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The Holy Qur’an was and still is a source for investigators and researchers. It is a book full of precise and profound sciences and concepts that never end no matter how deeply we delve into it. The Holy Qur’an has surpassed all heavenly books with its style, organization, sciences and miracles. When reciting the Holy Qur’an and contemplating its verses, we find it repeatedly calling us to contemplation. And contemplation, and one of the reasons for this call is to find the deep and sublime meanings stored in this noble book. One of the most important matters that occupied the minds of scholars and investigators is education, its characteristics, and its methods. When we find the Holy Qur’an addressing these topics, it is better for us to go to it and ask it to provide us with these teachings. The specificity stored lies in the characteristics of the educational approach that the Holy Qur’an addresses and The methods of education that he mentions, in that this book is the word of God Almighty, protected from error and revealed to the heart of the Final Prophet (PBUH) to be a book of guidance for all humanity, and for this reason the educational teachings taken from the Holy Qur’an are the clear path and the enlightening lamp for all investigators in this field. Hence this research came under the title ((Characteristics of the educational approach in the Qur’an and the mechanisms for achieving it through an analytical and interpretive study)) to include, after clarifying its linguistic and terminological keys, an explanation of the characteristics of this approach through the study of Qur’anic verses, and among these characteristics are: The attribute of the divine source and destiny, universality, comprehensiveness, stability, immutability and change, and equality and balance that characterize this divine approach to building man and society As for the methods to achieve this approach, they are according to extrapolation of the noble verses; The method of role models, preaching and guidance, the story, similarities and analogues of educational ideals, the exploitation of accidents, the creation of habits and values in the psyche of the educated, reward and punishment, and the systematic investment of everything that is suitable for beneficial education. All of this is achieved through various methods, such as the method of leniency and gentleness, the method of enticement and intimidation, and other methods that achieve the goals of the educational curriculum in the Holy Qur’an . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We argue that the question, "Should psychology follow the methods and principles of the natural sciences?" is not one that should be answered by theoretical psychologists or metascientists; rather, we implore psychological researchers themselves to heed Wittgenstein's observation that a preoccupation with method and principles risks overlooking important conceptual issues, the clarification of which are necessarily antecedent to consideration of empirical activities. We examine potential conceptual problems that arise when psychological researchers attempt to follow natural science methods and principles without first considering the concepts that are relevant to their scientific pursuits. Drawing primarily from the works of Hacker, Lamiell, and Maraun, we argue against the dogmatic following of any methods or sets of principles. Instead, we posit that natural science methods and principles should be considered on a case-by-case basis after relevant psychological concepts have been carefully considered and empirical investigation has been deemed an appropriate path forward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the primary sources of noise and vibration in automobiles is gearboxes. Shafts, gears, and bearings are the main causes of noise and vibration in vehicle gearboxes. Various studies have reported that vibrations' root cause is bearing excitation. Besides bearing fatal defects or extreme structure resonance amplification, gear mesh is the primary source of high-frequency vibration and noise, even in newly built units. Gear damage detection is frequently crucial in automotive gearboxes and vehicle safety. Furthermore, vibrations caused by shaft imbalances, shaft misalignments, and other factors can cause noise and vibrations in the drivetrain's transfer path. In addition, the vibration of an automobile gearbox is closely related to poor design, construction quality, and production accuracy. This paper reviewed previous research and methods on car gearboxes for conventional vehicles. It was obvious that frequency analysis and order analysis were commonly used in noise and vibration analysis on car gearboxes. Envelope analysis is usually used to analyze bearing faults. Finally, rolling-element bearing diagnostic techniques were also reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research dealt with one of the most prominent scholars converted .to Islam, Professor Abdul Ahad Daoud The research aimed to identify his personality, his academic standing, his journey to Islam, and the great efforts he made in calling to Islam and proving the prophethood of Muhammad (. I used the descriptive and analytical method in presenting the efforts of the converted Professor Abd al-Ahad Dawoud and .explaining his approach and efforts One of the results of the research was knowing the ability of Prof. Abd al- Ahad Dawoud to use a group of traditional and rational references, most notably the Holy Book among the People of the Book, in proving the prophethood of Muhammad (using precise scientific methods in Proving .the argument and binding the opponent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ʿAbd al-Latīf al-Kharpūṭī is a modern theologian based in Turkiye in the 19th century and took the first concrete step to introduce new ilm al-kalām. He aimed at defending Islam using both rational (‘aql) and narrative (nass) evidence, thereby envisioning a methodological renewal in kalām. Using wisdom, al-Kharpūṭī wanted to eliminate the issues that would harm the Islamic faith through wisdom. Such objectives are evident in the definition of wisdom, he quoted from Qādī Bayzāwī. He interpreted wisdom in the sense of demonstrations (burhan) that express certain knowledge and rhetorical (khitabī) and falsifiable (zannī) proofs in order to eliminate doubt and uncertainty. Al-Kharpūṭī considered the demonstrations and evidences used in kalām as wisdom. He attached so much importance to wisdom, and he claimed that Islam was built on wisdom. With the meaning he attributed to wisdom, he aimed to interpret the Qurʾān and Sunnah and to uncover the secrets of religion. He believed that through wisdom, religion could reach great masses of people. In this way, both the common (hawas) and elite (ʿavām) people would benefit from religion. He used wisdom as a method and emphasized its encompassing, functional and enlightening characteristics. The fact that al-Kharpūṭī’s definition of wisdom supports the purpose of the science of kalām is a clear manifestation of the relationship between the science of kalām and wisdom. At the same time, wisdom’s characteristic of precise knowledge that eliminates doubt and its persuasive appeals with evidence and demonstrations are also among the goals of kalām. Evaluating wisdom based on the rules of logic, al-Kharpūṭī established a relationship between reason and science through wisdom. A concrete example of this can be found in his treatise “On the Tawjīh and Tawfīq of the Apparent (Zahirī) Dispute Between ‘Ilm al-Hay’at and Qurʾāb al-Muqaddasa” and in his work Tanqīh al-Kalām. In this treatise, he established a relationship between revelation and science, emphasized the science of hayat and wisdom,, mentioned some earlier astronomical theories, and tried to prove that Islam was not opposed to science and reason by supporting them with verses. Al-Kharpūṭī often referred to natural sciences and scientific facts and emphasized the power and wisdom of Allah. He associated various verses from the Qurʾān with scientific informations, thereby drawing attention to the wisdom in religion. Al-Kharpūṭī considered all humanity in the service of science as a portal of service to Islam, regardless of whether it is through the hands of a disbeliever or a Muslim. For him, service to Islam is wisdom, and it is this wisdom that will continue for centuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The work examines the main technical indicators of electromechanical converters callers with levitation elements, a generalized design method has been developed tions, as well as design diagrams and functional dependencies of the main varieties of electromechanical devices with elements of levitation. Analytical expressions for the levitation coefficient as a function of the dimensions of the magnetic core and coefficient factor of force multiplicity, technical characteristics of levitation material element, set superheat temperature. A mathematical model has been compiled for based on the parameters of the current mode and forces from the equations of electrical, magnetic, mechanical and thermal circuits of the magnetic system. As a result, the main dimensions of the magnetic system and dimensionless quantities. Analytic expressions for the main dimensions, the specified values of the winding overheating temperature are taken into account, input and output parameters, the condition of uniformity of the magnetic field in the working air nom gap. The optimal values of the dimensions of the magnetic circuit, active resistors have been determined winding voltages are minimal, resulting in minimization of losses active capacities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After the rise of logical positivism, even in the realm of theology, there was a trend to give up on accepting the actions of God in history as objective acts and to create an atmosphere of separating faith and reason. Wolfhart Pannenberg's work presents a compelling integration of theology with the rational and empirical rigors of the scientific age. Through a comprehensive theological method, he aimed to establish a dialogue between faith and scientific inquiry, challenging the exclusivity of logical positivism by proposing a theological metaphysics grounded in the concept of retroactive ontology. Pannenberg's approach is distinguished by its systematic application of hermeneutics, considering the totality of history as the context for divine revelation, and positioning the resurrection of Jesus Christ as a pivotal event that embodies God's influence on the world. His innovative ontology, which enables one to consider divine action as objective, seeks to validate theology as a science, engaging with natural sciences to foster a mutual enrichment between faith and reason. Pannenberg's methodological rigor and metaphysical framework offer a robust foundation for a theology that is both intellectually defensible and deeply rooted in Christian faith, advocating for a theology of nature that reconciles the divine with the empirical world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

John Maclean's 1988 call "Marxism and IR: A Strange Case of Mutual Neglect" has generated a rich bounty of Marxist studies and paradigms in International Relations (IR). This cross-pollination merged in the 1990s with the "historical turn" and shaped the sub-fields of International Historical Sociology and International Political Economy. But has it left its mark on how IR is practised today? We argue that while Marxism has spoken significantly to the discipline, mainstream IR, even Historical IR, has been largely impervious to Marxist arguments, drawing the standard charge of economism and structuralism. Rectifying these critiques, we suggest that conventional historical studies of "the international" remain methodologically and substantively impoverished. We exemplify this by showing how leading Historical IR studies of "systems change" fail to explain the inside/outside and public/private differentiations constitutive of the modern international order and to integrate the "levels of analysis" they presuppose. We further argue that this rejection has been facilitated by influential Marxist IR paradigms, which ultimately privilege structuralism over historicism: While Neo-Gramscians initially mobilised "historicism" to dissolve claims about the "sameness" of international relations across time and space, the approach became identified with the reified master-category of "hegemony". Uneven and Combined Development, in turn, has gravitated towards matching Neo-realism's claim to theoretical universality by insisting on transhistorical model-building and nomological "grand theory". Both approaches remain over-sociologised and fail to address international politics. Drawing on radically historicist Political Marxism, this article shows how its substantive socio-political premises explain the historical formation of the contemporary international order and re-unite the "levels of analysis" theoretically to provide a framework for non-reductionist and non-economistic accounts of historical international relations. This requires an answer to the agentic challenge of Neo-Classical Realism by reincorporating grand strategy, diplomacy, and international politics into a reformulated perspective of Geopolitical Marxism to track the full historicity of the making of international orders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Electronic Turkish Studies is the property of Electronic Turkish Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Forensic as a science of the laws of the occurrence, accumulation, examination, appreciation and use of evidence has its own premises that underlie and systematize the process of discovering, investigating and preventing crime. The correct identification of the principles of forensic science, their limits of operation and their importance, provides a greater level of certainty in the development of forensic science as a science, and is the determining factor in identifying viable and sustainable solutions to the current and future tasks of forensic science. The tendency to investigate the subject of forensic principles will continue in the future, due to the lack of a single vision of the system of forensic principles, the desire to implement new principles and the confusion of the notion of 'principle' with the notions of 'method' and 'law'. At the end of the study, the conclusions presented allow an understanding of the notion of "principle" and the logic of structuring forensic principles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The "Tekwe" method is a unique method of learning Arabic that is applied in Kampung Arab. This study aims to reveal and explain the "Tekwe" method in learning Arabic in the Arabic language course community. The research method used in this research is qualitative research with a case study approach. Data were collected through observation, interviews, and documentation, which were then analyzed using qualitative analysis. Interviews were conducted with the head of the Al-Istiqomah Islamic Boarding School, several teachers, students, and the community. The subjects in the study were the Head of the Islamic Boarding School, teachers, and students. The results of this study are that the Arab Village of Kebumen (KAK) is implemented by students who study in the Arab Village of Kebumen (KAK) and must live in a "mask or homestay" for 14 days following learning activities. The curriculum is designed to use the "Tekwe" Method; creativity in Arabic language learning focuses on communication; teachers are creative in choosing materials and strategies and using media. The head of the Islamic boarding school involves the local community in learning Arabic, carrying out social activities with the community in Arabic, and encouraging the community to speak Arabic with students and teachers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sheikh Shamsul Haq Al-Azim Al-Abady is considered one of the great sheikhs of hadith in the Indian subcontinent. He devoted his life to serving the hadith, teaching it, and compiling it, and this is witnessed by his sheikhs, students, especially his famous book “Ghayyat al-Maqsud” an Explanation of the Book of “Sunnan” by Imam Abi Dawood, which is, in fact, the origin of the famous book “Awn al-Ma’bood” by Ashraf Al-Azim Al-Abadi. The paper aims to shed light on Sheikh Shamsul Haq Al-Azim Al-Abady and his scientific efforts and to study the methodology of his book “Ghayat Al-Maqsood”. To reach these goals, the researchers used the descriptive and analytical approach and divided the topic into an introduction, three axes, and a conclusion, and three axes, and a conclusion: the first axis on the translation of Sheikh Azim al-Abadi, the second on his scientific efforts, and the third on his approach in his book “Ghayat AlMaqsood” and the conclusion includes a summary of the research and its results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), which produces cry protein during its sporulation phase, is a commonly used biopesticide in the market to control a wide range of insect pests belonging to Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, and Diptera. The development of assays for detecting and quantifying cry protein to commercialize biopesticides is in high demand. Various methods are available to detect the cry protein; however, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) are the preferred method to quantify the cry protein as it is highly sensitive, reliable, specific, cost-effective, easy to use, and give rapid results. Our study aimed to develop indirect ELISA to quantify cry proteins of in-house Bt isolates and the standard strains of Bt var kurstaki. In this study, the method for isolating the cry proteins was optimized. The isolated protein concentration was estimated using Bradford’s method. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis showed the banding pattern 140 KDa and 65 KDa for cry1ac and cry2ab proteins, respectively. The Dot blot assay showed the presence of cry protein in all the in-house Bt isolates. The newly developed indirect ELISA quantified the cry proteins using the curve expert standard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT: Objective, robust, and repeatable assessments of fear responses of poultry can lead to improvements in research techniques, the validity of test results, and ultimately bird welfare. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of 2 different holding methods on broiler fear responses during the inversion test, a standardized method of assessing fear in poultry. On D15 and D34 mixed-sex broilers (N = 80) were inverted and held either by their shanks (N = 40) or feet (N = 40) at arm's length away from the experimenter for 30 s. The frequency of wing flapping, head movement, attempts to right, and vocalizations were observed from video recordings collected during the inversion test. Vocalizations at D15 and D34 were not different when comparing holding methods. Frequency of attempts to right and wing flapping at D15 were greater (P < 0.001) for birds held by their feet (0.90 and 16.6, respectively) than when they were held by their shanks (0.20 and 0.73, respectively). Similarly, on D34 wing flapping remained greater (P < 0.001) for birds held by their feet (23.8) compared to their shanks (8.1). Conversely, head movements were greater (P = 0.05) for birds held by their shanks (9.2) compared to their feet (6.3) on D15. Within both the shank and feet holding method, vocalizations at D15 were greater (30.7 and 35.6, respectively) compared to D34 (11.93 and 15.38, respectively) (P < 0.001). There was no holding method effect on head movements within each age. These results suggest that behaviors observed during the inversion test can be influenced by the inversion holding method and that handling should be standardized while conducting behavioral tests to assess fear in poultry.

Innovation, a growth catalyst, often lacks structure. Unlike science, innovation lacks a comparable, structured method. While tools, frameworks, and practices exist, none precisely mirror the scientific method. The article introduces the Progressia method, leveraging the Technical Readiness Level (TRL) ladder, initially developed by NASA, along with a Need/Market Assessment Ladder, forming an "innovation matrix." Tested in a plant-based protein project by Cereal Docks Group, the method aligns technology advancements with market needs, ensuring a smooth transition to industrialization and market readiness. Showcasing effectiveness in reducing uncertainty, the Progressia method propels successful technical innovation projects also in a corporate environment.

One of the most important functions of law is the resolution of disputes. However, legal means of dispute resolution, such as judicial settlement and arbitration, are often not chosen by the parties involved in international disputes. This can be explained by several reasons. In legal doctrine, it is a common view that parties avoid legal means due to the binding nature of the decisions rendered, yet this is far from the only reason why parties refuse these methods. In particular, one of the main reasons they avoid legal means is the uncertainty regarding whether the decision based on law will be equitable. There are many grounds for this, as legal norms contained in international legal documents, adopted several decades ago, may not correspond to modern realities. Therefore, the application of such norms can quite reasonably raise concerns among the parties about the potential for an inequitable decision based on them. In such cases, the method of ex aequo et bono may prove to be a practical tool for excluding the possibility of an inequitable decision based on legal norms. Contrary to popular misconception, the use of the ex aequo et bono method does not imply a complete rejection of legal norms. When applying this method, basic legal norms are often used to provide a legal foundation for decisions and to enhance their overall objectivity. However, in the application of the method ex aequo et bono, those legal norms that may lead to an inequitable decision are not applied. In this case, an equitable decision is often determined based on an analysis of the goals and principles of legal documents regulating the relevant issues, including an analysis of the document containing the legal norm whose application could have led to an inequitable decision. Thus, the ex aequo et bono method is a rather flexible peaceful means, combining valuable features of both equity and law. There is a deficit of information regarding the ex aequo et bono method in international legal documents. In particular, the lack of a clear definition, conditions, and rules for applying the ex aequo et bono method presents a significant obstacle to its extensive use in international practice. Therefore, appropriate lawmaking work should be undertaken in this area to fill legal gaps. The goal of the scientific article is to study the legal aspects of the ex aequo et bono method and identify the main problems negatively affecting the practice of its application. The results of the research showed the high practical value of the ex aequo et bono method in dispute resolution, especially in modern conditions when the use of flexible means is becoming increasingly relevant. The article aimed to condense, specify and expand legal knowledge about the ex aequo et bono method and may present significant scientific value for lawyers interested in judicial and arbitration practices; legal scholars; practicing judges and arbitrators; parties with unresolved disputes; as well as philosophers researching the relationship between equity and law.

The aim of this research is to explore the Islamic educational methods contained in Surah Hud, verses 61-68. Current phenomena indicate that there are still many errors in teaching methods, both within and outside of school environments. One notable issue is that teachers often hesitate to administer punishment to students due to concerns about being perceived as engaging in violence. Therefore, this study seeks to revisit appropriate educational methods based on the guidance of the Qur'an. This research is a qualitative library research using content analysis as the analysis method. Focus of this research is on Surah Hud, verses 61-68, which is analyzed based on the interpretations of Tafsir Al-Azhar by Buya Hamka, Tafsir An-Nur by Teungku Hasbi Ash-Shidiqi, and Tafsir Al-Misbah by Quraish Shihab. The findings reveal that there are five Islamic educational methods in Surah Hud, verses 61-68, namely: a) the lecture method, b) the question and answer method, c) the demonstration method, d) the assignment method, and e) the Targhib (reward) and Tarhib (punishment) method. These methods can serve as a model that can be applied in contemporary education. Their relevance remains strong today, although their application may require adjustments and modifications in line with modern developments.

Context: Observation is an increasingly popular method for care home research. However, there are challenges associated with the use of this method in this context. As researchers, what we bring, what we do, and what we leave behind when using this method can have a significant impact on the lives and work of people in care homes. Perspective: Drawing on the experiences of two research teams, we share real-world examples of the ethical, methodological, and practical concerns when using the non-participant observation method in a care home context. Four key areas for observational research in care homes are considered: privacy and confidentiality; managing consent; observation activities and the role and skills of the researcher; and sensitivity, reflexivity, and relational aspects of observational research. We offer examples from our work to guide researchers on: i) making a case for ethics; ii) the observational ‘gaze’ (or focus); iii) including people who lack capacity; iv) addressing concerns about care or practices; v) the role of the researcher; and vi) addressing observational sensitivities. Implications: This paper highlights the opportunities and challenges of the non-participant observation method for care home research. In particular, we highlight the unique contextual and ‘people’ factors for researchers to consider. Our paper addresses a significant gap in the existing literature. It will be of interest to researchers world-wide, generating discussions that will support the research community to undertake research that appropriately uses observational methods to address questions that matter for the sector and to generate high-quality evidence with the potential to benefit those living and working in care homes.

Copyright of Journal of Hubei Open Vocational College is the property of Journal of Hubei Open Vocational College Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article explores the significance of listening as a critical skill in foreign language teaching (FLT). While mastery of all four language skills--listening, speaking, reading, and writing--is essential for language competence, listening holds a foundational role, especially in the context of early language acquisition. The article emphasizes that effective listening is key to developing other language skills and successful communication. Challenges in teaching and learning listening are discussed, including issues such as insufficient vocabulary, lack of concentration, and the difficulty of understanding unfamiliar accents. The article also offers practical strategies for improving listening skills, such as selecting appropriate audio materials, engaging with English films and podcasts, and focusing on correct pronunciation. The conclusion reinforces the idea that listening is a skill that can be cultivated and is essential for meaningful communication, both in language learning and in broader social contexts. The article advocates for the prioritization of listening in FLT and encourages teachers to find suitable approaches to enhance students' listening abilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]