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Solid waste (SW) management is a challenge across the globe due to the increasing diversity of waste characteristics and lack of effective implementation of consistent waste policies accompanied by changing lifestyles, increased production processes and rapid urbanization. To date, fewer papers have been published in international literature on a comparative analysis of SW management in developed, developing and lesser developed countries. To fill that gap, this comparative review aims to analyse SW management pratices in lesser developed, developing and developed countries, using existing data from 2005 to 2015, from major scientific journals, Waste Management; Resources, Conservation and Recycling; Journal of Environmental Management and Waste Management and Research, covering both quantitative and qualitative data to draw experiences from developed countries for improving SW management efficiency in lesser developed and developing countries. The findings from the comparative review indicate that SW management in lesser developed and developing countries is not well established and inefficient. Key issues were identified around lack of cooperation among stakeholders, institutional structural weaknesses, lack of legislated recycling, ad hoc and uncoordinated approaches. This paper provides the critical aspects that could be useful to policy- and decision-makers when developing, designing, and making adjustments and implementing efficient SW management systems in developing and lesser developed countries.

This chapter provides an intensive look at the history and present status of money laundering and terrorist financing. It points out the negative impact and the ambiguity of the present focus both national and global. The chapter reviews aggressive measures to defeat terrorist financing and money laundering and recommends consideration of alternative measures including the resurrection of privatization actions. Included in the privatization is the resurrection and utilization of letters of marque and reprisal found in Article I, Section 8, Clause 11 of the United States Constitution. The chapter provides an insightful national and international history of letters of marque and reprisal.

PurposeThis paper aims to investigate the impacts on project delay from the perspective of construction stakeholders. Specifically, it aims to make a comparison between traditional procurement based on standard contract forms and private/public partnerships (PPPs), for the procurement of public sector projects in Scotland.Design/methodology/approachA structured questionnaire survey was used to elicit perceptions of seven delay impact groupings. Response data were analysed using hypothesis tests to observe perceived differences among these groupings, in respect of each procurement method. Follow‐up semi‐structured telephone interviews further explored stakeholders' views and broader issues.FindingsSignificant differences of perception were identified between the impacts of: client, contractor, designer, financial, labour and material related delay factors. These were felt to have greater “delay potential” under traditional vis‐à‐vis PPP procured projects. There was no significant difference among plant‐related factors. Preference for traditional procurement in achieving “project quality” and “value for money” was observed; but at the perceived risk of potentially encountering more delays. PPP was preferred for achieving best “time performance” and was the favoured procurement option “overall”.Research limitations/implicationsFindings add to the existing body of procurement‐choice knowledge generally and their relationship to project delays and associated costs, specifically.Practical implicationsPractitioners may wish to consider the perceived benefits of PPP procurement in better dealing with potential delay impacts.Social implicationsReduction in delay and construction cost holds potential benefit to all who procure constructed facilities.Originality/valueThe work is novel in the specific contexts of public sector stakeholders surveyed and their geographical location.

Lecturers and students in the Civil and Building Engineering Dept. at Loughborough Univ. were surveyed to gain an understanding of how they expected the literature review element of final year projects to be undertaken. The results showed a disparity in the number and type of resources expected to be used; in the problems they anticipated when undertaking a literature review; and in the confidence levels students had in the use of information tools. Recommendations are made to improve the teaching of the literature review

In 1996, Wilson and Watson stated that it is not always easy to persuade people with memory impairments to use memory strategies, despite the value of using them. To date, there has been no in-depth exploration of what motivates people to use memory compensations from the perspective of the individual with an acquired brain injury. In this study eight people attending an out-patient brain injury rehabilitation service were interviewed. Transcripts were analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis. Four master themes emerged from the analysis: emotional barriers that need to be overcome before memory compensations are used; factors that may have a reverse effect on motivation, such as the strategy being an unpleasant reminder that one is different; beliefs about memory, such as it is better to use your own memory rather than relying on memory aids otherwise it will become lazy; and the final master theme "It's not in my nature", i.e., it does not fit with the person's lifestyle. The results show that motivation for strategy use depends on complex processes that include social, emotional and practical factors. This study demonstrates the importance of adhering to a biopsychosocial approach within rehabilitation.

The objective of this study was to profile and compare alcohol and other drug (AOD) use attitudes and behaviors in three pharmacy colleges. Student surveys of AOD use attitudes and behaviors were conducted at one southwestern and two midwestern pharmacy colleges. Response was 86.5% (566/654). Reported past-year use included alcohol 82.8%, tobacco 25.4%, and marijuana 6.9%. Past-year AOD-associated events included blackouts 18.2%, class or work under influence 7.8%, patient care under influence 1.4%, lowered grades or job evaluations 5.8%, legal charges 2.7%, and heavy drinking 29.0%. Family histories of alcohol or drug problems were reported by 35.5% and 13.1%, respectively. A number of significant differences in AOD use attitudes and behaviors between the three colleges were identified. Pharmacy students reported a number of risky drug-use attitudes and behaviors in this survey. Student AOD prevention, assistance, and education should be proactively addressed by pharmacy colleges.

Concerns have been expressed with respect to students’ ability to search for information using electronic search engines and databases. This research adopted a structured method comprising a combination of questionnaire surveys, an observational study and a ‘sense making’ interview to assess the information searching skills of a group of 14 students undertaking their final year dissertation studies on undergraduate programmes within the Department of Civil and Building Engineering at Loughborough University. The findings reveal that the participants encountered problems with each type of search engine used (Google, Metalib, the Library OPAC system, and individual databases) and lacked knowledge of how to use advanced search strategies. All the participants formulated queries using simple words or free text and there was no evidence of consideration of structured word searching using systematically selected keywords. The results indicate priority areas for additional tuition in information literacy.

The aim of this cluster randomised controlled trial was to test the impact of an infection control education and training programme on meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) prevalence in nursing homes. Nursing homes were randomised to intervention (infection control education and training programme; N=16) or control (usual practice continued; N=16). Staff in intervention homes were educated and trained (0, 3 and 6 months) in the principles and implementation of good infection control practice with infection control audits conducted in all sites (0, 3, 6 and 12 months) to assess compliance with good practice. Audit scores were fed back to nursing home managers in intervention homes, together with a written report indicating where practice could be improved. Nasal swabs were taken from all consenting residents and staff at 0, 3, 6 and 12 months. The primary outcome was MRSA prevalence in residents and staff, and the secondary outcome was a change in infection control audit scores. In all, 793 residents and 338 staff were recruited at baseline. MRSA prevalence did not change during the study in residents or staff. The relative risk of a resident being colonised with MRSA in an intervention home compared with a control home at 12 months was 0.99 (95% confidence interval: 0.69, 1.42) after adjustment for clustering. Mean infection control audit scores were significantly higher in the intervention homes (82%) compared with the control homes (64%) at 12 months (P

Introduction/Background Varus thrust is a gait deviation and a known risk factor for knee osteoarthritis. Prevalence of varus thrust and normative values of stance-phase knee deviation across the lifespan are unknown. The aim of the study was to report prevalence of varus thrust and normative values for hip-knee-ankle (HKA) angle deviation across the lifespan, and to explore associations between HKA angle deviation and selected clinical factors. Material and method This is a cross-sectional study of 572 participants from the 1000 Norms Project. People aged 3–101 years who self-reported as being healthy were eligible to participate. Video recordings (2D) of frontal plane gait were analysed for presence of varus or valgus thrust and quantification of HKA angle deviation (difference between HKA angles at initial contact and mid-stance). Correlation and multiple regression analyses explored the relationship between HKA angle and age, sex, body mass index (BMI), alignment, knee and hip strength, Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcomes Scores (KOOS), foot posture index, gait parameters, and hypermobility. Results Thirty-one percent (31%) of the cohort had varus thrust. This was most prevalent among adults > 60 years (42%) and children Conclusion Varus thrust is prevalent across the lifespan. Normative values established here can be readily used by clinicians and researchers in monitoring this deviation.

Statewide nursing student alcohol and other drug (AOD) use attitudes and behaviors were assessed. Response was 929/2017 (46%) (practical nursing [ n = 173/301] 57.3%; diploma and associate degree in nursing [ n = 282/417] 67.6%; bachelor of science in nursing [ n = 474/1299] 36.5%). Nearly 44% reported inadequate substance abuse education. Past-year AOD use included tobacco 36.9%, marijuana 6.8%, sedatives 4.6%, and opioids 2.6%. Past-year AOD-related events included blackouts 19.8%, class/work under the influence 6.3%, patient care under the influence 3.9%, lowered grades/job evaluations 6.6%, and legal charges 3.6%. Heavy drinking was reported by 28.9%. Practical nursing (PN) students most often reported tobacco use and sedative use, whereas Bachelor of Science in nursing (BSN) students most often reported marijuana use. Family histories of alcohol-related problems and drug-related problems were reported, respectively, by 48.1% and 19.2% of respondents; 51.1% reported at least one of these. PN students most often reported such family histories. Nursing educational systems should proactively address student AOD prevention, education, and assistance.

PurposeVirtual prototyping technologies linked to building information models are commonplace within the aeronautical and automotive industries. Their use within the construction industry is now emerging. The purpose of this paper is to show how these technologies have been adopted on the pre‐tender planning for a typical construction project.Design/methodology/approachThe research methodology taken was an “action research” approach where the researchers and developers were actively involved in the production of the virtual prototypes on behalf of the contractor thereby gaining consistent access to the decisions of the planning staff. The experiences from the case study were considered together with similar research on other construction projects.FindingsThe findings from the case studies identify the role of virtual prototyping in components modelling, site modelling, construction equipment modelling, temporary works modelling, construction method visualization and method verification processes.Originality/valueThe paper presents a state‐of‐the‐art review and discusses the implications for the tendering process as these technologies are adopted. The adoption of the technologies will lead to new protocols and changes in the procurement of buildings and infrastructure.

Construction Virtual Prototyping (CVP) is the use of integrated product, process and resource models of construction projects to support the construction planning in virtual environment. This paper describes an integrated framework and process for efficient application of CVP to support project teams on construction planning. It includes specific examples of models and objectives as well as detailed suggestions on how to implement CVP in practice.

Severe sepsis and septic shock are syndromes resulting in a systemic inflammatory response and the dysfunction of one or more organs following infection. The Surviving Sepsis Campaign is an international effort to reduce mortality in severe sepsis and septic shock by 25% by 2009 using a care bundle approach. It comprises evidenced-based interventions to be carried out within 6h of onset of sepsis. We conducted a prospective observational audit of 32 consecutive adult patients with severe sepsis or septic shock admitted via the A&E of a district general hospital. The compliance rate against each element, and overall compliance to the 6-h bundle were obtained. Patients' ages ranged from 55 to 75 years with 53% being male. Overall compliance was 19%. Arterial lactate was undertaken 100% of the time, and only just over half received an appropriate fluid challenge. Administration of an antibiotic was also very slow. Local recommendations include improvements to the track and trigger scoring system in A&E to improve recognition of sick patients, ensuring the doctor responsible for prescribing the antibiotic will administer it, and increasing awareness of the surviving sepsis campaign via education and training of all A&E staff. Given current evidence greater compliance to the care bundle may well improve patient outcomes for this client group.

This paper describes how modeling information flows in the design process may be used to evaluate design solutions when seeking to reduce construction waste in high rise residential buildings. A survey of practicing designers identified a number of possible ways to reduce construction waste. The most advantageous solutions were based on pre-casting and pre-fabrication. Reviewing three of these solutions using information modeling techniques shows the changes in the design process required to accommodate the different design solutions. This method presents an effective basis for reviewing the impact of design decisions on the design process. To reduce construction waste demands an understanding of the impact of decisions on the level of waste produced, a full understanding of the implications throughout the ‘waste-chain’, consideration of the life-cycle impact, life-cycle costs and the impact of design decisions upon the overall construction process. Additional tools and techniques are required to fully meet the needs of designers.

PurposeThis paper aims to explore complexities of compliance with international and customary law when faced with terrorist threats. The paper's thesis asserts that terrorism cannot be successfully repelled unless the legitimacy of international and domestic law is adhered to by states out of a sense of reciprocal obligation in accordance with the principle of pacta sunt servanda (pacts shall be respected).Design/methodology/approachThis paper examines US pronouncements in order to assess strategic validity.FindingsWhile the Middle East, particularly Iraq, has been the focus of the US “War on terrorism,” the paper suggests two questions: what has been the US response to terrorist threats in the Americas? Have US national security priorities post‐9/11 been unnecessarily diverted from the Americas where much needed support is promised but lacking, and instead have resources been concentrated far beyond domestic and international norms?Originality/valueThe paper examines the US national security priorities, concluding that they have been unproductively diverted from the Americas to the Middle East in general and Iraq in particular. The US fixation upon Middle East “regime‐change”, while neglecting to recognize the dangerous nexus and presence of organized crime and terrorist organizations in the Americas, is illustrative of how the present administration has diverted its post.

Virtual prototyping (VP) technology has been regarded as a cost-effective way of envisaging real circumstances that enhance effective communication of designs and ideas, without manufacturing physical samples. In the construction field, although a large number of digital technologies have been developed to visualize the innovative architectural design, few VP systems have been developed to facilitate integrated planning and visualization of construction plans of the building projects. This paper describes a virtual prototyping system, called the Construction Virtual Prototyping (CVP) system, which is developed for modeling, simulation, analysis and VP of construction processes from digital design. The CVP system allows project teams to check constructability, safety and to visualize 3D models of a facility before the commencement of construction works. The real-life case study presented in the study shows that the CVP system is effective in assessing the executability of a construction planning including site layout, temporary work design, as well as resource planning.

Chronic infection of the human stomach by Helicobacter pylori leads to a variety of pathological sequelae, including peptic ulcer and gastric cancer, resulting in significant human morbidity and mortality. Several genes have been implicated in disease related to H. pylori infection, including the vacuolating cytotoxin and the cag pathogenicity island. Other factors important for the establishment and maintenance of infection include urease enzyme production, motility, iron uptake, and stress response. We utilized a C57BL/6 mouse infection model to query a collection of 2,400 transposon mutants in two different bacterial strain backgrounds for H. pylori genetic loci contributing to colonization of the stomach. Microarray-based tracking of transposon mutants allowed us to monitor the behavior of transposon insertions in 758 different gene loci. Of the loci measured, 223 (29%) had a predicted colonization defect. These included previously described H. pylori virulence genes, genes implicated in virulence in other pathogenic bacteria, and 81 hypothetical proteins. We have retested 10 previously uncharacterized candidate colonization gene loci by making independent null alleles and have confirmed their colonization phenotypes by using competition experiments and by determining the dose required for 50% infection. Of the genetic loci retested, 60% have strain-specific colonization defects, while 40% have phenotypes in both strain backgrounds for infection, highlighting the profound effect of H. pylori strain variation on the pathogenic potential of this organism.

Overdiagnosis and overtreatment is rife in medicine and has been identified in the discipline of sports medicine,1 as well as many others. Labelling healthy individuals with mild problems as ‘sick’ is concerning, notwithstanding the risks and costs of unnecessary treatment.2 Clinical decision-making depends on understanding the boundaries between health and disease. However, boundaries are often blurred due to complex and interactive psychosocial and cultural factors. In the era of patient-centred care, the goal of treatment should be to address the individual as a whole and enable return to usual daily life. Targeting disability, rather than disease alone, must be a priority for clinicians, particularly in the case of diseases such as osteoarthritis that may be considered ‘par for the course’ of ageing. For example, osteoarthritis is a leading cause of disability worldwide, and this burden is set to rise alongside population ageing. Thus, cost-effective interventions are essential. Identifying disease and discerning when to intervene are salient concerns for clinicians, particularly in light of the problems of overdiagnosis and overtreatment. But when does a joint change from being ‘healthy’ to …

Clinicians aim to identify abnormalities, and distinguish harmful from harmless abnormalities. In sports medicine, measures of physical function such as strength, balance and joint flexibility are used as diagnostic tools to identify causes of pain and disability and monitor progression in response to an intervention. Comparing results from clinical measures against ‘normal’ values guides decision-making regarding health outcomes. Understanding ‘normal’ is therefore central to appropriate management of disease and disability. However, ‘normal’ is difficult to clarify and definitions are dependent on context. ‘Normal’ in the clinical setting is best understood as an appropriate state of physical function. Particularly as disease, pain and sickness are expected occurrences of being human, understanding ‘normal’ at each stage of the lifespan is essential to avoid the medicalisation of usual life processes. Clinicians use physical measures to assess physical function and identify disability. Accurate diagnosis hinges on access to ‘normal’ reference values for such measures. However our knowledge of ‘normal’ for many clinical measures in sports medicine is limited. Improved knowledge of normal physical function across the lifespan will assist greatly in the diagnosis and management of pain, disease and disability.

INTRODUCTION The American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy Argus Commission is comprised of the five immediate past AACP presidents and is annually charged by the AACP President to examine one or more strategic questions related to pharmacy education, often in the context of environmental scanning. President Peggy Piascik charged the 2013-14 Argus Commission with a broad examination of the issue of diversity and specifically with identifying responses to the following question: How can we more effectively address and serve the diversity in our membership at both the institutional and individual level and prepare our learners to serve an increasingly diverse population of consumers? The Commission examined issues of diversity and inclusion from five distinct but related perspectives. These included: 1) societal diversity; 2) the applicant pipeline; 3) current students; 4) pharmacy faculty, and; 5) AACP and its member institutions. The analysis included an examination of trends over a period of approximately ten years plus projections related to specific demographic parameters. The work of the Argus Commission benefited from several recent publications. Navigating Diversity and Inclusion in Veterinary Medicine (1) provides a comprehensive analysis of demographic trends and issues interpreted for the veterinary profession, many of which apply equally to this analysis. The American Council on Education (ACE) released in June 2013 the fourth monograph in their series on diversity in higher education. "A Matter of Excellence: A Guide to Strategic Diversity Leadership and Accountability in Higher Education" (2) provides substantive guidance on diversity policy and practice in the academy. The Commission's discussions were also influenced by the contributions in the literature of Scott Page (3) and colleagues who have written about the value proposition of diverse working groups, including the construct of diversity of thought and perspectives. This is a theme that will be central to the Argus Commission report and recommendations. THE CASE FOR DIVERSITY AND INCLUSION In The Difference: How the Power of Diversity Creates Better Groups, Firms, Schools, and Societies (3), Scott Page first defines terms related to diversity and then differentiates cognitive diversity (e.g., thought, perspective) from identity diversity (e.g., race, ethnicity, gender). He then provides the evidence supporting the subtitle that suggests diversity is stronger than homogeneity in multiple contexts. In his introduction he emphasizes that "diversity does not translate magically into benefits." He notes that diversity must be relevant, collegial and understood more deeply by those working to bring the benefits of diversity and inclusion into the community, schools, workplace and society in general. Diversity requires commitment from all levels of leadership. He contends that in many situations diversity trumps individual ability and that cognitive diversity has a stronger evidence base than identity diversity. In the introduction of "A Matter of Excellence" (2), the authors "challenge the higher education community to face the imperatives of a new reality in which diversity is no longer simply a question of moral and social responsibility, but a matter of achieving excellence and gaining competitive advantages in the world we live in today: a matter of improving organizational creativity, learning, problem solving, and institutional effectiveness--of sustainability and relevance in a twenty-first century knowledge economy." The monograph offers higher education institutions a clear and compelling roadmap for building diversity into the infrastructure of the organization at every level. It calls for efforts involving senior leaders, chief diversity officers, deans, department chairs, students, faculty, alumni and others to work toward a common goal: "to move beyond the cycle of diversity crisis, action, relaxation, and disappointment that has been repeated so frequently on college and university campuses. …

This section compares and contrasts the approaches of the European Union (EU) and the United States (USA) to the regulation of health and health-related claims. In the EU the nutrition claims are those related to nutritional content of foods such as “good source of vitamin C” or “fat-free.” Health claims are related to support or maintenance of health benefits, those which relate to children's development and health and disease risk (factor) reduction claims are all controlled by strict application procedures and positive lists are established. In the USA the criteria for nutrient and content claims are also regulated. Whilst support/maintenance claims are regarded as “structure function claims” and subject to self-regulation (with FDA scrutiny), disease risk-reduction claims and “qualified” health claims are subject to strict regulation and approval by FDA. The differences between the EU and the USA largely reflect their respective general approaches to food regulation.

Exhaled nitric oxide (NO) is a well-known marker of established airway inflammation in asthma. Its role in the disease process before the onset of respiratory symptoms remains unclear.To examine whether elevated NO in newborns with clinically naive airways is associated with subsequent respiratory symptoms in infancy.We measured exhaled NO concentration and output after birth and prospectively assessed respiratory symptoms during infancy in a birth cohort of 164 unselected healthy neonates. We examined a possible association between NO and respiratory symptoms using Poisson regression analysis.In infants of atopic mothers, elevated NO levels after birth were associated with increased risk of subsequent respiratory symptoms (risk ratio [RR], 7.5; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.7-32.4 for each nl/s increase in NO output; p = 0.007). Similarly, a positive association between NO and symptoms was seen in infants of smoking mothers (RR, 6.6; 95% CI, 2.3-19.3; p = 0.001), with the strongest association in infants whose mothers had both risk factors (RR, 21.8; 95% CI, 5.8-81.3; p0.001).The interaction of NO with maternal atopy and smoking on subsequent respiratory symptoms is present early in life. Clinically, noninvasive NO measurements in newborns may prove useful as a new means to identify high-risk infants. Future confirmation of a role for NO metabolism in the evolution of respiratory disease may provide an avenue for preventative strategies.

PurposeSince, at least 9/11 financial institutions and financial intermediaries are considered to be at the forefront in the international attempt to halt illicit money transfer. Most financial institutions if involved at all play an unknowing or lax, but major role in dictating money laundering schemes. The purpose of this paper is to argue that to avoid sanctions including criminal liability, financial institutions and financial intermediaries must be better prepared and willing to assess prototypical money laundering typologies. To do otherwise will invite civil and criminal liability.Design/methodology/approachThis paper examines legislative pronouncements in general and US caselaw in particular in order to assess compliance and liability: real or imagined.FindingsThere appears to be considerable agreement concerning at least one goal of terrorists attacks and that is to disrupt directly and indirectly economic global stability. Further, those charged with the task of identifying terrorist assets in a financial system and developing a profile of terrorist financial transactions has, at least according to unclassified documents, proved to be futile. Closer international investigation and co‐operation appears to be more a slogan than a reality.Originality/valueReviews examples of blatant illegal acts of money laundering within the banking community and examines the exploding real estate market and its transmigration into the world of laundering illicit money.

This paper outlines the chronology and issues relating to the severe acute respiratory syndrome (Sars) epidemic in Hong Kong in 2003. It includes findings from the Sars Expert Committee established by the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region to review the epidemic. An overview is given of built environment related research that was proposed following the epidemic and outlines of a number of subsequent research initiatives. These initiatives include a major research project that was jointly funded by the Construction Industry Institute of Hong Kong and the Faculty of Construction and Land Use of the Hong Kong Polytechnic University. These findings are reported in more detail. A perspective is given of how the epidemic has changed attitudes to a ‘healthy environment’ in Hong Kong.

There is a growing recognition in developing countries of community-based infrastructure procurement and its potential to achieve sustainable development. The advantages of such an approach are that it encourages participative negotiation of activities and speedier implementation, the use of local resources, skills and appropriate technology, and entrepreneurship within communities. These wider socio-economic impacts arising from community-partnered micro-projects can lead to more sustainable infrastructure through meeting local stakeholders’ needs, community empowerment and capacity building. This paper describes the development and use of performance indicators for community-contracted urban infrastructure provision in low-income communities in India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. In particular, these indicators refer to the dimensions of time and cost; some key performance yardsticks are also proposed. The urban infrastructure and services referred to in these cases are the facilities needed for water and sanitation provision, access roads, street lighting and solid waste management. In general, it was found that costs for community-contracted micro-projects were normally very close to being on target. The quality of infrastructure and service provision also tended to be superior to that envisioned by local government engineers. However, project duration generally exceeded the target but was still comparable to conventional contracts. The overall performance of the community-partnered micro-projects was found to be comparable or better than the conventional micro-contracts; in addition, the performance of these projects in terms of socio-economic elements was likely to far exceed that of the conventional micro-projects.

Deep inspirations (sighs) play a significant role in altering lung mechanical and airway wall function; however, their role in respiratory control remains unclear. We examined whether sighs act via a resetting mechanism to improve control of the respiratory regulatory system. Effects of sighs on system variability, short- and long-range memory, and stability were assessed in 25 healthy full-term infants at 1 mo of age [mean 36 (range 28–57) days] during quiet sleep. Variability was examined using moving-window coefficient of variation, short-range memory using autocorrelation function, and long-range memory using detrended fluctuation analysis. Stability was examined by studying the behavior of the attractor with use of phase-space plots. Variability of tidal volume (Vt) and minute ventilation (V̇e) increased during the initial 15 breaths after a sigh. Short-range memory of Vt decreased during the 50 breaths preceding a sigh, becoming uncorrelated (random) during the 10-breath presigh window. Short-range memory increased after a sigh for the entire 50 breaths compared with the randomized data set and for 20 breaths compared with the presigh window. Similar, but shorter duration, changes were noted in V̇e. No change in long-range memory was seen after a sigh. Coefficient of variation and range of points located within a defined attractor segment increased after a sigh. Thus control of breathing in healthy infants shows long-range stability and improvement in short-range memory and variability after a sigh. These results add new evidence that the role of sighs is not purely mechanical.

Argues in this wideranging paper that the legitimacy of international law depends on the principle that pacts should be respected, reviewing the issues of self‐preservation, proportionality and human rights in relation to this. Focuses on the economic war against terrorism by the USA preeminently, as expressed in the PATRIOT Act and the International Emergency Economic Powers Act and the Anti‐Terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act. Concludes that the Patriot Act and the Homeland Security Act give the Executive branch of government extraordinary and warlike powers: but wars have an end whereas terrorism does not. Looks at the role of the US Federal courts in the context of national security, proportionality and human rights concerns, and finds them deficient; reports specific cases concerning Iranian resistance movements and their status as regards terrorism, and the Bajkajian, Austin and Alexander cases as regards proportionality.

Construction management research and practice is dominated by a single project paradigm. This does not reflect the true nature of many construction clients who have large multi‐project portfolios. Traditional single project management strategies are usually adopted for managing such portfolios – with limited success. The literature suggests that programmes, within portfolios, require different forms of management in order to optimize project delivery. In order to better understand these portfolios and thereby allow the exploration of new forms of management, a typology has been developed mapping out the various features of client's construction portfolios. The resultant typology provides a simple method for identifying the programme composition of a portfolio, highlighting the expected features of each programme type, and thereby directing management attention to the main aspects of each programme that can be optimized for efficiency. Six cases of client's construction project portfolios were studied usin...

The single project paradigm which dominates the literature of both project and construction management research does not accurately reflect the reality of many construction clients, who have large ongoing construction portfolios rather than one‐off construction projects. Although several concepts of multi‐project environments (MPEs) exist, an investigation of the form and dynamic interactions of components within MPEs of construction clients was lacking. This paper presents the factors identified as exerting greatest influence on project delivery within construction clients' MPEs.

The majority of public works contracts undertaken in developing countries have a total cost of less than US $15 000. They include the provision of enhanced water and sanitation, access ways and pavements, small community buildings and solid‐waste related construction. These are termed ‘micro‐projects’ and there is a general lack of information for such projects. This paper describes the development and testing of 67 performance indicators for use on micro‐projects. They include not only general performance indicators but also indicators for inter‐organizational and socio‐economic issues. These indicators are based on data from over 800 micro‐projects undertaken in developing countries. For each indicator, a statement of why the indicator was selected, the key sources of information and how to determine the indicator is provided. Examples of the use of the indicators are also presented.

The high rate of urban growth in most low-income countries has resulted in ever-increasing demands for improvements in urban infrastructure. The scarce financial, technical and managerial resources in such countries require efficient and effective management if they are to be used to optimum effect. Equally, any enhancement in performance of the delivery mechanisms for urban infrastructure is to be welcomed. Community partnered procurement (CPP) has been used in South Asian countries (India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka), as well as in African countries, to increase the access of low-income communities to urban infrastructure, and has resulted in improved access and quality of urban infrastructure. The missing link in the monitoring and evaluation of projects is a review of the wider impacts of urban infrastructure procurement, or indeed of whether community procured infrastructure actually meets users’ needs and expectations. Thus a knowledge gap has been identified in terms of ‘how to’ trace the wider effects of urban infrastructure procurement at the neighbourhood level. This paper proposes participatory impact assessment as a tool for development professionals interested in exploring the changes brought about by an infrastructure procurement project, in the broader social, political and economic context in which the project is implemented.

This paper presents an approach for actively engaging students in developing the integration skills identified by the AICPA and others as needed for success in the accounting profession. Student groups first answer a set of questions in a comparison grid and then complete a related application case. The grid and case contrast the treatment of a specific accounting issue from the perspective of different accounting courses. We illustrate our approach with the treatment of bad debts from a financial/tax perspective. An appendix provides financial/audit and managerial/tax grids and cases. Assessment results suggest that the approach helps improve students' integration skills.

Outlines the changing nature of terrorism, and details the contents of the Patriot Act as a response to United Nations Security Council Resolution 1373, including the Act’s provisions for surveillance techniques like pen register and trap and trace, amendments to the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act 1978, together with some protections from abuse of traditional constitutional rights. Moves on to the origins and nature of the assets funding terrorism, and then to Title III of the Act, which is specifically concerned with money laundering, and the nature of offshore banking. Finally, looks at the role of the courts, and whether judicial review will survive jurisdictional challenges in matters of national security; discusses two recent cases involving the State Department against Iranian organisations. Concludes that the Act has many flaws but is an important and probably essential tool against terrorism.

Evidence of rapid relative sea level changes preserved in sediment of coastal estuaries along the north coast segment of the San Andreas fault provides information on the dates of past earthquakes. This approach, although successfully used to document large subduction zone earthquakes, has not been used previously to constrain the dates of San Andreas fault or other strike-slip fault earthquakes. Data on prehistoric San Andreas fault earthquakes is needed for development of robust probabilistic hazard assessments in northern California and the San Francisco Bay area. Evidence of earthquake-induced subsidence is preserved in marshes at the northern margin of Bolinas Lagoon and the southeastern margin of Bodega Harbor. These sites occupy structural basins or troughs along the northern San Andreas fault. Radiocarbon dating and identification of the first occurrence of nonnative pollen near abrupt sedimentological changes in cores are used to constrain the dates of San Andreas fault earthquakes over about the last 800 years. Estuarine sediment from northern Bolinas Lagoon preserves evidence of an earthquake that occurred about 750 years ago. Evidence for this earthquake includes a marsh soil that was abruptly buried by tidal flat mud or coarse, poorly sorted deltaic deposits containing a mixture of terrestrial sediment and marine mud. Evaluation of diatom assemblages from above and below the buried soil horizon provides evidence of at least several decimeters of sustained relative sea level rise. Three buried soils in a marsh at the southern end of Bodega Harbor are likely a result of coseismic subsidence. All three buried marsh soils have abrupt upper contacts, although diatom evidence for decimeters of sustained subsidence is not as strong as it is for the buried soil in Bolinas Lagoon. Existing paleoseismic data on the northern San Andreas fault is compared with results of this study in order to evaluate the dates of prehistoric large earthquakes and length of past ruptures. These data indicate that an earthquake occurred about 400 years ago and another earthquake occurred about 700 years ago. The data allow for 1906-type ruptures of the fault from the Santa Cruz Mountains to at least Point Arena. However, a sequence of closely timed, smaller earthquakes would produce a similar set of paleoseismic data.

The dextral strike-slip New Madrid North Fault (NMNF) is interpreted by others to have ruptured during the 23 January 1812, M 7.8 earthquake. Although widespread liquefaction was associated with this earthquake and is evident today, the NMNF's surface trace remains enigmatic. Our surficial geologic mapping in southeast Missouri identifies two prominent northeast-trending, 3- to 3.5-km-long lineaments (North and South Farrenburg lineaments) traversing Sikeston Ridge. The lineaments are expressed by apparent right-laterally deflected paleodrainages, scarplets, swales, linear troughs, and tonal contrasts in late Pleistocene deposits. Northeast-trending contemporary microseismicity and previously inferred NMNF locations align partly with the lineaments. Borehole data show a linear change in thickness (5 m) of post-Tertiary alluvium trending N30°–35°E for 35 km across both Sikeston Ridge and a Holocene fluvial surface east of the ridge. This thickness change coincides with microseismicity, apparent right-laterally separated isopachs, aeromagnetic anomalies, and the North and South Farrenburg lineaments. Our interpretation of S -wave seismic-reflection profiles acquired across the North Farrenburg lineament also suggests warped and faulted Quaternary deposits. Four trenches excavated across the North Farrenburg lineament exposed late Pleistocene interbedded clay, silt, and sand. The trenches also exposed linear liquefaction vents that trend N20°E to N55°E, near-vertical faults striking N30°E and N42°E, and a possibly warped Pleistocene paleochannel. Vented sand extends upward nearly to the ground surface, suggesting that the vents were produced during the 1811–1812 earthquakes. Oriented sediment samples collected from the fault zones and vents and analyzed with an SEM identified fractured sand grains across the faults, suggesting that the displacement exposed in the trenches may be of primary tectonic origin. Similar sediment samples collected from undeformed sand and from the sand vents show no evidence of grain fracturing and reduction. We hypothesize that the geomorphic, geologic, seismic reflection, trench, and microtextural data strongly suggest that the North Farrenburg lineament, as well as the South Farrenburg lineament, may be the surface expression of an underlying tectonic fault.

The construction industry is acutely aware of the need to improve the integration, planning and control of its design and production processes. A number of projects undertaken within Loughborough, Salford and Cambridge Universities, in collaboration with a number of construction industry organizations, are addressing this issue by investigating, and developing tools to assist, the design and construction process. Emerging from these projects is the common need for IT systems and support that will facilitate the capture, storage and retrieval of project knowledge. It is only by relating these compatible IT applications to a common and recognizable project process framework that construction industry organizations will be able to make optimum use of the available technological developments. This paper describes the development of techniques and strategies to support the integrated planning and control of design through the collaboration of the main designers, suppliers and contractor working on complex building projects, and discusses the relevance of clustering these in relation to the phases and activities of a generic model of design and construction.

A single case experimental design across behaviours was utilised to explore the effectiveness of Google Calendar text alerts delivered to a mobile phone as a memory aid. The participant was a 43-year-old man (JA) with severe memory problems and executive difficulties caused by a traumatic brain injury (TBI). JA was initially very unwilling to use any memory aid and so a detailed assessment of his beliefs about memory aids, his cognitive difficulties and his social context was performed and a set of specifications for an aid was produced collaboratively. Six weeks of baseline data and six weeks of intervention data were collected for three target memory behaviours and three control memory behaviours. Results were analysed using nonoverlap of all pairs (NAP) analysis which showed a reduction in forgetting in the three target behaviours and no change in two of the three control behaviours. A subjective measure (the revised Everyday Memory Questionnaire) also suggested improvement. This study illustrates that Google Calendar is a highly effective memory aid and emphasises the importance of choosing a memory aid to suit the person's lifestyle and beliefs.

This chapter illustrates several modes of bacterial manipulation of the host cell cytoskeleton using a few well-studied examples and explores interactions of various pathogenic bacteria with the actin cytoskeleton of both phagocytic and nonphagocytic host cells. These interactions are generally mediated by specific bacterial gene products, virulence factors, whose sole function is to mimic or interfere with normal host cell signals, in this case, those that regulate actin filament dynamics. A section focuses on the ability of Shigella to invade epithelial cells by a process that triggers global changes in the cellular actin cytoskeleton that result in membrane ruffles and macropinocytosis. Importantly, both zipper and trigger uptake mechanisms proceed using energy derived from the host cell. The cytoskeletal and membrane rearrangements that are responsible for bacterial invasion require no energetic input from the bacterium once the type III secretion apparatus is made (for the trigger mechanism of uptake); they invade by persuasion rather than by force. The chapter further focuses on four well-characterized cytoskeletal manipulators: YopE, YopH, YopT, and YpkA/YopO. Intracellular motility allows pathogens to spread directly from the cytoplasm of one cell into the cytoplasm of an adjacent cell. The many processes used by bacterial pathogens of cellular invasion, inhibition of internalization, cellular adhesion, and intercellular spread may appear diverse, but they are linked by common molecules: the components of the host cell cytoskeleton. In becoming better pathogens, these bacteria have come to a highly evolved appreciation of the subtlety required to regulate it.

A primary goal of healthcare is to understand the boundaries of health and normality and identify when abnormalities are harmful. Diagnosis of disease or impairment is often made by comparing results from clinical measures with healthy reference values. At present there is a great need for comprehensive lower limb reference data representing the healthy population. The 1000 Norms Project is currently recruiting to provide reference values for a set of widely-used clinical and biomechanical measures of the foot and ankle. A volunteer sample of 1000 healthy individuals between the ages of 3 and 100 years is participating in the Project. Measures of plantar pressure, gait, ankle range of motion, foot and ankle muscle strength, foot posture and ankle instability are included in the comprehensive battery of items (Table ​(Table11). Table 1 Foot and ankle items assessed in the 1000 Norms Project The 1000 Norms Project reliability study was completed in November 2013. Inter-rater reliability was found to be excellent (ICC>.75) for all foot and ankle measures (Table ​(Table2).2). Recruitment and data collection will take place over the next two years. The release of the final database to the international community via a secure, free online network is anticipated to occur in March 2016. The 1000 Norms Project will provide a substantial contribution to our understanding of the range of normal foot and ankle function in healthy individuals. The reference dataset will be a useful tool for disease diagnosis and management, health surveillance and future outcome measure development for clinical trials of rehabilitative, surgical and pharmacological interventions. Table 2 Inter-rater reliability of foot and ankle items assessed in the 1000 Norms Project

This chapter provides an overview of the health claims pertaining to walnuts, and other related nuts, that are permitted or not permitted in the European Union (EU) and other jurisdictions. First, walnuts are characterised with respect to their macro- and micronutrient composition. Next, the authorisation of the only health claim related specifically to walnuts in the EU is discussed, wherein the scientific evidence on which the claim is based, as well as the conditions of use of the claim, are reviewed. The non-authorised health claim related to walnuts in the EU is also described. Health claims related to walnuts that are made in other jurisdictions, as well as health claims related to other nuts, are briefly discussed.