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This design case examines what program leaders learned from failures in the design of a program of authentic learning about teaching diverse audiences through educational outreach. The program was initiated and then redesigned to develop the teaching and communication skills of graduate students from a wide range of backgrounds by engaging them in authentic experiences with middle school teachers and students. Analysis of post-program data revealed seven design failures related to the lack of upfront analysis to inform the program design. Each design failure was detailed through a fishbone diagram method to identify the corresponding contributing factors. The failures in this design case reinforce the need for upfront learner analysis and contextual analysis. A participatory design was also suggested from the post-program data analysis. An instructional design model was recommended for continuous program redesign.

Purpose: Pre-service teachers, who are practising teachers are exposed to numerous technical skills at university. Studies on the use of technology on pre-service teachers' self-confidence are still in their infancy, despite the abundance of studies addressing pre-service teachers' intention to utilise technology in online learning. Therefore, this study seeks to investigate pre-service teachers' use of technology and their confidence in handling online classes effectively. Methodology: A survey was conducted on 93 teachers at two randomly selected universities in Malaysia during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic (March-May 2020) through online data collection. A five-point Likert scale-adapted questionnaire on preservice teachers' perceptions of technology use, effort, and confidence was administered to the respondents. The questionnaire was validated by three experts and data were analysed empirically using structural equation modelling-partial least-squares analysis. Findings: According to the study's findings, pre-service teachers held that technology was a great tool for online instruction and that peer contact helped them broaden their understanding about teaching. Despite this, there was no significant correlation between the use of technology and pre-service teachers' self-confidence. Nevertheless, the effort factor was found to mediate between pre-service teachers' confidence and technology. Significance: The results of this study provide important findings; that pre-service teachers could train their minds to put forth specific effort, such as increasing their interpersonal experience to support and enhance their online teaching. This in turn could help pre-service teachers in preparing to embark on technology-related activities to enable them to work with students more frequently and to support and enhance online education.

The incidence of consumption on Facebook around the world and its implications for university students is something that has necessarily been studied in the scientific literature (Gil-Flores, De Besa-Gutierrez & Garzón-Umerenkova, 2019). Fewer and far between are works focused on the study of social networks and academic procrastination in a population, particularly with a non-traditional teaching methodology (General Studies), even though this knowledge would allow us to obtain a profile of university students and identify their possible actions that could derive in academic problems. As a matter of fact, its importance has enabled the present study to analyze the relationship between the motivations for using Facebook and academic procrastination, and consequently determine the resulting correlation with certain indicators of use, satisfaction with Facebook and academic procrastination. For this purpose, the Facebook Usage Questionnaire was used (Igartua & Rodríguez de Dios, 2016), in addition to the Academic Procrastination Scale (Domínguez-Lara, Villegas & Centeno, 2014), with a sample of 150 students in their first year at a public university. In this manner, the results agree, showing a clear relationship between the motivations of "entertainment" and "virtual community" with moderate levels of procrastination, corresponding to greater implication with this social network. Significant differences in terms of gender and age are shown, which allows for a better understanding of the behavior pattern of these variables.

This study aimed to investigate the process of a top-down motivational approach in university--community engagement (UCE). We conducted a qualitative single case study in Indonesia using direct observations and semistructured interviews with 16 informants in three categories of actors: university, local community, and intermediary. Our main finding is that all actors are motivated by a top-down motivational approach. The university provides service to the community to fulfill its obligation to the government, and the local community is obligated to follow the village chief's directive to participate in community service. As an intermediary between the university and the community, the village chief supports community service because participation will make the chief (and community) eligible to receive grant funds from the central government. These empirical findings provide a new understanding of how UCE works in a country that employs top-down government to implement its regulation at the grassroots level.

Investigating the existence of items with differential item functioning (DIF) may provide more accurate comparisons of group differences in studies that aim to compare scores obtained in a test by groups with different characteristics. In the present study, a scale measuring critical thinking motivation that was adapted to the Turkish culture was applied to 817 participants, who were high school graduates, university students, and university graduates. The aim of the study was to examine whether the data collected from these participants had DIF or not. Hence, DIF analysis of the collected data was performed via the "lordif" function in the R "lordif" package. DIF was found to occur in twelve items, three of which were related to gender and nine to level of education. While it was revealed that the content of the items was the source of gender related DIF, the source of DIF related to level of education was found to be the language and expression of the items.

This study follows a network-based Assessment Redesign Project at a Canadian university to investigate engagement and sustained implementation. The following strategies were employed in the project: mini-grants, embedded support, a community of practice, and social networks. Assessment facilitators worked in discipline clusters to achieve mutual goals for assessment reform targeted at the authentic assessment of critical thinking and problem-solving. Interviews were conducted with nine of the 25 project members one-year post-implementation. The study adopted a motivational theoretical lens to investigate how the experience of the Assessment Redesign Project affected motivation and the continued adoption or propagation of assessment strategies. Participants commented on how helpful the embedded support had been in building their assessment skills or knowledge. The mini-grants were used (in some cases) to fulfil scholarship of teaching and learning (SoTL) goals. All of those engaged in SoTL demonstrated intrinsic motivation for assessment change and had propagated assessment techniques or activities into other courses. In the few cases where motivation was purely extrinsic, there was no SoTL or continuation of assessment activities. This study highlights the links between SoTL and the longer-term impact of the Assessment Redesign Project. Suggestions are provided for institutions wishing to replicate outcomes from the project.

As the learning needs of adults grow in the workplace and society, there is a need to understand the specificities of adult learning and how to support and guide adult learning at work. This article explores the applicability of andragogical theory to learning at work. The research seeks answers to the following question: What are the (individual and social) andragogical features behind learning at work? Two organisations -- Finnish police and a technology organisation - participated in this study. Thematic interviews (n = 54) were analysed using thematic analysis. The findings showed that all the assumptions of andragogy were reflected in the data, but a substantial overlap existed in workplace learning situations. We identified three main themes describing the key andragogical features behind learning at work: benefit orientation, self-direction and experientiality. All the described key features showed both individual and social dimensions. The article presents these features in relation to different learning situations at work, as well, as showing the contributions of the study for andragogical theory.

This research article focuses on the design and validation of a questionnaire to analyse future teachers' perceptions of professional skills through the use of Augmented Reality (AR) in higher education, specifically for students in the field of Educational Sciences. The sample consisted of 575 students of Early Childhood Education, Primary Education and Pedagogy during the academic year (2021/2022). The focus of this study is to authenticate a questionnaire that measures the influence of Augmented Reality (AR) on aspects such as situated learning, motivation, and the necessary instructional preparations for the successful integration of AR within classroom educational encounters. The questionnaire is an online Likert-type scale developed based on three dimensions: situated learning, motivation and training. The data were analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25 and JASP 0.17.1. The questionnaire met the standards recommended for validation. However, improvements to the instrument are suggested. In conclusion, validation of instruments is necessary to gain a rigorous understanding of the impact of new learning environments.

Although previous research on Virtual Reality (VR) demonstrated the effects of particular learning environment characteristics on learning, none of these studies constructed their virtual learning environment from a constructive alignment perspective. Therefore, this experimental study aims to investigate the impact of a constructively aligned virtual classroom setting, adopting an Artificial Intelligence (AI) training, on professionals' knowledge on AI. This experimental condition was compared with a control condition, consisting of a similar constructively aligned AI-training within a traditional face-to-face setting. Learning outcomes were measured using a pre-test post-test validated multiple-choice test. Additionally, motivation and perceptions, which are considered as crucial intermediate variables, were assessed using questionnaires. Results revealed significant improvements in learning from pre-test to post-test with no statistical difference between the conditions. Following the principle of constructive alignment, professionals perceived the VR classroom environment as motivating as the traditional setting. As a result, professionals perceived the VR classroom setting to the same extent as the traditional learning environment. These findings reveal that improvements in learning outcomes of professionals can be realized if environments are designed based on the principle of constructive alignment irrespective of the VR or traditional settings.

The present paper aims to explore the construct and effects of soft and transversal skills to developing efficiently competent students. The methodological construct of the present study is a mixed one. The study design is probabilistic and the method used in it is of the transversal typology. The final answers were collected in a sample cohort of 500 valid responses in three years of undergraduate studies at the Mediterranean University of Albania with a gender distribution of 335 girls (67%) and 165 boys (33%). The results revealed that the sub-tests with the major significant indices were positive attitude and spirit of initiative (r=0.567; p<0.05), teamwork and collaboration (r=0.601; p<0.05), and communication channels (r=0.81; p<0.05). Pearson inter-correlations indices for the 1st and 2nd factor of the soft-skills sub-skills found that the most significant index is related to the sense of motivation axis (optimism and control of the future, legitimate anger, self-esteem, and self-efficacy) (Sig2. p=0.01<0.05, r=0.7054) over the communication resources (persuasion, adversity management, and creativity) (Sig2. p=0.01<0.05, r=0.504). ANOVA test indices showed a strong difference in females (F=1.874; MS=3.2003; df=1.5) and an inverse but the stable difference between the male gender and optimism for the future (F=1.3085; MS=-1.111; df=1.5). In conclusion, indices of the current work revealed the impact that a healthy and optimistic motivation cause on the willingness of learning new skills and competencies and developing an efficient student for the working world. The authors recommend drawing attention to conducting more training programs within the academic curricula for fostering and providing students with basic and advanced skills and competencies to be fully adjusted to the European Union philosophy of life and employability world.

This research aims to examine the relationship between school leadership, social motivation and social justice based on perceptions of the teachers at public schools and to reveal whether the perceived social motivation of the teachers have a mediating role in this relationship. 1222 teachers at public schools in Pendik district of Istanbul province in 2022-2023 academic year who were selected using the stratified sampling method based on the number of teachers per school grades participated in the study. In this quantitative study, School Leadership Scale for measuring teachers' perceptions regarding school principals' leadership behaviors, Social Motivation Scale for measuring participants' perceptions regarding social motivation, and Social Justice Scale for measuring participants' perceptions regarding social justice were used. Pearson correlation analysis, Independent sample t-test and structural equation model were used for descriptive analyses. Finally, whether the direct and indirect effects obtained in the structural equation model are significant was examined by bootstrapping analysis. The results of the research showed significant relationships between teachers' perceptions of school leadership, social motivation, social justice besides social motivation's mediating role on the relationship between school leadership and social justice. Finally, the findings obtained in the research were discussed in line with the relevant literature and suggestions were presented.

The purpose of this quantitative correlational study was to examine if and to what extent there is a correlation between athletes' motivational styles (intrinsic, external, identified, introjected, integrated, and amotivated) and the individual performance construct of athletes' satisfaction within a two-year university system in the Western United States. The theoretical framework for assessing the correlation between athletes' motivational styles and satisfaction is self-determination theory (SDT). Six research questions addressed correlations between athletes' motivational styles of intrinsic, external, identified, introjected, integrated, and amotivated, and the individual performance construct of athletes' satisfaction. The sample included 28 university student-athletes who play team sports within a two-year university system in the Western United States. The dataset included Sport Motivation Scale (SMS-II) and Athlete Satisfaction Questionnaire (ASQ) instruments, which collected data within a single online system: Survey Hero. Due to COVID-19, the research study site was shut prematurely. Therefore, a low number of responses was collected from participants. A Kendall's tau-b correlational analysis showed significant evidence to accept the null hypothesis and conclude there was no association between intrinsic tb = 0.262, external tb = -0.012, identified tb = 0.114, introjected tb = 0.23, integrated tb = 0.068, and amotivated tb = 0.075 motivation and athletes' satisfaction (M = 14.89; SD = 4.59). A post hoc analysis was then performed on each research question and concluded that there is at least a 90.7% chance of committing a type II error. The results may not fit the general population across other states.

One of the most impacted areas in higher education is the field of student affairs (Lynch, 2017). While job satisfaction is problematic in higher education; only 1% of professionals are "extremely satisfied" with their job, giving the field a much lower overall satisfaction level than many other occupations (Kinman & Wray, 2014). Additionally, women are experiencing job dissatisfaction at the highest rates (Beeny et al., 2005) and student affairs is a field primarily occupied by women (MacAlpine, 2022). Research shows one of the more dramatic results of job satisfaction is when dissatisfaction leads to burnout (Kahill, 2007). Women in student affairs are rapidly leaving the field due to job dissatisfaction (Bender, 2009). The authors share findings from a phenomenological qualitative research study designed to assess job satisfaction of women student affairs professionals in entry, mid, and senior level higher education positions relating to job satisfaction and leadership, motivation, productivity, and burnout. The overarching research question is, "What are the perceptions of women student affairs professionals in Louisiana public higher education institutions regarding job satisfaction in relation to leadership, motivation, productivity, and burnout?" Data analyses resulted in identification of six major findings relating to higher sense of value, high levels of trust, senior-level satisfaction, expectations not aligned with compensation, student impact as a high motivator, and impact of crises on burnout among women student affairs professionals in Louisiana higher education institutions. The finding implications are shared from theory, practice, and future research perspectives, as well as implications for leadership and practice. [This Paper was presented at the Annual Meeting of the Louisiana Education Research Association Conference (LERA), Lafayette, LA, Mar 9-10, 2023).]

This research aimed to investigate the relationship between mathematical epistemological beliefs and the mathematics motivation of high school students. The survey model was employed in the research. Four hundred twenty-four high school students constitute the study group from public high school. Data were collected through the "Mathematics-Oriented Epistemological Belief Scale" and the "Mathematics Motivation Scale." The Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis H tests were used to analyze the data. The findings showed a significant positive relationship at a moderate level between the belief that learning depends on effort with motivation, a weak and negative significant relationship between the belief that learning depends on ability with motivation and a negative and insignificant relationship between the belief that there is only one truth with motivation. The mathematical epistemological beliefs and mathematical motivations of high school students differ statistically in terms of gender, mother's education level, and daily studying time. However, they do not differ statistically regarding out-of-school support, technology, internet use, class level, father's education level, or perceived income level.

The primary goal of this research is to provide the social and psychological motivational factors that lead consumers to engage with commercial brands on SNS. Specifically, this study addresses consumers' motivations in terms of why they follow a brand's account on Instagram, helping us to understand what specific motives and needs consumers have regarding their use of the Instagram platform. Within the theoretical framework of U&G, this study found that individuals who follow Instagram brand accounts have seven social and psychological motives: "Social Interaction, Brand Love, Affinity for Instagram, Brand Admiration, Entertainment, Decision Making, And Information" that lead consumers to engage with commercial brands on Instagram. To further investigate the relationship between identified motives and consumer involvement in SNS brand accounts, Study 2 measured involvement outcome variables such as eWOM frequency, attitude toward brand, brand trust, brand satisfaction, pass along intention, and willingness to buy. The overall findings of this research point to the importance of applying social presence theory to understanding consumer behavior in the Instagram context. Brand account followers' intrinsic motivations may reduce the psychological distance that they perceive between themselves and the brand they are following.

In the study, it was aimed to determine the relationship between school principals' ability to manage emotions and teachers' organizational commitment. As a result of the research, it was determined that there is a positive and moderate relationship between teachers' organizational commitment and school principals' ability to manage emotions.

As teachers transition to more science-backed ways of teaching reading, many may be left wondering what should remain from their former practices. This article discusses lessons learned from a teacher working in the field for the last ten years and navigating the changing landscape of literacy teaching, specifically moving from a balanced literacy approach to structured literacy. After discussing tenets, strengths, and criticisms of both approaches, the article lays out three common, research-backed features of balanced literacy teaching worth incorporating into structured literacy teaching.

This study was carried out at Mpanda Municipal Council in Katavi Region. The study aimed at assessing the factors influencing the use of M-Kilimo, an interactive mobile agriculture platform in communicating agricultural information among extension workers. The specific objectives were to determine the characteristics of Agricultural Extension Officers in the study area, their perception toward M-Kilimo, their level of use of the M-Kilimo programme and the factors influencing the use of M-Kilimo in the study area. A sample of 21 respondents were interviewed of which 17 were male and 4 were female. Data were collected by interviews and focus group discussion and were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) programme. This study found shortage of tablets, low motivation of some buyers to register and provide market information in the system, high cost of some Internet bundles and low clarity of some features influenced the use of M-Kilimo. However, most extension workers were intrinsically motivated to use the technologies. We recommend on-going training for extension workers and subsidizing the Internet cost. We also recommend a specific campaign to include business actors in the system to offer diversity of the information disseminated.

Recent scholarship has highlighted the need to be attentive to the student experience of placement-based workintegrated learning and its possible impacts on the wellbeing of student participants. The experiences of staff involved in planning, delivering and supporting work-integrated learning programs and the impact on their wellbeing have received less attention. Using data from a survey conducted at an elite Australian university, this article explores staff perspectives on, and experiences of, work-integrated learning. Through the theoretical lens of organisational health, this article proposes key contributors to ensuring quality learning outcomes for students without comprising the wellbeing of staff. These include conducting realistic workload assessments and providing staffing and allocating workload in line with these; providing appropriate training, staff recognition and reward, and employment which recognises work-integrated learning as a specialist skillset; and resourcing skilled administrative support and technological systems.

This paper considers emotions and learning through multimedia learning, mediated message processing, and affective computing. In multimedia learning, the emotional design includes all relevant features from the visual design, so emotional and motivational features are given through visual appeal. The Limited Capacity Model of Motivated Mediated Message Processing describes emotions as a product of motivated cognition. It explains how to create the message that will most likely fulfil its communication purpose. Through affective computing, adaptive and multimodal learning, aim is to reduce the gap between instructional message design, and the learner's cognitive and emotional mental model. The paper aims to outline emotions and learning considering multimedia learning, motivated mediated message processing, and affective computing as three perspectives in creating a learning experience.

The aim of this study was to investigate the competency of physical education teachers at the basic education level in China. The study was conducted using a qualitative approach, using purposive sampling to conduct in-depth interviews with 12 physical education teachers from schools at the basic education level in China using the behavioral event interview method and extracting themes using coding techniques with the thematic analysis method. The results of the study show that the competencies of physical education teachers at the basic education level in China include 6 themes: Competency characteristics, knowledge characteristics, teacher moral characteristics, motivation characteristics, values characteristics and personality characteristics.

This study aims to assist preschools in achieving sustainable development by providing system thinking training for teachers and administrators. By promoting system thinking and PDCA, training helps preschool staff and teachers construct their knowledge and culture for organizational growth and effective operation. The research procedure encompasses stages of preparation, knowledge diffusion, knowledge adaptation, and establishing support networks. A total of 744 training participants engage in case studies, discussions, and self-evaluation activities to enhance their understanding and application of the PDCA framework. Quantitative and qualitative methods are used to collect the research participants' perceptions and intentions on this training. Research data is collected using 5-point Likert questionnaires, supplemented with open-ended questions to gather participants' perceptions and suggestions. In addition, qualitative data is obtained through onsite observation, focus groups, and individual interviews. The research results indicate that participants in the training program positively perceive the training activities. Also, those with administrative roles and from non-profit preschools exhibit higher interest and motivation for training, reflecting the need for sustainability knowledge in changing environments.

The field of open education and research on the topic has notably expanded since the introduction of the term 20 years ago. Given these developments, a framework to structure research inquiry is necessary to ground and organize findings in open education. We propose the SCOPE framework for open education research: social justice, cost, outcomes, perceptions, and engagement. In this article, we explain how this framework emphasizes the need for social justice at the forefront of open education research. In addition, we incorporate existing theories in social justice, motivation, cognition, pedagogy, and engagement into each of the components to propose theoretical connections to future open education research. We suggest areas in which future research is needed. Finally, we conclude with suggestions as to how the SCOPE framework may be useful when connecting open education to open science and open scholarship as well as a call for considering intersectionality and critical methods in quantitative research (QuantCrit) in future inquiry.

Increasing and compelling research demonstrates the affordances of personal video footage as an informative and transformational tool in teacher professional learning (PL), yet many in-service teachers avoid engaging in this practice. This Australian Research Council funded study tracked teacher willingness to use video to capture the application of PL over 12 months in a rural Australian primary school. Data from questionnaires, video-based learning conversations, and collaborative sharing sessions demonstrated a strong increasing trend in the number of teachers volunteering to be videoed across three iterations of research. Thematic analysis highlighted five key factors as catalysts for increased teacher participation in engaging with video as a professional learning (PL) tool. These factors include -- safe relationships and the building of relational trust; personalized connection of PL to classroom practice; an effective video annotation repository system; teacher agency within an iterative structure; and time -- the need for external support systems. This study found that when these factors were addressed, willingness to engage in using the power of video as a tool to support teacher PL increased.

The aim of this study is to compile the literature in the context of business motivation of the online education process, the importance of which is once again understood in educational sciences during the pandemic process. When literature is looked at, it is clearly seen that the importance and effectiveness of distance education has increased with the pandemic. As a result, the quality and quantity of distance education has been questioned before, it is seen that distance education is considered as an opportunity with the pandemic.

The aim of this study was to examine associations of teaching competence, autonomous motivation, and self-efficacy between two groups of pre-service teachers enrolled in a four-year Bachelor of Education degree program. One group participated in a Work-Integrated Learning (WIL) pathway and one who did not participate in a Work-Integrated Learning pathway. Self-reports of basic psychological needs, motivational regulations, and self-efficacy were completed by 116 pre-service teachers. Findings indicated that pre-service teachers who participated in the WIL pathway had higher levels of efficacy in classroom management, and had higher perceptions of identified regulation, demonstrating that they perceived WIL teaching sessions as a useful way to develop other characteristics of themselves. These findings suggest that exposure to authentic and experiential learning encounters through practical WIL experiences has a favourable impact on pre-service teacher competence, autonomous motivation, and self-efficacy. Incorporating authentic and practical opportunities such as WIL into teacher education programs presents a valuable and feasible option to foster broad skill development and teacher readiness.

One of the challenges experienced in South African higher education (HE) is a lack of access to affordable, appropriate textbooks and other teaching materials that can be legally shared on online forums and the Internet. There are also increasing calls to address transformation and social justice globally and in South African HE through curriculum transformation. This article draws on the research of the Digital Open Textbooks for Development initiative at the University of Cape Town (UCT). It presents the journeys of four open textbook authors at UCT in relation to the social injustices they witness in their classrooms. It also makes use of Margaret Archer's social realist approach to explore dynamics related to open textbook authors' agency and ultimate concerns, as well as how their internal conversations shape their practices and approaches to open textbooks. Open textbooks are framed as a set of practices that play out in varying cycles of time and hold promise in terms of addressing the need for greater access and inclusivity in HE.

A wide range of factors impact the choice of teaching as a career and result in entry to the teaching profession. The notion that these career motivations may also be possible antecedents of teacher identity was the rationale behind this study. The present study aimed to determine preservice English as a foreign language (EFL) teachers' motivation for choosing teaching as a career and teacher identities, and to gauge to what extent career motivations predict their teacher identities. The study, therefore, adopted a correlational design, and more specifically, the multiple regression technique. Participants included 271 undergraduate students majoring in an EFL teacher education program of a state university in Turkey. The data collected through a set of scales were analysed statistically. Results obtained using the Factors Influencing Teaching Choice (FIT-Choice) model showed that the three major self-reported career motives were altruistic-type social utility values called shaping future of children/adolescents and making social contribution as well as job transferability, a component of personal utility values. Teacher identity levels appeared to display a steady increase in each of the four grade levels from freshman to senior year. Multiple regression results indicated that career motivations accounted for a substantial proportion of the variance in teacher identity. Among career motivations, ability, intrinsic career value and working with children/adolescents appeared to be the three strongest positive predictors of teacher identity, respectively. Following these, time for family and fallback career negatively predicted teacher identity. Based on the findings, educational implications were drawn and directions for future research were discussed.

The end of the COVID-19 pandemic is in sight, but it brought tremendous challenges and opportunities to academia. This paper analyzes the equilibrium between teaching laxity and strictness and corresponding outcomes through the lens of the approach-avoidance framework. On one side, instructors are likely to allow flexibility in course policies and procedures, given the learners' difficulties amid the pandemic. On the other hand, however, this intention could lead to a lack of control in class and eventually jeopardize academic integrity and rigor. Therefore, we explicate the motivation mechanism and the adverse effects of teaching laxity. Furthermore, a portfolio of teaching methods and mapping based on psychological distance and behavioral control theories is presented. This research contributes to a further understanding of pedagogical innovations in the Information Systems (IS) domain in the unprecedented crisis.

This case study investigated the reasons for students dropping out of a university and the experiences associated with the dropout process of individuals who dropped out of the faculty of education in Turkey. We collected data from 10 individuals who dropped out and 8 academic staff members who worked in the same faculty of state university in the Aegean region in Turkey between 2008 and 2018 using the criterion sampling technique. We collected data using semi-structured interview forms and conducted content analysis. The results revealed that pre-admission factors (I), which are the factors of guidance, personality, system, family, career, and city play decisive roles in the admission process of individuals. These factors can shape their intrinsic and extrinsic motivation before the faculty admission process. After admission, the university processes factors (II) such as psychological condition, academic condition, social condition, organizational situation, appointment factors, military service, family situation, and financial situation are determinant factors on individuals' intrinsic and extrinsic motivations in their university experience. After the dropout decision, individuals either drop out of the system or change department/university. Findings point out that the reasons for and process of the dropout are interdependent and divergent. Recommendations for future investigations and practices are presented based on our findings.

Due to the radical changes and complexities within academic institutions, leadership development addressed to academic leaders in the digital age has become more critical. In the available literature, the outcome assessment of leadership development and its related factors have not been evaluated rigorously. The current study investigated the contribution of peer interaction and two subscales of motivation to the effectiveness of the leadership development programs perceived by training participants in a diverse context. Of 101 participants, the majority of training workshop attendees were junior and middle-level leaders from both European universities and Chinese universities who participated in the leadership development programs organized under an EU project. PLS-SEM was exploited to validate the measurement model and test the hypotheses. The results showed that self-growth and peer interaction significantly contribute to perceived effectiveness, whereas networking motivator shows nonsignificant impact. The findings also illustrated that the two motivation patterns have significant effects on interaction quality. The mediating role of peer interaction on the relationships between the two motivational factors and perceived effectiveness, respectively, were not found in the current study. The findings contributed to identifying the role of different contributors to the effectiveness of the leadership development program in HE contexts and the potential of such a program to enhance knowledge and capacities of academic leaders regarding university governance and leadership.

In different parts of the world, social movements led by parents, educators, and professional organizations have emerged that resist educational standardisation and use of (high stakes) standardised tests, and that push for educational change. With the aim of extending empirical coverage of protest movements in non-English speaking countries, this study examines a Norwegian parental movement called "Foreldreopprør i Osloskolen" (FiO) (in English: Parental Uprising in the Oslo School). We draw on exploratory research based on in-depth interviews with initiators and members of FiO (n=8), as well as documentary and press analysis and an examination of social media sites. The analysis sheds light on the emergence and nature of the movement, parents' main motivations and discourses, as well as the movements' collective action strategies and main successes. The findings highlight how rather than opting-out their children from standardised tests, some Norwegian parents chose to opt-out their children from public schools, while continuing their fight for whole-child approaches in public education.

Although individuals are exposed to a variety of pro-environmental influences in childhood, it is unclear which has the biggest impact on adult beliefs and behaviour. The aim of the current study therefore examined how formal sustainability education and childhood caregiver pro-environmental motivations, beliefs and behaviour, influence motivations and behaviours in adulthood. An Australian adult sample (n = 230) completed a survey measuring pro-environmental motivation, anthropogenic climate change beliefs and pro-environmental behaviour. Recollections of childhood caregivers' anthropogenic climate change beliefs and pro-environmental behaviours, and formal completion of sustainability education were obtained. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis found childhood caregiver pro-environmental behaviour significantly and uniquely predicted pro-environmental behaviour. Moderation analysis found no influence from formal sustainability education on this relationship. Caregiver and individual climate change belief were associated, but caregiver belief was not associated with pro-environmental motivation. No differences in adult pro-environmental behaviour were noted when considering childhood sustainability education. Results suggest transmission of anthropogenic climate change belief and pro-environmental behaviour occurs from childhood caregivers. Comparatively, formal childhood sustainability education was not significant in establishing ongoing pro-environmental behaviour patterns. This research adds to limited existing literature demonstrating caregiver impact on sustained pro-environmental behaviour and provides possible future direction for promoting sustainable behaviour.

Purpose: This study aimed to examine the relationship between leadership self-efficacy and the decision to be a school principal and the mediating effects of motivation-to-lead and worries-about-leadership in this relationship. Design/methodology/approach: A total of 375 teachers working in public high schools in Ankara, Türkiye participated in this cross-sectional predictive study. Descriptive statistics, structural equation modeling and bootstrapping were used in the analysis of the data. Findings: Leadership self-efficacy was found to increase both motivation-to-lead and worries-about-leadership. Motivation-to-lead positively influenced the decision to be a school principal, whereas worries-about-leadership did so negatively. Furthermore, leadership self-efficacy had an indirect positive effect on the decision to be a school principal through motivation-to-lead and worries-about-leadership. Practical implications: Based on the findings, it is recommended to offer teachers training programs on school administration and leadership. Furthermore, we suggested providing teachers with administrative internship and mentorship opportunities to help them gain field experience and benefit from the experiences of incumbent school principals in school leadership. Originality/value: This study confirmed that theoretical assumptions about self-efficacy are also relevant in the decision-making process regarding the school principalship: leadership self-efficacy can be the source of both motivation and worry. This study also implied that teachers make their choices about the school principalship by considering the potential advantages and disadvantages of the position.

Online academic communities are valuable spaces where participants can share information, find and provide support, and even be entertained. Online academic communities refer to hashtag-specific chats or other forms of affinity groups. Although these communities have been researched in the literature, more studies are needed to understand the uses, gratifications, and strategies that shape a social media hashtag community for the academic community (e.g., faculty, graduate students, and university staff). This research explores how participants of social media hashtag communities such as #AcademicTwitter use strategic messaging and informal learning strategies. It also explores the uses and gratifications members receive for participating in these hashtag communities. X (formerly known as Twitter) data on #AcademicTwitter from 2021 were retrieved and analyzed using a content analysis. This study found that members mainly encouraged material support using visuals and links as message strategies. Findings provide an empirically tested framework of strategic messaging and informal learning strategies that participants used to motivate others to participate and gratify them to continue engaging.

Despite the rapid increase of students' enrolment in online courses, higher education institutions in Malaysia face the problem of high dropout rates of students before completing their studies and earning a degree. With a view to addressing the issue, this study focused on critical factors to evaluate the effectiveness of distance learning systems using the criteria of course satisfaction and perceived learning. Further, this study developed a research model that integrated Transactional Distance Theory, Social Presence Theory and the Online Interaction Learning Model to facilitate student satisfaction with online courses. Three hundred and three usable online questionnaires were collected from respondents at Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) and Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM). The data were analysed using SPSS and Amos version 22. Results supported all direct relationships between motivation, self-efficacy, self-regulated learning, instructor immediacy behaviour, perceived learning and course satisfaction. Interestingly, perceived learning fully mediated motivation, self-efficacy, and self-regulated learning. Findings from this study on the determinants of course satisfaction do provide guidelines to institutions on significant factors to prioritise when establishing an online learning system.

An increase of parents choosing to home school their children within Australia and changing motivations to do so, has been suggested, however national figures of home school student registrations have not been available and quantitative data is minimal, resulting in a risk of unvalidated assumptions informing the industry. Our study collated a national student registration figure for home education within Australia covering the years 2018-2022 and showing percentage increase and a growth rate exceeding other schooling options. In addition, we modernised the Enrolment Motivation Questionnaire (Collom, 2005) updating it for theoretical developments to investigate the motivations of Australian parents who choose home schooling both pre and post-Covid. This analysis revealed two significant differences: after the advent of Covid, parents were motivated to home school their children due to school absences and child's health, compared to before Covid. We discuss the finding that home education is currently the fastest growing schooling modality in Australia and how parents' schooling choice is changing to be more child-centric, offering factor analysis results which support this addition.

Purpose: Sustainable employability has emerged as a multifaceted construct that measures individuals' abilities to function in the labour market throughout their working lives. Therefore, it is no longer just about analysing how to achieve a successful transition from school/university to employment, but also about identifying the conditions that will allow people to continue to be capable and motivated in the long term. The aim of this work was to identify and rank the personal factors of an individual that contribute to his or her perceived sustainable employability. Design/methodology/approach: The authors used a quantitative methodology to estimate the structural model proposed. A stratified random procedure was used to administer an online questionnaire to 202 university master's degree students. Before testing the structural model, the validation of each scale was performed, both at the exploratory and confirmatory levels. Findings: The results indicate that four groups were key to improve individual sustainable employability: (1) Health Status; (2) Career Competencies; (3) Core Self-Evaluations and (4) Overcoming Competencies. Research limitations/implications: The results are of interest to any individual, employed or not, insofar as they can reflect on the relevance of each category and how to improve them at the individual level. Originality/value: This study contributes to research on sustainable employability focus on the analysis of young people by providing empirical evidence on its relationship with other key variables, in an area where the literature remains mainly conceptual and centred in workers.

We tested the broad generality of a model for predicting 9th-10th grade students' STEM career expectations by age 30, focusing on hard science, mathematics and engineering professions only, known for driving innovation, research and development. The model's predictors included "motivation to learn mathematics", "gender", and "math classroom environments" (disciplinary climate, teacher support and instructional strategies fostering conceptual understanding). We used data from the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2022. Four countries were selected based on the percentage of students expecting STEM careers, representing high vs. low groups (Qatar and Morocco vs. Czech Republic and Lithuania, respectively). Analysis began with computing correlations between the variables, followed by path analyses for each country to determine both direct and indirect effects of the predictors on students' STEM career expectations. We found that motivation to learn mathematics not only directly predicted STEM career expectations but also mediated the influence of the remaining variables: "gender" (boys show higher motivation to learn math), and "math classroom environments" (students in well-disciplined math classes with supportive teachers who employ instructional strategies fostering math reasoning also demonstrate higher motivation to learn math). Remarkably, our model consistently demonstrated robustness across all four countries, despite their significant economic, ethnic, and religious diversity. Theoretically, the model reveals that 9th-10th grade students' transitory long-term STEM career expectations are shaped by their interest in mathematics, their perceived importance of the subject, confidence in their self-efficacy to succeed in math tasks, perceptions of classroom disciplinary climate, teacher support, and their exposure to instructional strategies aimed at enhancing math reasoning. Practically, it suggests widespread potential for informing interventions aimed at increasing student motivation to pursue STEM careers through improved mathematics education practices.

Purpose: This study aims to enhance integration of game-based learning (GBL) as a tool for conveying intricate circular economy (CE) concepts effectively into international and interdisciplinary higher education collaborations for the development of sustainable communities. Design/methodology/approach: A series of game-based workshops by the Circular EELISA Community of the EELISA European University program were examined in terms of their compliance with literature-based GBL characteristics and their international, interdisciplinary and online conduct. An online survey conducted with 17 workshop and/or challenge organizers from four participating universities in different countries revealed expert experiences and perceptions on these points. Findings: It was found that sensory elements, rewards and game choice enhanced engagement and motivation in all gamification, serious game and storytelling experiences, and that a combination of multiple GBL approaches was more effective than a single-method challenge design. Diversity-friendly collaboration, cooperation and immersion were particularly important when involving culturally and disciplinarily diverse participants. Practical implications: This study offers practical recommendations to improve both the performance of GBL-based learning environments in current and future education alliances and collaborations and the potential of GBL approaches to motivate youth to contribute to more sustainable communities across and beyond Europe. Originality/value: The findings underscore the value of innovative pedagogical methods in shaping environmentally conscious mindsets and practices across institutions of higher education. To that end, this is the first study that investigates GBL in CE education with implications for international university cooperation.