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The confounding of chronological and educational age and of schooling and socioeconomic status are persistent problems in the study of the cognitive consequences of schooling. The educational system among the Kharwar in India provides a natural experiment to overcome these problems, since it shows neither source of confounding. The sample comprised of 201 schooled and unschooled Kharwar children from 6 to 9 years of age. The test battery contained tests of mathematics and memory with formal and local stimulus content, as well as tests of inductive reasoning, analogies, fluency, picture vocabulary, and numbers. Confirmatory factor analyses supported similar hierarchical factor structures, with general intelligence in the apex, for both unschooled and schooled children. The per annum score increments of chronological age were about twice as large as those of educational age. These findings illustrate the important role of everyday experiences in the development of basic features of cognitive functioning. (Contains 4 tables and 2 figures.)

Organizational behavior is a field of study that investigates the impact that individuals, groups, and structures have on behavior within an organization and then it applies that knowledge to make organization work more effectively. Organizational commitment is an important job-related attitude. It reflects an individual's identification with and loyalty to the organization. Commitments are the glue that bind one person to another in a relationship. Person relations on the job are very important to organizational commitment. The broader the network of social support from other workers, management, family and friends the more it tends to relieve strain and serves as a buffer against stress, thereby enhancing the organizational commitment. In the present research study, an empirical attempt has been made to examine the impact of social support on the organizational commitment of managers. For this, Organizational commitment Scale developed and standardized by Meyer and Allen (1984) and Social Support Scale developed and standardized by Cohen et al (1985) were administered on a sample of 200 managers of Tata Refractory Ltd., Belpahar, Jharsuguda, Orissa. The appropriate statistics used in this study are mean, standard deviation, and critical ratio to find out the impact of social support (overall and area wise) on the organizational commitment of managers. The obtained results revealed the significant positive effect of social support (overall and its three areas, namely tangible support, appraisal support, and belonging support) on the organizational commitment of managers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of nanofluids has already shown that the heat transfer potential of traditional working fluids could be improved by dispersing various nanosized particles in them. Up to now, liquids are used as the base materials and dispersed nanoparticles are solid. In the present paper, we study solid nanoparticles dispersed in a gaseous medium (nanoaerosol), and the behavior of heat transfer of nanoparticles mixed with a gas flow is analyzed. Nanoparticles of Al2O3 mixed with an air stream are considered inside a tube subjected to a constant heat flux of 696.534 kW/m2. The timescale analysis of heat transfer in a nanoparticle–gas mixture is carried out. The effect of the particle volume fraction and the Reynolds number Re on the convective aerosol heat transfer coefficient and the Nusselt number is analyzed. The timescale study shows that conduction is dominant in a nanoaerosol. The maximum 59% and 55.27% enhancements in the convective aerosol heat transfer coefficient and the Nusselt number, respectively, are obtained with increasing the particle volume fraction in the range 0.002–0.01 and Re in the range 8000–20,000. These characteristics are compared with the values based on different correlations, and the results are shown to fall in the acceptable region. Moreover, particle inclusion and the rise in Re yield the maximum enhancement in the flow exit temperature equal to 1.72%. Finally, nanoaerosol-based coolants are recommended as the future of gas-based cooling systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]