similar settings). São Paulo State Univ, UNESP, Fac Med Botucatu, Dept Publ Hlth, São Paulo, Brazil Univ São Paulo, Fac Med, Dept Prevent Med, São Paulo, Brazil London Sch Hyg & Trop Med, Hlth Policy Unit, London WC1, England Univiversidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Dept Publ Hlth, Maringa, Parana, Brazil São Paulo State Univ, UNESP, Fac Med Botucatu, Dept Publ Hlth, São Paulo, Brazil

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T19:01:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S0104-42302009000200028.pdf: 68988 bytes, checksum: 348191cb0002a5c8048d9679e85abae5 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T19:01:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S0104-42302009000200028.pdf: 68988 bytes, checksum: 348191cb0002a5c8048d9679e85abae5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-01-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T20:02:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0104-42302009000200028.pdf: 68988 bytes, checksum: 348191cb0002a5c8048d9679e85abae5 (MD5) S0104-42302009000200028.pdf.txt: 37906 bytes, checksum: 9e57e2648212ff44cebc5db27251f3ce (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-01-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T15:16:00Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S0104-42302009000200028.pdf: 68988 bytes, checksum: 348191cb0002a5c8048d9679e85abae5 (MD5) S0104-42302009000200028.pdf.txt: 37906 bytes, checksum: 9e57e2648212ff44cebc5db27251f3ce (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T15:16:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0104-42302009000200028.pdf: 68988 bytes, checksum: 348191cb0002a5c8048d9679e85abae5 (MD5) S0104-42302009000200028.pdf.txt: 37906 bytes, checksum: 9e57e2648212ff44cebc5db27251f3ce (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-01-01 A adesão à terapia antirretroviral (TARV) é crucial para a efetividade e o impacto do tratamento da Aids. Este artigo discute as relações entre adesão e qualidade dos serviços de assistência a pessoas vivendo com Aids (PVA), evidenciando a qualidade como elo central entre adesão e acesso. Está baseado nos resultados de pesquisas que conduzimos sobre a atenção a PVA no Brasil. Nossos estudos apontam que os grupos de pacientes acompanhados em serviços com número inferior a 100 pacientes apresentam risco estimado de não adesão maior do que os grupos acompanhados em serviços com mais de 500 pacientes. Apontam também que serviços com menos de 100 pacientes têm risco estimado maior de pertencer a grupos de má qualidade. Isto está relacionado à baixa complexidade observada nos serviços de menor porte caracterizada por: dificuldades em manter uma estrutura mínima de recursos humanos e materiais, simplificação da organização dos processos de trabalho, centramento no trabalho autônomo do profissional médico e gerenciamento sem projeto técnico. Há necessidade de pautar novos estudos sobre adesão e qualidade. As evidências existentes já apontam, porém, a necessidade de revisão na alocação dos serviços de assistência a PVA, bem como a de homogeneizar a qualificação destes serviços, condições necessárias para a manutenção de taxas aceitáveis de adesão à TARV no país. The patient adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is a crucial matter to AIDS treatment effectiveness and its' impact. This article aims to discuss the association between adherence and quality of health service providing care to people living with AIDS (PLWA), highlighting quality of the services as a central point to adherence and access. It is based on results of our previous studies about the health care to PLWA in Brazil. Our studies point out that the groups of patients who are followed-up in health services providing care for less than 100 patients presented greater estimated risk of non-adherence than services following more than 500 patients. Also, smaller health services showed greater estimated risk to be ranged in the worst quality of services groups. This is related to the low complexity of smaller health care services, such as: lack of minimum human resources and material structures, poor organization on work process, medical-centered care and poor technical management. New studies in adherence and quality of services are needed. Nevertheless, the existent findings have already pointed out the need to review the current distribution of AIDS care services as well as to make the quality of services more homogenous thorough the country. These are high priorities in order to keep acceptable levels of adherence to HAART in Brazil. UNESP Faculdade de Medicina departamento de Medicina Preventiva UNESP Faculdade de Medicina Departamento de Saúde Pública Universidade Regional de Blumenau departamento de Medicina UEL departamento de Saúde Coletiva Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo Programa de DST e Aids USP Faculdade de Medicina departamento de Medicina Preventiva Estado de São Paulo Secretaria de Estado da Saúde Programa de DST e Aids UFMA departamento de Saúde Pública Ministério da Saúde Programa Nacional de DST e Aids UNESP Faculdade de Medicina departamento de Medicina Preventiva UNESP Faculdade de Medicina Departamento de Saúde Pública

The patient adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is a crucial matter to AIDS treatment effectiveness and its' impact. This article aims to discuss the association between adherence and quality of health service providing care to people living with AIDS (PLWA), highlighting quality of the services as a central point to adherence and access. It is based on results of our previous studies about the health care to PLWA in Brazil. Our studies point out that the groups of patients who are followed-up in health services providing care for less than 100 patients presented greater estimated risk of non-adherence than services following more than 500 patients. Also, smaller health services showed greater estimated risk to be ranged in the worst quality of services groups. This is related to the low complexity of smaller health care services, such as: lack of minimum human resources and material structures, poor organization on work process, medical-centered care and poor technical management. New studies in adherence and quality of services are needed. Nevertheless, the existent findings have already pointed out the need to review the current distribution of AIDS care services as well as to make the quality of services more homogenous thorough the country. These are high priorities in order to keep acceptable levels of adherence to HAART in Brazil.

We describe three birth cohort studies, respectively carried out in 1978/79 and 1994 in Ribeirão Preto, a city located in the most developed region of Brazil, and in 1997/98 in São Luís, a city located in a less developed region. The objective of the present report was to describe the methods used in these three studies, presenting their history, methodological design, objectives, developments, and difficulties faced along 28 years of research. The first Ribeirão Preto study, initially perinatal, later encompassed questions regarding the repercussions of intrauterine development on future growth and chronic adult diseases. The subjects were evaluated at birth (N = 6827), at school age (N = 2861), at the time of recruitment for military service (N = 2048), and at 23/25 years of age (N = 2063). The study of the second cohort, which started in 1994 (N = 2846), permitted comparison of aspects of perinatal health between the two groups in the same region, such as birth weight, mortality and health care use. In 1997/98, a new birth cohort study was started in São Luís (N = 2443), capital of the State of Maranhão. The 1994 Ribeirão Preto cohort and the São Luís cohort are in the second phase of joint follow-up. These studies permit comparative temporal analyses in the same place (Ribeirão Preto 1978/79 and 1994) and comparisons of two contrasting populations regarding cultural, economic and sociodemographic conditions (Ribeirão Preto and São Luís).

OBJETIVO: Identificar fatores associados à inadequação do uso da assistência pré-natal em comunidade urbana. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado estudo transversal em amostra sistemática, estratificada por maternidades, de todos os nascimentos hospitalares do município de São Luís, MA, no período de março de 1997 a fevereiro de 1998. Foram avaliados indicadores socioeconômicos e demográficos, de saúde reprodutiva, morbidade na gravidez e utilização de serviços pré-natais. Utilizou-se questionário padronizado respondido pelas puérperas antes da alta hospitalar. A adequação do uso da assistência pré-natal foi analisada pelo índice "Adequacy of Prenatal Care Utilization" (APNCU) e por um novo índice proposto, baseado nas recomendações do Ministério da Saúde, Brasil. RESULTADOS: Foram entrevistadas 2.831 puérperas, atendidas em dez unidades de saúde pública e privada. A inadequação do uso da assistência pré-natal foi de 49,2% pelo índice APNCU, e de 24,5% pelo novo índice proposto. Mulheres atendidas em serviços públicos de saúde, de baixa escolaridade e baixa renda familiar, sem companheiro ou com doença durante a gravidez, tiveram maiores percentuais de inadequação do uso do atendimento pré-natal, pelos dois índices analisados. Pelo novo índice proposto, maiores percentuais de inadequação foram associados à alta paridade e idade materna, enquanto baixa idade materna (

Caesarean section (CS) delivery is associated with low birthweight (LBW) in south-east Brazil. A hospital-based study was conducted on singleton infants from mothers residing in São Luís, to assess if an association between CS and LBW was found in the northern part of the country, where the CS rate is lower than in the south-east. A standardised questionnaire was administered to a sample of 2541 mothers in 10 hospitals, representing 94% of all deliveries, from March 1997 to February 1998. In a logistic model, type of delivery was the independent variable, the other variables were treated as confounders, and interaction terms were added between type of delivery and all other factors. LBW was associated with low maternal height, maternal smoking, primiparity, previous LBW, public insurance, preterm birth and CS. The CS rate was 33.7%. The risk of CS was higher for primiparous and married mothers, those with high level of schooling and attended by the same physician during prenatal and delivery care, deliveries held in private hospitals, daylight hours or evenings, and for those mothers who had adequate prenatal care. Because it appears unlikely that only medical reasons are operative, it is a possibility that CS could cause LBW, reflecting abusive indications for elective CS.

O aborto é grave problema de saúde no Brasil e suas complicações podem ser evitadas por atenção adequada e oportuna. O artigo avalia a qualidade da atenção às mulheres admitidas por aborto em hospitais do Sistema Único de Saúde, em Salvador, Recife e São Luís, tendo como referência as normas do Ministério da Saúde e o grau de satisfação das usuárias. Trata-se de inquérito com 2.804 usuárias, internadas por complicações do aborto em 19 hospitais, de agosto a dezembro de 2010. Considerou-se 4 dimensões - acolhimento e orientação, insumos/ambiente físico, qualidade técnica e continuidade do cuidado - desdobradas em critérios e indicadores. A adequação às normas foi maior quanto aos critérios de acolhimento e orientação. O apoio social e o direito à informação alcançaram valores baixos nas três cidades. A qualidade técnica do cuidado foi mal avaliada. Em insumos e ambiente físico, a limpeza foi o critério menos adequado. A situação é mais crítica na continuidade do cuidado nas 3 cidades, pela falta de consulta agendada de revisão, de informações sobre cuidados após alta hospitalar, risco de gravidez e planejamento familiar. A atenção ao aborto nessas cidades encontra-se distante do que propõem as normas brasileiras e os organismos internacionais.

The purpose of this article was to evaluate socioeconomic and demographic indicators, reproductive health, use of prenatal, childbirth, and neonatal services, and anthropometric data for mothers and infants. The authors performed a cross-sectional analysis of a systematic sample of 2,831 hospital births in São Luís, Maranhão State, from March 1997 to February 1998 at ten public and private maternity hospitals. The sample was stratified proportionally according to the number of births in each maternity hospital. Mothers answered a standard questionnaire. Of the total, 97.9% were live births and 98% were singletons. Prenatal coverage was 89.5%, and prevalence of cesarean sections was 33.8%. A physician provided prenatal care in 75.7% of cases and performed 73.8% of the deliveries. The Unified Health System covered the costs of 76.4% of the prenatal visits and 89.7% of the deliveries. A pediatrician was present in the delivery room in 50.2% of cases. The low birth weight rate was 9.6% and the preterm birth rate 13.9%. Reasons for concern included a high percentage of adolescent mothers, single mothers (or without partners), the high cesarean rate, and the high percentage of births attended by unqualified personnel.

Resumo O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar desigualdade racial na atenção ao parto e ao nascimento na Rede Cegonha utilizando indicadores de boas práticas e intervenções obstétricas. Desigualdade racial, mensurada pelo efeito total da raça/cor no modelo sem ajuste, foi detectada em muitos indicadores. A persistência do efeito direto, após ajuste para os mediadores idade, escolaridade, paridade, hospital de alto risco e região geográfica, sugere discriminação racial contra as pretas, que tiveram menos partograma preenchido (RP 0,88; IC 95% 0,80-0,95). Comparadas às brancas, as pretas ficaram menos em litotomia (RP 0,93; IC95% 0,89-0,98), realizaram menos episiotomia (RP 0,81; IC95% 0,68-0,96) e tiveram menos dor na sutura da episiotomia (RP 0,66; IC95% 0,51-0,87), sugerindo que boas práticas estariam sendo mais realizadas nas pretas. Entretanto, pelo modelo intervencionista de assistência, ainda adotado por muitos profissionais, essas práticas são de rotina e a menor realização delas nas pretas seria melhor interpretada como evidência de discriminação racial a essas mulheres. Para outros desfechos, o efeito da raça/cor desapareceu após o ajuste para mediadores, sugerindo atenuação ou desaparecimento do efeito da cor da pele em algumas práticas/intervenções na assistência ao parto e nascimento.

Background Few studies have been conducted on the association between perinatal and early life factors with childhood depression and results are conflicting. Our aim was to estimate the prevalence and perinatal and early life factors associated with symptoms of depression in children aged 7 to 11 years from two Brazilian birth cohorts. Methods The study was conducted on 1444 children whose data were collected at birth and at school age, in 1994 and 2004/2005 in Ribeirao Preto, where they were aged 10–11 years and in 1997/98 and 2005/06 in São Luís, where children were aged 7–9 years. Depressive symptoms were investigated with the Child Depression Inventory(CDI), categorized as yes (score ≥ 20) and no (score < 20). Adjusted and non-adjusted prevalence ratios (PR) were estimated by Poisson regression with robust estimation of the standard errors. Results The prevalence of depressive symptoms was 3.9% (95%CI = 2.5-5.4) in Ribeirão Preto and 13.7% (95%CI = 11.0-16.4) in São Luís. In the adjusted analysis, in Ribeirão Preto, low birth weight (PR = 3.98; 95%CI = 1.72-9.23), skilled and semi-skilled manual occupation (PR = 5.30; 95%CI = 1.14-24.76) and unskilled manual occupation and unemployment (PR = 6.65; 95%CI = 1.16-38.03) of the household head were risk factors for depressive symptoms. In São Luís, maternal schooling of 0–4 years (PR = 2.39; 95%CI = 1.31-4.34) and of 5 to 8 years (PR = 1.80; 95%CI = 1.08-3.01), and paternal age Conclusions The prevalence of depressive symptoms was much higher in the less developed city, São Luís, than in the more developed city, Ribeirão Preto, and than those reported in several international studies. Low socioeconomic level was associated with depressive symptoms in both cohorts. Low paternal age was a risk factor for depressive symptoms in the less developed city, São Luís, whereas low birth weight was a risk factor for depressive symptoms in the more developed city, Ribeirão Preto.

Resumo Este artigo compara os achados da Avaliação da Rede Cegonha (ARC), estudo avaliativo sobre o programa Rede Cegonha (RC), com o Nascer no Brasil (NB), inquérito nacional sobre parto e nascimento, realizado em 2011-12, antes do início da implementação da RC. A ARC foi conduzida em 2017, em 606 maternidades envolvidas na RC e o NB e empregou uma amostra com representatividade nacional de 266 hospitais. Na análise atual, incluímos os 136 hospitais do SUS que participaram de ambos os estudos, totalizando 3.790 e 12.227 puérperas, respectivamente. Realizamos as comparações de boas práticas e intervenções no manejo do trabalho de parto e de parto utilizando o teste qui-quadrado para amostras independentes. A prevalência das boas práticas foi, em média, 150% maior na ARC que no NB, com maior aumento relativo nas regiões menos desenvolvidas, para mulheres mais velhas, pardas e pretas e menos escolarizadas. Com relação às intervenções, houve redução média de 30% entre o NB e a ARC, com maior redução relativa nas regiões menos desenvolvidas e nas mulheres menos escolarizadas. Houve melhoria significativa no cenário da atenção ao trabalho de parto e parto, com diminuição de iniquidades regionais, de nível de instrução e raciais no acesso às tecnologias apropriadas, sugerindo que a intervenção da RC foi efetiva.

Este estudo analisou fatores associados à realização de consulta médica pelos adultos, por meio de estudo transversal com 1.059 pessoas na faixa etária de 20 a 59 anos. Utilizou dados amostrais de inquérito populacional realizado em outubro/2006 a fevereiro/2007, nos municípios de São Luís, Imperatriz, São José de Ribamar, Timon, Codó, Caxias do estado do Maranhão. Foram calculadas razões ajustadas de prevalência e intervalos de confiança de 95%, utilizando-se regressão de Poisson. Consulta médica nos últimos 15 dias foi a variável dependente e fatores socioeconômicos (renda familiar mensal, escolaridade, beneficiário de plano de saúde), demográficos (sexo, idade e cor da pele), uso de medicamentos, automedicação, cobertura pelo Programa de Saúde da Família (PSF) e autoavaliação do estado de saúde, as independentes. As razões de prevalência mostraram que referir morbidade e possuir plano de saúde aumentaram a probabilidade de consulta. A automedicação apresentou alta prevalência e associou-se negativamente ao desfecho. Entretanto, dos que referiram morbidade, 78,3% não consultaram, sugerindo barreiras de acesso. Não houve associação com as variáveis idade, sexo, cor da pele, uso de medicamento, escolaridade e renda familiar, assim como cobertura pelo PSF, o que sugere dificuldade de acesso até na atenção básica. A autoavaliação do estado de saúde não mostrou associação.

Introdução: O emprego da terapia antirretroviral (TARV) proporcionou dramático impacto na mortalidade por aids e aumento na sobrevida. Entretanto, esse panorama depende da manutenção de altas taxas de adesão ao tratamento medicamentoso. A relevância da adesão tem sido reconhecida pelo Programa Nacional de DST e Aids desde o final dos anos 1990. Em que pese o destaque que o plano propositivo do Programa tem dado para a questão, ainda não dispõe de estudo atualizado sobre o número e tipo das atividades que estão em curso nos serviços. Este estudo teve por objetivo descrever as atividades de adesão em curso nos serviços de HIV/aids do Estado de São Paulo. Métodos: Foi enviado um questionário semi-estruturado para todos os 179 ambulatórios de HIV/aids do Estado, com perguntas sobre o tipo de serviço, pessoas sob TARV, formas e frequências de avaliação de adesão, atividades desenvolvidas (individuais, coletivas e para grupos específicos) e parcerias com organizações não governamentais. Para testar associação entre variáveis categóricas utilizou-se o teste Qui-quadrado de Pearson ou os testes exato de Fisher ou teste da razão de verossimilhanças, no nível de significância de p