Search

he oomycete pathogen Aphanomyces astaci, also known as "crayfish plague", is an obligate fungal-like parasite of freshwater crustaceans and is considered responsible for the ongoing decline of native European crayfish populations. A. astaci is thought to secrete a wide array of effectors and enzymes that facilitate infection, however their molecular mechanisms have been poorly characterized. Here, we report the identification of AA15 lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) as a new group of secreted virulence factors in A. astaci. We show that this enzyme family has greatly expanded in A. astaci compared to all other oomycetes, and that it may facilitate infection through oxidative degradation of crystalline chitin, the most abundant polysaccharide found in the crustacean exoskeleton. These findings reveal new roles for LPMOs in animal-pathogen interactions, and could help inform future strategies for the protection of farmed and endangered species.

Additional file 12: Fig. S7. Characterisation of the recombinant bacterial CAZymes encoded by the endosymbionts. DNS reducing sugars assays showing activities on a number of substrates for LpsGH5_8, LpsGH11, LpsGH134a and LpsGH134b. CMC = carboxymethyl cellulose, LBG = locust bean gum. The nanomoles of sugars released by the different proteins cannot be compared quantitatively as different amounts were used for the assay. File format .DOCX.

Israeli-Palestinian peace talks have failed thus far, for numerous reasons. One specific challenge has been how to address the concerns of religious actors. Local mediators’ engagement with religious actors highlight some ways forward, with insights relevant beyond the specific Israeli-Palestinian context., CSS Analyses in Security Policy, 281, ISSN:2296-0244

Additional file 8: Table S2. CAZy families. List of the CAZy families mentioned in the results, with the description of the activities that have been recorded for enzymes listed in each family. The information has been gathered from the CAZy database ( http://www.cazy.org ). File format .DOCX.

Additional file 1: Figure S1. Experiment location. Figure S2. Coverage estimates for each 16S rRNA amplicon library for all biological replicates across each time point. Figure S3. CAZyme families identified within the metatranscriptomic databases presented as transcripts per million. Figure S4. CAZyme producing genera and their respective CAZyme contributions. Figure S5. Productivity index for CAZyme producing taxa at family level resolution. Figure S6. Phylogenetic distribution of CAZyme classes at class resolution for week one. Figure S7. Phylogenetic distribution of CAZyme classes at class resolution for week three. Figure S8. Phylogenetic distribution of CAZyme classes at class resolution for week five. Figure S9. Phylogenetic distribution of CAZyme classes at class resolution for week ten. Figure S10. Functional classification of proteins within the metasecretome. Figure S11. Fungal profiles and OTU richness elucidated from internal transcribed spacer region 2 amplicon sequencing across the 16-week time course. Figure S12. Nutrient acquisition strategy of fungi profile across the 16-week time course. Figure S13. Bacteria profiles elucidated from 16S rRNA sequence homology. Figure S14. Bacteria profiles elucidated from 16S rRNA sequence homology. Table S1. Transect position of the five biological replicates in Welwick salt marsh. Table S2. Sequence reads throughout RNA sequence processing and assembly. Table S3. Commands for the replication of the 16S rRNA amplicon database processing pipeline.

Additional file 2: Fig. S2. Searching for the opening of the duct of Deshayes in the shipworm digestive system. Left, transverse sections through the shell valve, from the anterior to posterior adductor muscle (A-E). Right, 3D rendered model of the whole shipworm, with the green highlighted region showing the position of the transverse cross section displayed on the left. File format .DOCX.

Additional file 6: Fig. S6. Immunogold labelling of LpsGH5_8 in L. pedicellatus using pre-immune serum (negative control). A) SEM image illustrating the anatomical position of the gills, food groove, caecum and mouth in the shipworm body. B-D) Immunogold labelling of the lumen of the food groove (B), lumen of the caecum (C), and the gills (D) performed with pre-immune serum. No gold particles are observed in any of the samples. B = bacteria. File format .DOCX.

Understanding, “right-sizing,” and adequately respecting the role of value systems in conflict transformation avoids both over- and under-emphasis. It aims at a better understanding of the interplay between tangible conflict issues and religious or secular value systems, argue Abbas Aroua, Jean-Nicolas Bitter and Simon J. A. Mason in this CSS Policy Perspective., Verständnis, «right-sizing», und die angemessene Berücksichtigung der Rolle von Wertesystemen bei der Konflikttransformation vermeidet sowohl eine Über- als auch eine Unterbewertung. Es zielt auf ein besseres Verständnis des Zusammenspiels zwischen konkreten Konfliktthemen und religiösen oder säkularen Wertesystemen ab, argumentieren Abbas Aroua, Jean-Nicolas Bitter und Simon J. A. Mason in dieser CSS Policy Perspective., CSS Policy Perspectives, 9 (9), ISSN:2296-6471

Additional file 7: Table S1. Details of the proteins identified through proteomic analysis of the crystalline style. The annotation was performed against the NCBI non-redundant database, the signal peptides were identified with the Signal P4.1 server and the CAZy domains were searched using dbCAN. Many of the contigs were out of frame or not full length (particularly the bacterial ones) and therefore the identification of the signal peptide was not possible. File format .DOCX.

Additional file 1: Table S1. The functional annotations of proteins identified in the proteome of PfMig188. Table S2. The distribution of upregulated proteins across the different secretomes containing sugarcane bagasse.

Additional file 4: Fig. S4. Bacterial symbionts in L. pedicellatus. A) TEM image of a gill bacteriocyte. Arrows indicate the numerous rod-shaped bacteria in the cell. B) Close-up view of gill bacteria (TEM). C) Detailed TEM showing a cross section of a gill bacterium and some of its features (periplasmic space and membranes). File format .DOCX.

Additional file 5: Fig. S5. SDS-PAGE and nitrocellulose western blot obtained by loading 0.6 ��g of the recombinant purified bacterial LpsGH5_8 (without the appended CBM). A) Coomassie Brilliant Blue stained SDS-PAGE gel of the purified protein. B) Western blot detection performed with the purified pre-immune serum. C) Western blot detection performed with the purified anti-protein serum. File format .DOCX.

Additional file 3: Fig. S3. Scanning electron microscopy of L. pedicellatus. A dissected specimen with the mantle removed, showing the food groove connecting the gills to the mouth. File format .DOCX.

Les pourparlers de paix israélo-palestiniens ont échoué à ce jour. L’une des difficultés étant de répondre aux préoccupations des acteurs religieux. L’instauration d’un dialogue entre des médiateurs locaux et ces acteurs met en lumière certaines perspectives, avec des enseignements qui pourraient s’appliquer au-delà du contexte israélo-palestinien., Politique de sécurité: analyses du CSS, 281, ISSN:2296-0228

Additional file 9: Table S3. CAZy families of the caecum. Table showing the relative abundance (calculated from the emPAI score) of eukaryotic and prokaryotic CAZy families identified in the proteomic analysis of the caecum content of L. pedicellatus. File format .DOCX.