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Background and Objectives: Oil pulling is a traditional Indian folk remedy for maintaining oral hygiene among orthodontic patients. This study aimed to assess the effects of oil pulling and compare them with those of chlorhexidine (CHX) and distilled water on the force decay of elastomeric chains., Methods: Twenty-one samples were tested in three groups. Each of these groups contained seven samples per group. The samples evaluated contained distilled water, 0.2% CHX, and sesame oil. The samples were dipped in various mouth rinses, and force degradation was measured using a dynamometer (dynamic universal testing machine, Instron 8801, Instron, Norwood, MA) during days 0, 1, 7, 14, 21, and 28. The significance level was considered at 1%., Results: Force degradation was observed more in distilled water, followed by sesame oil, and less in CHX at the end of 28 days. Significant differences in values (p < 0.01) were found among the three groups in all the timelines in the study except on days 14 and 21., Conclusion: Chlorhexidine showed the least amount of force decay, followed by oil pulling and distilled water. However, if oil pulling is practiced daily as a household remedy along with regular oral hygiene practices, it can save time and money and enhance general health., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2024, Sivaraman et al.)

OBJECTIVE: The study aimed to review and report the current evidence supporting the use of mouthwashes as a preprocedural protocol on dental offices. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study is a secondary one that performed a comprehensive literature search of scientific studies published up to 10th August 2020 in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Scientific Electronic Library Online (Scielo) databases. The electronic search strategy was performed using free text and DeCS/MeSH terms. RESULTS: Only five studies were included in this work, despite 140 studies that were identified with the research strategy. In vivo studies were carried out in two works, in vitro studies were described in two papers, and a in silico approach was used in one work. No cetylpyridinium chloride studies were identified, while chlorhexidine and povidone studies were more studied. CONCLUSIONS: There is reduced evidence about how preprocedural mouthwashes decrease SARS-CoV-2 salivary load. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To evaluate the efficacy of a 0.03% chlorhexidine and 0.05% cetylpyridinium chloride mouth rinse, as an adjunct to professionally and patient‐administered mechanical plaque removal, in the treatment of peri‐implant mucositis (PiM). Material and Methods: Patients displaying PiM in, at least, one implant were included in this randomized, double‐blinded, clinical trial. Subjects received professional prophylaxis (baseline and 6 months) and were instructed to regular oral hygiene practices and to rinse, twice daily, with the test or placebo mouth rinses, during one year. Clinical, radiographic and microbiological outcomes were evaluated at baseline, 6 and 12 months. Disease resolution was defined as absence of bleeding on probing (BOP). Data were analysed by repeated measures ANOVA, Student's t and chi‐square tests. Results: Fifty‐four patients were included and 46 attended the final visit (22 in control and 24 in test group). In the test group, there was a 24.49% greater reduction in BOP at the buccal sites (95% confidence interval [3.65–45.34%]; p = 0.002) than in controls. About 58.3% of test implants and 50% controls showed healthy peri‐implant tissues at final visit (p > 0.05). Conclusions: The use of the test mouth rinse demonstrated some adjunctive benefits in the treatment of PiM. Complete disease resolution could not be achieved in every case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This bi-centric, placebo-controlled, randomized, evaluator-blinded, incomplete cross-over clinical phase II trial was initialized to identify the most appropriate concentration of octenidine dihydrochloride (OCT) in mouth rinses.Materials and methods: Rinses of 0.10, 0.15, and 0.20% OCT were compared to a saline placebo rinse regarding the reduction of salivary bacterial counts (SBCs) in 90 gingivitis patients over 4 days. Changes in plaque (PI) and gingival index (GI), taste perception, and safety issues were evaluated.Results: At baseline, the first OCT (0.10, 0.15, 0.20%) rinse resulted in a decrease of SBC (reduction by 3.63-5.44 log10 colony forming units [CFU]) compared to placebo (p < 0.001). Differences between OCT concentrations were not verified. After 4 days, the last OCT rinse again resulted in a significant SBC decrease (3.69-4.22 log10 CFU) compared to placebo (p < 0.001). Overall, SBC reduction between baseline and day 4 was significantly higher in OCT 0.15 and 0.20% groups compared to OCT 0.10% and placebo. Mean GI/PIs were significantly lower in OCT groups than in the placebo group (p < 0.001). Differences in GI/PI between OCT groups were not verified. Adverse effects increased with increasing OCT concentrations.Conclusions: Considering antibacterial efficacy, frequency of adverse events, and user acceptance, 0.10% OCT was identified as the preferred concentration to be used in future clinical trials.Clinical relevance: Due to its low toxicity and pronounced antibacterial properties, octenidine dihydrochloride (OCT) is a promising candidate for the use in antiseptic mouth rinses. OCT concentrations of 0.10% are recommended for future clinical trials evaluating the plaque-reducing properties of OCT mouth rinses.(www.clinicaltrials.gov, NCT022138552) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Denture stomatitis, periodontitis, and peri-implantitis are the growing problems in restorative dentistry. Chemicals play an important role as an adjuvant to mechanical cleaning of teeth, implants, surrounding tissues, and prostheses. Current mouth rinses are reported to affect the tissues and prostheses if used on a long-term basis. Sodium bicarbonate, the common baking soda, has been reported to be versatile. A search of the resources through Medline and Google Scholar was made to understand the current status of the mouth rinses and the use of sodium bicarbonate. Different MeSH and search criteria were used for the different search engines. Baking soda, being a common household item, with its ready availability, safety, minimal abrasivity, and bactericidal property makes it a patient-friendly mouthwash, component in the dentifrice, or chewing gum, which can be used on a long-term basis as an adjunct virtually free of any side effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Aim: The aim of the present study was to compare the efficacy of a disposable gauze soaked with chlorhexidine and rolled up on the finger vs chlorhexidine mouth rinse (CM) to maintain oral hygiene. Methods: In this single‐blind, randomized trial, both groups were instructed to brush their teeth and use the 0.12% chlorhexidine intervention twice per day (experimental group: toothbrushing + chlorhexidine‐soaked gauze; control group: toothbrushing + mouth rinse). The main outcome was the change in full mouth plaque index scores from baseline to 2 weeks. Secondary outcomes were the patient's appreciation (visual analog scale) and the bleeding index. Results: The final sample consisted of 60 young patients: 31 in the experimental group and 29 in the control group. After 2 weeks, both interventions were effective in reducing plaque index. The percentage of score reduction was 33% in the experimental group and 30% for the controls, with no significant difference between groups. Both interventions reduced the bleeding index, but this reduction was significant only in the experimental group (P < .001). Conclusions: There is no difference between chlorhexidine‐soaked gauze and CM regarding plaque control. In addition, gauze soaked with chlorhexidine was significantly more effective in reducing the bleeding index score and was appreciated by the patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims:The erosive and ulcerative forms of Oral lichen planus causes pain and irritation, affects the nutrition and biological quality of the patient. Considering the high prevalence of the disease, the complications of conventional treatments and the resistance to classical drug therapy, the aim of this study was to compare the effect of infrared low level laser and triamcinolone acetonide mouth rinse on treatment of oral lichen planus lesions. Materials and Methods:In this double blind clinical trial, 24 patients were selected randomly according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria and divided into two groups of 12. Before and after the study, pain and burning sensation index (VAS), apparent shape and score of the lesion and size of the lesion were recorded in the patients. We treated the first group with low level infrared laser (810 nm) twice a week with 0.5-2 j/cm2 energy density and 300 mW/cm2 power density up to a maximum of 10 sessions. For the second group, we prescribed a mouth rinse of triamcinolone acetonide 0.2% four times a day with antifungal drugs for a month. Then, the study`s criteria were recorded after the completion of treatment. All data were statistically analyzed using the repeated measure ANOVA test to compare the quantitative changes over time, The Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the rank variables between two groups at any time and Friedman test for each group between different times. Results: There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of severity of pain (P=0.255), score and size (P=0.186), and appearance (P=0.178) of the lesions among two groups. Although the two groups showed a significant decrease in all three indicators. Conclusion:Considering that in both groups, all three indices were improved and these improvements were similar, it seems that laser therapy can be effective. It could be used as a therapeutic alternative in treating patients with OLP (Oral Lichen Planus) especially in cases with contraindication in corticosteroid administration or lack of appropriate therapeutic response or when there is resistance to treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study aims to identify if mouth rinsing with a 6% carbohydrate mouth-rinse (CMR) solution and mouth rinsing and ingestion of caffeine (CMR+CAFF) can affect exercise performance during steady-state (SS) running and high-intensity intervals (HIIT) in comparison with a 0% control solution (PLA) when in a fed state. Eight recreationally trained males completed 3 trials (CMR, CMR+CAFF, and PLA) of 45 min SS running and an HIIT protocol (90% peak treadmill velocity) until fatigue in a double blinded, repeated-measures study. Participants ingested a capsule of either CAFF or PLA before and after SS. Participants received a 25-mL bolus of carbohydrate solution (CMR and CMR+CAFF trials) or taste-matched PLA (PLA trial) prior to HIIT protocol and after every second effort. Heart rate and lactate responses were recorded throughout the SS and HIIT protocol. CMR+CAFF was significantly different when compared with PLA ( p = 0.001; Cohens d = 1.34) and CMR ( p = 0.031; Cohens d = 0.87) in relation to distance covered before fatigue. Although there was no significant difference between CMR and PLA, there was a small benefit for CMR ( p = 0.218; Cohens d = 0.46). Results indicate that CMR and ingestion of CAFF leads to improvements in performance during interval sessions while participants were in a fed state. These findings indicate that the regular use of CMR can decrease the risk of gastrointestinal distress reported by athletes, which can be applicable to athletes in a real-world setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Aim: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the genotoxicity of non‐alcoholic mouth rinses on buccal epithelial cells using a micronucleus test. Methods: A total of 105 patients were selected and randomly divided into five groups. Four different mouth rinses and normal saline were given for 2 weeks’ duration, and cytological smears were collected before and after exposure. These smears were subjected to micronucleus (MN) and other nuclear abnormalities (ONA) tests using acridine orange stain, and their frequencies were obtained in 500 buccal epithelial cells. The statistical analysis included mean, χ2‐test, analysis of variance, and post‐hoc analysis by Bonferroni test. Results: Micronucleated cells (P < .00) and MN (P < .00) were higher in individuals exposed to chlorhexidine (CHX), followed by chlorine dioxide (ClO2), potassium nitrate (KNO3), and sodium fluoride (NaF), amine fluoride (AmF), and normal saline. ONA were greater (P < .00) in individuals exposed to CHX, followed by ClO2, AmF, KNO3, and NaF and normal saline. Overall, the results showed that genotoxic damage was greater in the case of CHX, followed by ClO2, KNO3, and NaF, AmF, and normal saline. Conclusion: Chronic exposure to mouth rinses can cause genotoxic damage to buccal epithelial cells. Long‐term injudicious and inadvertent use of mouth rinses should be discouraged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Objective: The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of an essential oils mouth rinse and dental floss on dental plaque accumulation and gingivitis in interproximal areas. Methods: With informed consent, a parallel randomized controlled clinical trial was developed with 60 third‐year dental hygiene students, randomly divided into two non‐blind groups of 30 individuals each. For a period of 2 weeks, one group used an essential oils mouth rinse, according to manufacturer's instructions, and the other group flossed twice a day. Both groups received a toothbrush and fluoridated toothpaste for home dental hygiene care. A baseline dental hygiene appointment consisted of tooth scaling, prophylaxis and collection of the study data, using the Lobene modified gingival index; Saxton & Ouderaa gingival bleeding index and the Quigley & Hein modified by Turesky dental plaque index. Results: At baseline, there was no significant difference between the groups for interproximal gingival inflammation (P = .214), gingival bleeding (P = .829) and dental plaque accumulation (P = .860). After 2 weeks of treatment, no significant differences were found between the essential oils mouth rinse and dental flossing for reduction of interproximal gingival inflammation (P = .938) and bleeding (P = .307). Essential oils mouth rinse showed to be significantly better than dental flossing in reducing interproximal dental plaque accumulation (P = .006). Conclusion: The use of an essential oils mouth rinse may be advised, as a complement, for patients unable to floss effectively, as it is more effective in reducing interproximal dental plaque accumulation than dental floss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed at comparing the cytotoxicity of a new octenidine mouth rinse (MR) on gingival fibroblasts and epithelial cells using different established MRs. Octenidol (OCT), Chlorhexidine 0.2% (CHX), Meridol (MER), Oral B (OB), and control (PBS only) were used. Human primary gingival fibroblasts (HGFIBs) and human primary nasal epithelial cells (HNEPCs) were cultivated in cell-specific media (2 × 105cells/well) and treated with a MR or PBS for 1, 5, and 15 min. All tests were performed in duplicate and repeated 12 times. The apoptosis and necrosis were determined using a Caspase-3/7 assay and LDH assay, respectively. The data were analyzed using two-way analysis of variance with subsequent Mann–WhitneyU-test. No significant differences could be found between the incubation times of the MR, neither for apoptosis nor necrosis (p > 0.05). Regarding apoptosis of HGFIBs, MRs had no influence at all. In HNEPCs, OCT induced relevantly lower apoptosis than CHX (p = 0.01). Considering necrosis, MER showed the lowest numbers of necrotic HGFIBs and HNEPCs, whereas OB induced the highest number of necrotic cells. The differences between both MR were statistically relevant (p < 0.01). OCT did neither differ from the other MRs nor from the control (PBS) in induction of necrosis in both cell types. In conclusion, the slightly negative effect of OCT considering apoptosis and necrosis of HGFIBs and HNEPCs is nearly the same or even lower compared to the established MRs included in this study. The results confirm that OCT is a potential alternative to CHX. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Mouth rinsing using a carbohydrate (CHO) solution has been suggested to improve physical performance in fasting participants. This study examined the effects of CHO mouth rinsing during Ramadan fasting on running time to exhaustion and on peak treadmill speed (Vpeak). In a counterbalanced crossover design, 18 sub-elite male runners (Age: 21 ± 2 years, Weight: 68.1 ± 5.7 kg, VO2max: 55.4 ± 4.8 ml/kg/min) who observed Ramadan completed a familiarization trial and three experimental trials. The three trials included rinsing and expectorating a 25 mL bolus of either a 7.5% sucrose solution (CHO), a flavour and taste matched placebo solution (PLA) for 10 s, or no rinse (CON). The treatments were performed prior to an incremental treadmill test to exhaustion. Three-day dietary and exercise records were obtained on two occasions and analysed. Anthropometric characteristics were obtained and recorded for all participants. A main effect for mouth rinse on peak velocity (Vpeak) (CHO: 17.6 ± 1.5 km/h; PLA: 17.1 ± 1.4 km/h; CON: 16.7 ± 1.2 km/h; P < .001, ηp2 = 0.49) and time to exhaustion (CHO: 1282.0 ± 121.3 s; PLA: 1258.1 ± 113.4 s; CON: 1228.7 ± 98.5 s; P = .002, ηp2 = 0.41) was detected, with CHO significantly higher than PLA (P < .05) and CON (P < .05). Oxygen consumption, heart rate, respiratory exchange ratio, and rating of perceived exertion were not significantly different between treatments or trials (P > .05). Energy availability from dietary analysis, body weight, and fat-free mass did not change during the last two weeks of Ramadan (P > .05). This study concludes that carbohydrate mouth rinsing improves running time to exhaustion and peak treadmill speed under Ramadan fasting conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Mental fatigue is a psychobiological state caused by prolonged periods of demanding cognitive activity that has negative implications on many aspects in daily life. Caffeine and carbohydrate ingestion have been shown to be able to reduce these negative effects of mental fatigue. Intake of these substances might however be less desirable in some situations (e.g., restricted caloric intake, Ramadan). Rinsing caffeine or glucose within the mouth has already been shown to improve exercise performance. Therefore, we sought to evaluate the effect of frequent caffeine-maltodextrin (CAF-MALT) mouth rinsing on mental fatigue induced by a prolonged cognitive task. Methods Ten males (age 23 ± 2 years, physical activity 7.3 ± 4.3 h/week, low CAF users) performed two trials. Participants first completed a Flanker task (3 min), then performed a 90-min mentally fatiguing task (Stroop task), followed by another Flanker task. Before the start and after each 12.5% of the Stroop task (eight blocks), subjects received a CAF-MALT mouth rinse (MR: 0.3 g/25 ml CAF: 1.6g/25 ml MALT) or placebo (PLAC: 25 ml artificial saliva). Results Self-reported mental fatigue was lower in MR (p = 0.017) compared to PLAC. Normalized accuracy (accuracy first block = 100%) was higher in the last block of the Stroop in MR (p = 0.032) compared to PLAC. P2 amplitude in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) decreased over time only in PLAC (p = 0.017). Conclusion Frequentmouth rinsing during a prolonged and demanding cognitive task reduces mental fatigue compared to mouth rinsing with artificial saliva. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Dental caries is one of the most common causes of morbidity of the tooth. Attempts have been made to reduce the pathogen population size i.e., Mutans Streptococci (MS) to demote the incidence of caries and increase the resistance of the tooth to cariogenic attack. Aim: To evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of freshly prepared ozonated water, in proposing it as an alternative mouth rinse on MS in comparison to Chlorhexidine (CHX). Materials and Methods: Subjects with high caries incidence and MS counts more than 105 Colony Forming Unit (CFU) were selected and divided by block randomization into two groups of 23 subjects each. The subjects were advised to use the respective mouth rinses under the operator surveillance, consecutively for 14 days. Stimulated salivary samples were collected from the subjects on the first day, 7th and 14th day to analyse the changes in MS counts during the course of use of oral rinses. The obtained data was tabulated and statistically analysed. Results: Freshly prepared ozonated water showed a statistically significant reduction in MS counts after an interval of 7 days and 14 days when compared to CHX. Conclusion: Ozonated water when consecutively used as a mouth rinse resulted in a significant reduction of MS counts. Hence, it can be used as an alternative to chlorhexidine.

Abstract: Background: Effective biomarkers for oral cancer screening are important for early diagnosis and treatment of oral cancer. Methods: Oral epithelial cell samples collected by mouth rinse were obtained from 65 normal control subjects, 108 patients with oral potentially malignant disorders, and 94 patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Methylation levels of zinc‐finger protein 582 (ZNF582) and paired‐box 1 (PAX1) genes were quantified by real‐time methylation‐specific polymerase chain reaction after bisulfite conversion. Results: An abrupt increase in methylated ZNF582 (ZNF582m) and PAX1 (PAX1m) levels and positive rates from mild dysplasia to moderate/severe dysplasia, indicating that both ZNF582m and PAX1m are effective biomarkers for differentiating moderate dysplasia or worse (MODY+) oral lesions. When ZNF582m/PAX1m tests were used for identifying MODY+ oral lesions, the sensitivity, specificity, and odds ratio (OR) were 0.65/0.64, 0.75/0.82, and 5.6/8.0, respectively. Conclusion: Hypermethylated ZNF582 and PAX1 genes in oral epithelial cells collected by mouth rinse are effective biomarkers for the detection of oral dysplasia and oral cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The influence of recently marketed fluoridated mouth rinses on the surface roughness of the newly nano-filled composite resins has not yet been adequately investigated. Objectives: This study aiming at evaluating the effects of different types of mouthwashes on surface roughness of different types of composite resins. Materials and Methods: This experimental in vitro study included 3 types of mouthwashes (Colgate Plax, Listerine, and Aloe Dent) and 3 types of composite resins (Z350, Z250, and Art). Six specimens were prepared for each material in each group. All specimens were fabricated at room temperature 23°C. Pre-test measurements were recorded for all specimens in the three test groups using the profilometer after storing all specimens in distilled water for 24 hours. Post- test measurements were recorded after storing each specimen for 1 minute/day for 1 week. Means and standard deviations were calculated and the differences in means (before and after) between the tested groups were performed using Paired Sample t-test with p value <0.05 as a significant level. Results: The pre-test means and SDs for the tested groups according to the type of mouthwash were 140.7±53.86 for group B, 159.63±44.34 for group C, and 166.55±51.16 for group D. The after-test readings were 158.42±47.63, 176.11±49.30, and 171.49±31.81 for the same group, respectively. The highest difference in means between before and after measurements was found in group B with a value of 17.73±10.82 with high significant level (P <0.001). The difference in means for group C was 16.48±8.42 which was also highly statistically significant (P <0.001). The lowest difference, however, was found between the means in group D with a value of 4.94±48.22 with no significant level (P >0.05). Conclusion: Among the tested storage mouth rinses, Aloe Dent was found to have the least effect on surface roughness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Streptococcus mutans is one of the most important cariogenic species of the human oral microbial flora. Biofilm style of microbial growth thought to resist the actions of antimicrobials. Aim: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of Triphala, and 0.2% chlorhexidine against S. mutans biofilm formed on tooth substrate. Settings and Design: Randomized control trial. Methods: Extracted human mandibular premolars sectioned below the cemento-enamel junction were placed in the tissue culture wells exposing the crown surface to S. mutans to form a biofilm. At the end of 3 rd and 7 th day, all groups were treated for 10 min with the test solutions and control and were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. Statistical Analysis Used: One-way ANOVA. Results: Qualitative assay with 3 days biofilm showed complete inhibition of bacterial growth with Triphala, but 0.2% chlorhexidine and saline showed the presence of bacterial growth. In quantitative analysis, 0.2% chlorhexidine and Saline treated tooth samples have shown 1052 Χ 10 4 ± 15.1 Χ 10 4 CFU/ml, 141.3 Χ 10 9 ± 2.1Χ10 9 CFU/ml, respectively. Qualitative assay with 7 days biofilm on crown portion showed dense growth when treated with 0.2% chlorhexidine and saline, whereas Triphala has shown minimal growth. In Quantitative analysis, Triphala showed statistically significant result when compared with 0.2% chlorhexidine and saline. Conclusion: Triphala showed statistically significant antibacterial activity against S. mutans biofilm formed on tooth substrate. The incorporation of Triphala in mouth rinse could prove to be effective in reducing S. mutans count in the oral cavity.

Aims Over-the-counter mouthwash comprises part of routine oral care for many; however, potential adverse effects of the long-term daily use have not been evaluated. Most mouthwash contain antibacterial ingredients, which could impact oral microbes critical for nitric oxide formation, and in turn predispose to metabolic disorders including diabetes. Our aim was to evaluate longitudinally the association between baseline over-the-counter mouthwash use and development of pre-diabetes/diabetes over a 3-year follow-up. Materials and methods The San Juan Overweight Adults Longitudinal Study (SOALS) recruited 1206 overweight/obese individuals, aged 40–65, and free of diabetes and major cardiovascular diseases; 945 with complete follow-up data were included in the analyses. We used Poisson regression models adjusting for baseline age, sex, smoking, physical activity, waist circumference, alcohol consumption, pre-hypertension/hypertension status; time between visits was included in the models as an offset. Results Many participants (43%) used mouthwash at least once daily and 22% at least twice daily. Participants using mouthwash ≥ twice daily at baseline, had a significantly elevated risk of pre-diabetes/diabetes compared to less frequent users (multivariate IRR = 1.55, 95% CI: 1.21–1.99), or non-users of mouthwash (multivariate IRR = 1.49; 95% CI: 1.13–1.95). The effect estimates were similar after adding income, education, oral hygiene, oral conditions, sleep breathing disorders, diet (processed meat, fruit, and vegetable intake), medications, HOMA-IR, fasting glucose, 2hr post load glucose or CRP to the multivariate models. Both associations were also significant among never-smokers and obese individuals. Mouthwash use lower than twice daily showed no association, suggesting a threshold effect at twice or more daily. Conclusions Frequent regular use of over-the-counter mouthwash was associated with increased risk of developing pre-diabetes/diabetes in this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Rinsing with the combined use of an oxygenating-agent (OA) and chlorhexidine (CHX) in addition to mechanical oral hygiene could improve and/or maintain good gingival health over a long period. Methods This study had an examiner-blinded, randomized, six-group parallel design consisting of two-phases: a 3-week treatment phase and a subsequent 12-month experimental phase. A total of 267 subjects in good general health (≥18 years), without periodontitis, with at least five teeth per quadrant, and with moderate to advanced gingivitis were enrolled. A 3-week treatment phase was initiated to improve gingival health. Subjects were assigned to one of the six groups: two basic oral hygiene groups (Control I & II), one professional oral hygiene instruction group (OHI), one professional prophylaxis group (PP), an OA&CHX rinse group and a group receiving a combination of all regimens (COMBI group), being OHI + PP + OA&CHX. Dental plaque, gingival bleeding and staining assessments were performed at the start of the treatment phase, at baseline and at 4, 7, 10, and 12 months. Results There was a significant reduction in dental plaque-scores for the OA&CHX and COMBI-group (0.51 [SD = 0.37], 0.38 [SD = 0.33] respectively) and a significant reduction in gingivitis scores for the OA&CHX and COMBI group (6.9% [SD = 14.0], 13.4% [SD = 13.4] respectively) from the start of the treatment phase to baseline. No clinically relevant changes were observed for the other four groups. After baseline, bleeding and plaque-scores increased back to a non-significant level between groups, and this level remained throughout the study. Conclusion OA&CHX and COMBI-group showed a clinically relevant improvement after the treatment phase in terms of dental plaque and gingival bleeding levels. At the 4-month clinical assessment, there was no longer a significant difference between groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim To evaluate the long-term effects of a zinc acetate and chlorhexidine diacetate mouth rinse (Zn/ CHX) on intra-oral halitosis. Materials and methods Forty-six adults with intra-oral halitosis were randomized into a 6-month, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study. The presence of intra-oral halitosis was evaluated at baseline, 3 and 6 months after treatment by assessment of organoleptic score ( OLS) and by total volatile sulphur compounds (T- VSC), hydrogen sulphide (H2S) and methyl mercaptan ( MM) concentrations in exhaled air. Results A Zn/ CHX mouth rinse provided significantly better control of intra-oral halitosis than a placebo mouth rinse. At 3 and 6 months, individuals rinsing with the Zn/ CHX rinse presented with reductions of the OLS, T- VSC ( p < .01, respectively), H2S ( p < .001), and MM ( p < .01) in subjects' exhaled air. At 6 months, 68.2% of individuals using the Zn/ CHX rinse experienced a 1 or 2 category improvement in OLS compared with 19.1% of placebo-treated subjects. 91% of subjects in the Zn/ CHX group were categorized as being effectively treated for intra-oral halitosis (i.e. H2S < 112 ppb), compared to 43% in the placebo group. Conclusion Zn/ CHX mouth rinse provides effective long-term efficacy against intra-oral halitosis, assessed both objectively and subjectively. With regular rinsing, the effect was sustained for 6 months. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dry mouth occurs frequently in aged individuals, as well as in patients who are hospitalized, receiving multiple drugs, undergoing radiation treatment to the head and neck, or wearing a removable denture prosthesis, use of mouth rinse being often an option for relief. In the present study, we performed microbiological assessments of subjects given three different commercially available mouth rinses commonly employed in clinical practice (Peptisal, Biotène, ConCool) to determine their effects. For bacterial clearance in vitro, Peptisal showed the highest level of suppression of oral indigenous bacteria found in both planktonic formations and biofilm. Furthermore, the inhibitory effects of these agents on biofilm formation on acrylic resin plates were examined using scanning electron microscopy. Again, Peptisal proved superior, because acquisition of resistance to antimicrobial peptides by a sensitive microbial strain was rarely observed. We conclude that Peptisal is an effective mouth rinse for clearance of planktonic and biofilm microorganisms present in the oral cavity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A pH value below 5.5 is considered critical for dental erosion due to chemical processes. This paper investigates physical-chemical characteristics of several fluoride mouth rinses available in Romania. We evaluated the following parameters: pH, surface tension, viscosity, titratable acidity, electrical conductivity and total soluble solids (TSS) content. Five types of mouth rinses, classified according to their fluoride content, were analyzed in triplicate, and the average values were considered for the statistical analysis. All measurements were performed using standardized equipment and methods, whereas statistical analysis was performed using the XLSTAT software, Version 2015.1. Most mouth rinses turned out to be acidic, but only two types were potentially erosive, with pH < 5.5. The effect of the fluoride content on the physical-chemical characteristics of mouth rinses was found very significant: pH - p-value (two-tailed) = 0.0000, surface tension - p-value (two-tailed) < 0.0001, viscosity - p-value (two-tailed) = 0.001) and for TSS content - p-value (two-tailed) = 0.002. Some mouth rinses presented high levels of TSS content and viscosity, which may increase their cariogenic and erosive potential. Our study suggests that mouth rinses have the potential to improve oral health provided that the treatment protocol is designed by a dentist taking into account the physical-chemical properties of the mouth rinse of choice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Dental caries is one of the most common causes of morbidity of the tooth. Attempts have been made to reduce the pathogen population size i.e., Mutans Streptococci (MS) to demote the incidence of caries and increase the resistance of the tooth to cariogenic attack. Aim: To evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of freshly prepared ozonated water, in proposing it as an alternative mouth rinse on MS in comparison to Chlorhexidine (CHX). Materials and Methods: Subjects with high caries incidence and MS counts more than 105 Colony Forming Unit (CFU) were selected and divided by block randomization into two groups of 23 subjects each. The subjects were advised to use the respective mouth rinses under the operator surveillance, consecutively for 14 days. Stimulated salivary samples were collected from the subjects on the first day, 7th and 14th day to analyse the changes in MS counts during the course of use of oral rinses. The obtained data was tabulated and statistically analysed. Results: Freshly prepared ozonated water showed a statistically significant reduction in MS counts after an interval of 7 days and 14 days when compared to CHX. Conclusion: Ozonated water when consecutively used as a mouth rinse resulted in a significant reduction of MS counts. Hence, it can be used as an alternative to chlorhexidine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to review the existing literature investigating carbohydrate mouth rinsing as an ergogenic aid using the effect sizes (ES) and percentage change in performance of the respective studies as outcome measures. A trivial-small average overall ES was present for the 25 studies included in the review (0.18, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.10-0.27). Effect sizes for the subgroups were ≥25 minutes (0.25, 95% CI = 0.14-0.36), #180 seconds (0.06, 95% CI = 20.03 to 0.15), resistance exercise (20.09, 95% CI = 20.20 to 0.03) but the ES is still small. A subanalysis of ;1-h cycling time trial performance resulted in an overall ES of 0.20 (95% CI = 0.02-0.38), and ES for performance time and power output of 0.31 (95% CI = 20.02 to 0.64) and 0.19 (95% CI = 20.09 to 0.46), respectively. Although ES were small, the average percentage change in performance in ;1-hour trials was 2.48%, which may have implications for elite performers as this is greater than the 1.30% smallest worthwhile change recommended in the past research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of CHO mouth rinse on sprint performance during cycle ergometer and running tests. A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies were developed. The survey was conducted using the following databases: PubMed, SciELO, Cochrane and Science Direct using the keywords: "carbohydrate mouth rinse" AND "sprint". The search identified 41 articles of which 6 articles met the inclusion/exclusion criteria. The results of the meta-analysis indicate that CHO mouth rinse had no significant effect (P>0.05) on the peak power (weighted mean difference [WMD] = 0.089 W·kg-1; 95% confidence interval [CI] = -0.823, 0.645) and mean power (WMD = 0.006; 95% CI = -0.365, 0.352) in the cycle ergometer test. In addition, no significant difference (P>0.50) in the sprint running time (WMD = 0.009 sec; 95% CI = -0.068, 0.050) was observed. In conclusion, CHO mouth rinse does not influence short sprint performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of serial mouth rinsing (MR) with nutritional supplements on cognitive performance (i.e., cognitive control and time perception) during a 40-min submaximal exercise. Twenty-four participants completed 4 counterbalanced experimental sessions, during which they performed MR with either placebo (PL), carbohydrate (CHO: 1.6 g/25 mL), guarana complex (GUAc: 0.4 g/25 mL) or caffeine (CAF: 67 mg/25 mL) before and twice during exercise. The present study provided some important new insights regarding the specific changes in cognitive performance induced by nutritional supplements. The main results were: (1) CHO, CAF and GUA MR likely led participants to improve temporal performance; (2) CAF MR likely improved cognitive control; and (3) CHO MR led to a likely decrease in subjective perception of effort at the end of the exercise compared to PL, GUA and CAF. Moreover, results have shown that performing 40-min submaximal exercise enhances information processing in terms of both speed and accuracy, improves temporal performance and does not alter cognitive control. The present study opens up new perspectives regarding the use of MR to optimize cognitive performance during physical exercise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND AND AIM:Bacterial plaque is a biofilm which is related toits host and its exact role is proved in cariesand periodontal disease. These days people brush their teeth and use mouthwash. In this research the effect of Jamansolution (Hezar Co., Iran) was compared withBiotene mouth rinse in an in-vitro study.METHODS:Biotene mouth rinse (Laclede Co., US) contains 4 antibacterial enzymes.Four different bacteria such asStreptococcus (S.) salivarius, S.sobrinus, S.sanguis and Actinomyces viscosus were cultured in the lab. The effects ofJaman, Biotene and penicillin on these bacteria were tested by using disc diffusion method.RESULTS:The antibacterial effects of Jaman and Biotene did not show any significant differences. Both of Jaman andBiotene showed significant differences with blank disc and penicillin.CONCLUSIONS:According to the results, the antibacterial effect of Biotene is not better than Jaman