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This submission presents our understanding of the Grand Challenge and propose an agenda on how we will position our research to contribute to this world-wide collaborative research project.

In a recent article Yngve Ramstad concluded that institutional economics operates under two competing and incompatible paradigms. Furthermore, he argued that the search for principles to unite these paradigms into a unified theory of institutionalism "is foredoomed to failure" [Ramstad 1989, p. 772]. Ramstad compared the Veblen-Ayres instrumental value paradigm with the reasonable value paradigm of John R. Commons. Although each paradigm employs instrumentalism, according to Ramstad "instrumentalism is not an economic paradigm, it is a posture toward the development of warranted knowledge, and hence science [Ramstad 1989, p. 769]. He views the major differences between the competing paradigms as the rejection by those working in the Veblen-Ayres paradigm of the subjective mindset of individuals as valid criteria of social value and the rejection of the Veblen-Ayres dichotomy by Commons. We will argue that although there are differences in these two ap

( S )-Prolinol and 2( RS )-piperidine-methanol each react with thionyl chloride to give a pair of diastereoisomeric bicyclic sulphamidites which differ only in their configuration at sulphur. By contrast 2( RS )-pyrrolidine-ethanol and 2( RS )-piperidine-ethanol each react with thionyl chloride to give single diastereoisomeric products. The configurations of these bicyclic sulphamidites, and the sulphamidates derived from them, have been determined.

Pipeline Operators receive numerous requests annually to cross their pipelines. In many of these cases detailed analysis using a number of different methods are performed since no simplified approach is available. The Canadian Energy Pipeline Association (CEPA) with Kiefner and Associates, Inc. undertook the development of a screening methodology for vehicle loading. The hope is a standard approach to these analyses might be established to assist pipeline operating companies. This paper describes an approach detailing the development and implementation of a simplified screening process to assess the effects of surface loads on buried pipelines. A design basis was established based on a literature review to identify theoretical models, standards, codes, and recommended practices that are currently used to assess the surface loading effects on buried pipelines. This design basis was incorporated into a methodology utilized to develop a screening tool which provides a simple “pass/no pass” determination and is based on attributes which are generally easy to obtain (e.g., wheel or axle load, ground surface loading pressure, depth of cover, maximum allowable operating pressure and design factor). Situations which pass the initial screening would require no additional analysis while situations that do not pass the initial screening may need to be evaluated on a more detailed basis. Simplified graphs have been developed to assist in additional screening prior to performing a more detailed evaluation.Copyright © 2006 by ASME

Following an inspection, API 1163 recommends that operators verify the accuracy of the ILI measurements. This paper examines the performance of an ILI tool from two separate perspectives. The first question is whether the ILI tool’s performance meets expectations and contractual requirements. The second question is to what level of accuracy the ILI tool can be relied upon for making integrity related decisions. This paper develops a method of determining the number of excavations and the number of anomalies to be investigated in the field to verify and assess the accuracy of the ILI reported depths. The verification and assessment of the ILI accuracy are two separate questions, and each is addressed as a hypothesis testing procedure. The first hypothesis states that the tool meets expected and contractual standards. That hypothesis is tested against the excavation data. Its acceptance means that the excavation data is consistent with the expected accuracy of the tool, but it does not specifically verify that accuracy. A second hypothesis states that the tool fails to meet some level accuracy as stated by a tolerance and certainty level. That hypothesis is constructed so that when it is tested against the excavation data it is rejected. Its rejection means that the tool exceeds the stated level of accuracy with a high degree of confidence.Copyright © 2006 by ASME

Recursion induction is a method for proving that CSP processes which are defined as the least fixed points of some Scott-continuous function from a complete partial order on the set of all processes to itself meet a given behavioural specification. The Scott (order version) requires that (1) the specification S is closed via the least upper bound of directed sets in the complete partial order, (2) S(bottom), and (3) if S(P then S(F(P). It is then concluded that S(fix(F)), where fix(F) is the least fixed point of F. This version uses the Tarski fixed point theorem. The Roscoe (topology version) assumes not only the complete partial order on the set of all processes, but also a complete metric on the set of all processes. This version requires that the recursive function F be a contraction function with respect to the complete metric. It requires (1) S is closed with respect to limits in the complete metric, (2) there exists a P such that S(P), and (3) if S(P) then S(F(P). Again, it is then concluded that S(fix(F)), where fix(F) is the unique fixed point of F. This version uses the Banach fixed point theorem. The Scott version is sufficient in the traces model for CSP, since most useful predicates are satisfied by (bottom = STOP). However in the failures-divergences model, the Roscoe version is required, since few useful predicates are satisfied by (bottom = CHAOS). The usual model for the failures-divergences model is a Scott domain (i.e., an algebraic, bounded-complete, complete partial order), where the maximal elements are exactly the non-deterministic processes. The complete metric used for the Roscoe fixed point version agrees with the Scott topology on the set of maximal elements. In this talk we develop a general theory for recursion induction based on the Scott topology of the maximal elements in a domain. The theory assumes no other information, hence it is only applicable for functions which have their least fixed point as a maximal element. It includes all complete metric spaces. It covers spaces which are not metrizable. It covers the existing examples for recursion induction in CSP. As a result of our topological analysis, we answer several open questions in the literature about the topology of the set of maximal elements in a domain. One interesting example is showing that one proposition is independent and consistent with ZFC.

We present new techniques for process algebraic, finite-state methods to formally analyse unbounded topologies and control-flow schemes for high-speed networks. A novel induction technique is described which can be used to verify end-to-end properties of certain arbitrarily configured networks. Additionally a formal model of an algorithm for regulating burstiness of network traffic is presented which incorporates discrete timing constraints. Our models are presented in CSP with automatic verification by the FDR model checker.

(1990). The Underground Economies: Tax Evasion and Information Distortion. Journal of Economic Issues: Vol. 24, No. 3, pp. 948-950.

Given two topologies, T1 and T2 on the same set X , the intersection topology with respect to T1 and T2 is the topology with basis{U1 ∩ U2 : U1 Є T1, U2 Є T2}Equivalently, T is the join of T1 and T2 in the lattice of topologies on the set X . This thesis is concerned with analysing some particular classes of intersection topologies, and also with making some more general remarks about the technique.Reed was the first to study intersection topologies in these terms, and he made an extensive investigation of intersection topologies on a subset of the reals of cardinality N1, where the topologies under consideration are the inherited real-line topology and the topology induced by an ω1-type ordering of the set. We consider the same underlying set, and describe the properties of the intersection topology with respect to the inherited Sorgenfrey line topology and an ω1-type order topology, demonstrating that, whilst most of the properties possessed by Reed's class are shared by ours, the two classes are strictly disjoint.A useful characterisation of the intersection topology is as the diagonal of the product of the two topologies under consideration. We use this to prove some general properties about intersection topologies, and also to show that the intersection topology with respect to a first countable, hereditarily separable space and an ω1-type order topology can never be locally compact.Results about the real line and Sorgenfrey line intersections with ω1 use various properties of the two lines. We demonstrate that most of the basic properties of the intersection topology require only the hereditary separability of R, and give examples to show that 'hereditary' is essential here. We also show that results about normality, ω1-compactness and the property of being perfect, all of which are set-theoretic in the classes of real-ω1 and Sorgenfrey-ω1 intersection topologies, can be shown to generalise to the class of intersection topologies with respect to separable generalised ordered spaces and ω1.

Over the last decade or so, economists and others concerned with the analysis of economic activity have attempted to explain the decline in U.S. growth rates. The slowdown in the U.S. economy has not been confined solely to this country nor has it been solely an economic phenomena.' The other industrialized countries, and indeed, the entire world, have experienced these declines, albeit at different rates. This economic situation has produced a policy crisis with respect to public finances. With the declines in growth, tax revolts, and other "populist" outpourings, governmental sectors have been sorely pressed to discover new revenue sources. Both economists and politicians have discovered in social life a new element that is both promising and disturbing-one that it not yet a source of revenue, but certainly has such potential: the underground economy. Lying outside formal market boundaries, the set of activities known as the underground economy has been viewed negatively by economists and policy leaders since they see it as basically an avoidance of taxes. While their concern with tax avoidance is legitimate, their blanket assertion that the underground economy is predicated solely on such narrow grounds is simply that: an assertion. This article argues that there is another aspect to the underground

(1978). The Public Sector and Stabilization of Industrial Society. Journal of Economic Issues: Vol. 12, No. 2, pp. 373-384.