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This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the current evidence available to investigate clinical outcomes between patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes.MEDLINE (Pubmed), Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane library, Google scholar and Clinicaltrials.gov were searched. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs), non-randomized trials, and observational studies were eligible for inclusion. National Institutes of Health Quality Assessment Tool was used to assess the quality. Data were pooled by the Restricted-maximum-likelihood random-effects approach.Total 11 studies comprising 7690415 individuals were included in this study. The log OR for the pooled data for all-cause mortality rate was -0.71 (95% CI: -1.38 to -0.03). Based on the pooled results, type 1 diabetic COVID-19 patients may have a better prognosis for mortality. There were no significant differences between groups in term of ICU-admission log OR -0.22 (95% CI: -0.81 to 0.37), and hospitalization log OR -0.48 (95% CI: -1.23 to 0.27). Based on our descriptives analyses after adjusting for age and comorbidities, the high-risk group in three studies was type 2 diabetes, and in five studies was type 1. Two studies reported no significant difference between these groups in relevant outcomes.There were no significant differences in disease severity between type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Based on the unadjusted data available, the mortality rate for people with type 1 diabetes was shown to be lower than that for people with type 2. As data on these subjects is scarce, and the results obtained from studies are heterogeneous, further research with adequate sample sizes is needed to precisely compare the outcomes of COVID-19 between type 1 and type 2 diabetes.

In present study, an isoxazole derivative, namely, (Z)-4-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene)-3-methylisoxazol-5(4H)-one referred here as (IOD) has been studied as an environment-friendly corrosion inhibitor for mild steel (MS) in acidic medium (1 M HCl). The present work was investigated by gravimetric, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), potentiodynamic polarization (PDP), fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy techniques. Atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) confirmed the surface morphologies of the MS surface with and without IOD in the acid medium. The inhibition efficiency (I.E.) of IOD was increased by rising its concentration attaining maximum value (96.6%) at 300 ppm at 30 °C and decreases with increasing temperature from 30 °C to 60 °C. The adsorption of studied inhibitor followed Langmuir adsorption isotherm model. The PDP study revealed that the IOD acts as a mixed-type inhibitor with predominating anodic effect. The EIS study confirmed that increasing IOD concentration enhances the charge transfer resistance (Rct) and then reduces the double layer capacitance (Cdl) owing to the development of a protective layer on the MS surface.

The present study aims to explore the effect of 2-nitroacridone, an antimicrobial compound, on low carbon steel (LCS) corrosion in acid solution (1 M HCl). The compound was tested at various concentrations (0.001−10 mM) and five temperatures (25, 35, 45, 55, and 65 °C) to determine the optimal concentration and temperature range for the best corrosion inhibiting effect. In evaluating the inhibition efficiency, weight loss measurement, potentiodynamic polarization measurement, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, SEM/EDAX/AFM and DFT measurements were used. The inhibition efficiency increases with the increase in concentration and decreases with temperature. The maximum inhibition efficiency was found (94.96%) at 25 °C in the presence of 5 mM concentration of the studied compound. The various adsorption isotherms were also explored to find the best fit, which was found to obey the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The thermodynamic parameters (Ea, Kads, ΔG°ads) have also been calculated and discussed. The potentiodynamic polarization study revealed that 2-nitroacridone behaved as a mix-type of inhibitor that predominantly inhibited the anodic reaction. Moreover, a correlation between the inhibition efficiency of the studied compound and certain molecular parameters were determined by quantum chemical computations.

Indiscriminate and unregulated application of pesticides produces deleterious effect in various groups of organisms including humans and the environment. To solve these issues, it has been reported that the residue-free green nanocomposite synergistically enhances the pesticide efficacy. In this study, ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) with a thiamethoxam nanocomposite were synthesized and we investigated their synergistic effect on 4th instar larvae of Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). These larvae were allowed to feed on the composite of ZnO NPs with thiamethoxam (10–90 mg/L) and thiamethoxam-impregnated castor leaves. Observations showed an increased larval mortality (27% increased mortality), a malformation in pupae and adults, overdue emergence, and reduced fecundity and fertility. A significant dose-dependent variation in the biochemical parameters such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) in the treated larvae was also observed. A decline of 72.42 and 33.82% in SOD and GST activity ,respectively, was observed at higher concentration as compared to the control. On the contrary, it enhanced the TBARS level up to 56.7%. The synthesized nanocomposite was characterized by different biophysical techniques such as X-ray diffraction (average crystalline size 34 nm), scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy (average particle size 30 nm), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (Zn–O stretching peaks at 432 cm–1 and 503 cm–1). The observation of the present study suggests that ZnO NPs pave the way for developing cost-effective, eco-friendly, and capable nanomaterial for its applications in the field of biological sciences.

Cysteine based silver-gold nanocomposite (Cys/Ag-Au NCz) was synthesized, this was followed by its characterization using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Cys/Ag-Au NCz was studied as novel green corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in 1M HCl solution at varying concentration and temperature using gravimetric, Potentiodynamic polarization (PDP), Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), SEM, EDAX and FTIR. Weight loss, PDP and EIS studies confirmed Cys/Ag-Au NCz as efficient corrosion inhibitor at moderately low concentration. The maximum inhibition efficiency of 96 % was observed at 303 K at 300 ppm. Cys/Ag-Au NCz acted by affecting both anodic and cathodic processes and its adsorption on steel surface followed the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. EIS data displayed the existence of protective film at mild steel/solution interface in Cys/Ag-Au NCz inhibited system. SEM micrograph in presence of Cys/Ag-Au NCz inhibited acid solution displayed better morphology as compared to blank solution. The UV-Vis and FTIR data indicates good interaction between the Cys/Ag-Au NCz and steel surface.

We report the green synthesis of novel ZrO

Additional file1 Table S1: Databases searched and search strategies employed. Fig S1: Quality assessment based on ROB2 checklist. Fig S2: Subgroup analysis (funding) (random-effects model). Fig S3: Sensitivity analyses of primary outcomes based on leave-one-out method.

A nano-scale Artemisia absinthium extract-silver nanoparticles composite (AAE-AgNPs) was biosynthesised and tested as a novel, eco-friendly corrosion inhibitor for mild steel (MS) in 1M HCl. AAE-AgNPs was characterised using FTIR, UV–visible, XRD, DLS, and TEM techniques. UV–Vis determined the SPR signal of AgNPs at 408 nm while XRD defined the lattices planes (111), (200), (220), and (311) corresponding to FCC structure of AgNPs. DLS and TEM confirmed the integration of AgNPs in the extract. Corrosion inhibition efficiency (I.E) of AAE-AgNPs composite was evaluated engaging gravimetric, PDP, and EIS techniques. The gravimetric analysis was conducted over temperatures 30 °C–60 °C, and it revealed that AAE-AgNPs composite exhibited highest I.E of 93.74% at 30 °C at a concentration of 500 ppm. EIS results revealed the formation of an inhibitive barrier film between MS and 1 M HCl, while PDP analysis described that AAE-AgNPs is behaving as a mixed type inhibitor, i.e. it is controlling both anodic dissolution of MS and cathodic evolution of H2. Values of ΔGads obtained near −20 kJ mol−1 indicate that physisorption is the most likely scenario of adsorption. FTIR and UV–Vis studies predicted the interaction occurring between MS and AAE-AgNPs while SEM established improved surface morphology of MS in inhibited medium and appearance of O and Ag peak at 3 KeV under EDAX spectrum confirmed the formation of adsorbed inhibitive film of AAE-AgNPs on MS. HighlightsArtemisia absinthium -silver nanoparticles composite (AAE-AgNPs) was synthesised and characterised by UV, FTIR, XRD, DLS, and TEMAAE-AgNPs was investigated as effective inhibitor by WL, EIS, PDP, FTIR, UV, and SEM/EDAX techniquesAAE-AgNPs proved an efficient green inhibitor exhibiting inhibition efficiency of 93.74% at 500 ppmConducted Immersion and TGA study displayed the biochemical and thermal stability of AAE-AgNPsThe adsorption of AAE-AgNPs on MS conformed to Langmuir adsorption isotherm model Artemisia absinthium -silver nanoparticles composite (AAE-AgNPs) was synthesised and characterised by UV, FTIR, XRD, DLS, and TEM AAE-AgNPs was investigated as effective inhibitor by WL, EIS, PDP, FTIR, UV, and SEM/EDAX techniques AAE-AgNPs proved an efficient green inhibitor exhibiting inhibition efficiency of 93.74% at 500 ppm Conducted Immersion and TGA study displayed the biochemical and thermal stability of AAE-AgNPs The adsorption of AAE-AgNPs on MS conformed to Langmuir adsorption isotherm model

For the transportation of crude and refined petroleum and oil, industries are dependent on the pipeline system. However, these pipeline surfaces get corroded by the impurities and presence of chromates and sulfur which cannot be avoided. Both inorganic and organic compounds have been used as effective corrosion inhibitors. However, some inhibitors, even at low concentration, were found to be toxic (phosphates, dichromate, etc.) and thus their usage was limited. A greener alternative of such toxic compounds has now been widely used and discovered by reformulating the existing products or by finding new chemistries for developing nontoxic safer products. The use of plant extracts and fruit wastes have proven to be good corrosion inhibitors. The aim is to provide deep insight for carrying out the investigation under this theme.

The aim of this chapter is to cover an outline of the basics introduction of the corrosion inhibitors. Corrosion has been faced by mankind for ages and is considered one of the major catastrophic problems. The protection of metals from corrosion is a very challenging task and a matter of enormous importance. One of the most prevalent ways of combating the internal corrosion in various industries is by utilizing corrosion inhibitors. These are the chemicals that when added in traces to the corrosive media impede the corrosion of the metals. They work by getting adsorbed onto the surface of metals that need to be protected, and in turn, protect it from further corrosion by forming a very thin film of the molecules. This film retards the interaction between metal surfaces and the corrosive environment. This minimization can be associated with the physical blockage effect, or with the impact of the inhibitor on the mechanisms and kinetics of the corresponding corrosion reactions. They are mainly distributed into the solution or dispersion, but some of the corrosion inhibitors are incorporated into the paints and coatings also. The practice of utilizing corrosion inhibitors can tackle the severity of the problem related to the corrosion. The advancement in corrosion control methods and techniques remains a topic of significant industrial and academic concern. This chapter will cover the brief outline about the corrosion inhibitors.

200 Background: 177Lu-PSMA therapy has been introduced as an effective therapeutic option for metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Since about one third of the treated patients show no biochemical response (BCR) after therapy, prediction of treatment outcome is important for patient selection. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate to the predictive values of volumetric parameters and radiomic features (RFs) extracted form pretreatment 68Ga-PSMA PET and baseline clinical parameters in response to 177Lu-PSMA therapy. Methods: In this multicenter study, mCRPC patients undergoing 177Lu-PSMA therapy were enrolled from September 2017 to January 2022. The available clinical data of all patients was collected and documented from three different centers. The patients underwent several cycles of therapy. According to the outcome of therapy, the patients were classified into two groups including positive BCR (≥ 50% reduction in the serum PSA value) and negative BCR (< 50%). Sixty-five RFs, eight volumetric parameters and also seventeen clinical parameters were evaluated for prediction of BCR. In addition, the impact of such parameters on overall survival (OS) was evaluated. Results: In this retrospective study, 33 prostate cancer patients with a median age of 69 years (range: 49-89) were enrolled. BCR was observed in 22 cases (66%), and 16 cases (48.5%) died during the follow-up time. The results of Spearman correlation test indicated a significant relationship between BCR and treatment cycle, administered dose, HISTO energy, GLCM entropy, and GLZLM LZLGE (p68Ga-PSMA PET images might be a potential predictive value for response to 177Lu-PSMA therapy in mCRPC; however, further prospective studies need to be carried out to verify these findings.

A terpolymer (TP) comprising of aniline (ANi), o-toluidine (OTd) and o-aminobenzoic acid (OAc), and its nanocomposite (NCs) with TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) (TP-TiO2-NCs) were prepared through in situ...

The aim of this paper is to study the anticorrosive performance of the polymer–surfactants system comprising of mixed solutions of varying concentrations (10–700 ppm) of sodium salt of carboxymethylcellulose (NaCMC) and fixed concentration (1 ppm) of synthesized oppositely charged biodegradable cationic di-ester bonded gemini surfactants i.e., ethane-1,2-diylbis(N,N-dimethyl-N-alkylammoniumacetoxy)dichloride, referred as m-E2-m, (where m = 12, 14, 16, the number of carbon atoms in alkyl chain and E2 is the di-ester group in gemini’s spacer part), for mild steel in 1 M HCl solution. The inhibition effect of mixed NaCMC - gemini surfactant system was examined using weight loss measurement, potentiodynamic polarization (PP) measurements, electrochemical impedance (EIS) measurements, surface morphological observation by scanning electron microscopy (), and molecular dynamics simulation study. NaCMC alone was observed to offer moderate inhibition efficiency (IE) of 57.3% at 500 ppm, which was synergistically increased in the presence of very small amount of synthesized gemini surfactants. The improvement in IE was highly dependent on the surfactant tail length; the maximum improvement in IE of 90.1% was observed in presence of 16-E2-16. The adsorption of the studied systems followed Langmuir adsorption isotherm. PP result showed that all the examined systems behave as mixed type inhibitors. EIS results supported the existence of protective layer by the adsorption of inhibitor molecules on the metal surface. The formation of protective layer of studied systems on the mild steel surface was confirmed by FT-IR and SEM results. Molecular dynamics simulation was further performed to provide molecular level insights into the adsorption mechanism with the structure of studied systems. Keywords: Acid corrosion, Inhibition, Natural polymer, Gemini surfactants, Green inhibitor, Synergism, MD simulation

Polycrystalline undoped and chromium doped (2%, 4%, 6% and 8%) TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized using a simple acid-modified sol–gel method. Influence of chromium (Cr) doping on the microstructural, electrical, optical, and photocatalytic properties was studied using various analytical techniques viz. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), two-probe resistivity measurement and UV–visible absorption spectroscopy. Rietveld refinement of the XRD data reveals single phase, anatase crystal structure of the NPs in tetragonal symmetry with space group I41/amd. FTIR spectra demonstrate various functional groups and ensure anatase phase of all the samples. TEM images exhibit a significant change in the shape, size and morphology of the NPs on Cr incorporation in TiO2. Temperature-dependent resistivity measurements indicate the semiconducting nature of the samples and obey Arrhenius behaviour based on the mechanism of thermally activated conduction. A red shift in the UV–visible absorption spectra is noted on Cr doping, associated with the decrease in band gap from 3.1 eV for an undoped sample to 2.5 eV for an 8% Cr doped sample. Photoluminescence spectra signify that the dopant ions alter the density of oxygen vacancies that directly influence the electron–hole recombination rate. The photocatalytic performance is studied with regard to the degradation of chromophoric dyes, namely, rhodamine B and methylene blue under visible light illumination, revealing an increase in the photocatalytic activity with 82.2% and 73.4% degradation of the dyes after 120 min for the 6% Cr doped sample. This significant enhancement in the photocatalytic activity is attributed to the ease in the electron and hole separation by trapping sites produced due to Cr ions and oxygen vacancies. These observed results suggest that the Cr doped TiO2 NPs can be considered efficient photocatalysts with the advantage to tune the electronic structure and optical properties for possible applications in waste water treatment.

The synergistic effect of gemini surfactants (GS) 1,2-ethane bis(dimethyl alkyl ammonium bromide) (CmH2m+1) (m-2-m, m = 10 and 12) and n-butanol (C4OH) on the corrosion of mild steel in 1 M HCl solution has been investigated using gravimetric method, electrochemical methods (PDP and EIS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Experimental outcome suggests that the inhibition efficiency (η) of m-2-m GS is considerably improved in the presence of butanol. The values of synergism parameter (Sθ) are greater than unity, indicating high η caused by the addition of C4OH to m-2-m GS is due to a co-operative adsorption. Polarization studies showed that the m-2-m GS in the presence or absence of C4OH are mixed-type inhibitors. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) reveals that the difference existing between inhibition efficiencies obtained by PDP, EIS and gravimetric techniques is statistically insignificant. The adsorption of studied inhibitors on mild steel surface in 1 M HCl solution followed the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Surface morphology was studied using SEM and AFM. Some quantum chemical parameters and the Mulliken charge densities for m-2-m GS were calculated by the ORCA programme to provide further insight into the inhibition mechanism of the corrosion process.

The anticorrosion behavior of bromelain on low carbon steel (LCS) in 1 M HCl solution was studied employing weight loss, potentiodynamic polarization measurement (PDP), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), UV–visible spectrophotometry, and surface assessment techniques like scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX) at 308–338 K. The obtained results suggest that bromelain is an excellent corrosion inhibitor and its inhibition efficiency (%η) is both concentration and temperature dependent. %η is observed to increase with an increase in bromelain concentration and an increase in electrolyte temperature. The maximum %η of 97.6% is observed at bromelain concentration of 1000 ppm at 338 K. The inhibitor adsorption on the LCS surface is in accordance with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. As evidenced by PDP measurements, bromelain behaves as a mixed-type inhibitor and controls both anodic and cathodic processes. Adsorption free energy of the bromelain on LCS surface together with an increase in %η with the rise in temperature is suggestive of chemical adsorption. SEM micrographs show a smoother surface for inhibited LCS specimen. Analysis of variance statistically compare the difference existing between inhibition efficiencies from gravimetric, PDP and EIS technique and suggests that they are not significantly different.

Chemical oxidative polymerization of aniline (AN) and o-toluidine (OT) for the synthesis of copolymer, Poly(AN-co-OT) and its composite with TiO2 nanoparticles, Poly(AN-co-OT)/TiO2 employing ammoni...

Nowadays, the infection caused by the methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and countless different types of bacterial infection cause the death of millions of people worldwide. Thereby, several strategies have explored for the advancement of better and active antimicrobial agents; one of these lies in the form of two-dimensional carbon-based nanocomposites. Herein, we demonstrate the synthesis of the graphene–polyindole (Gr@PIn) nanocomposite and polyindole (PIn) and significantly enhance the proficiency against MRSA strains which are immune to most antibiotics. The synthesized Gr@PIn and PIn have been characterized by the various biophysical techniques, especially X-ray diffraction (XRD), electron microscopy [scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM)], Fourier transform infrared, Raman, UV–vis spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. Electron microscopic investigations unveiled the disintegration of bacterial cell wall upon interaction with Gr@PIn. S...

Boswellia serrata gum (BSG) was studied as a new sustainable corrosion inhibitor for the protection of low carbon steel (LCS) in 1 M HCl solution employing standard experimental techniques. FT-IR was accomplished to characterize the inhibitor and to assess the functional groups which caused its adsorption on the surface of LCS. Compared to other studied plant exudates BSG acted as a more efficient inhibitor at relatively lower concentration thus qualifying it as cost-effective and more practical acid inhibitor. The corrosion mitigating efficacy are both temperature and concentration dependent. The inhibition efficiency decreased with temperature but progressively increased with increase in BSG concentration; the maximum efficiency of 91.9% is observed at 30 °C at BSG concentration of 500 ppm. As evidenced by PDP measurements BSG acted as mixed type inhibitor with dominant anodic effect. The existence of protective layer, attributed to the adsorbed constituent polysaccharides, at the LCS surface was revealed by EIS measurements. The adsorption of the studied inhibitor on LCS surface obeyed Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Gravimetric data supported well the electrochemical results and further established that inhibition efficacy of BSG remains appreciably high during long exposure to the studied medium revealing its extra stability in HCl solution. SEM/EDX/AFM results substantiated the inhibitive effect of adsorbed BSG constituents on the LCS surface. Spectroscopic studies like UV–visible and FT-IR indicated the existence of [inhibitor-Fe2+] in inhibited acid solution. Mechanism of inhibition was also researched by computing relevant activation and thermodynamic parameters and experimental results are corroborated by computed quantum chemical parameters.

It is necessary to improve efficiency of energy systems due to lack of fossil fuels in near future and their environmental issues. Waste heat of industrial activities can be recovered in order to enhance the efficiency of the energy systems. Organic Rankine cycles (ORCs) are an appropriate option to recover heat from metal smelting furnaces. In this study, thermodynamic and economic analyses are conducted on an ORC working with the gases existing a metal smelting furnace by applying different working fluids. Effects of various parameters on the performance are investigated and the results are compared. Obtained results show that m-xylene, P-xylene and Ethylbenzene have higher net power output, higher efficiency and lower total cost compared with other investigated working fluids.