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ABSTRACT: Background: Psychiatric social workers typically play an important role in the treatment and management of psychosocial issues at different levels, such as individual, family, and community levels. However, despite the field having a long history, there are significantly fewer standardized guidelines for interventions in mental health settings. Methodology: This study aims to develop guidelines for psychiatric social work interventions in mental health settings. Psychiatric social workers with a degree of M.Phil. in Psychiatric Social Work, 2 years of working experience, and working in mental health settings were selected for this study. Using purposive sampling, 15 psychiatric social workers were selected for this study and were interviewed using a semi-structured interview schedule. The data were analyzed using the qualitative method of content analysis. Results: There is a high level of satisfaction rate among psychiatric social workers about their work and profession, however, they face challenges because of non-clarity of roles and responsibilities, lack of theories, and difficulties in implementing theories into practice. More training, discussion, supervision, and exposure to different cases help improve the interventions' quality. Conclusion: Although psychiatric social work interventions are effective in addressing the treatment gap by providing curative, preventive, promotive, and rehabilitative services, there is no uniformity in the interventions, which in turn, explains the need for standardized guidelines for intervention. The study explains the guidelines for psychiatric social work interventions at the community, group, family, and individual levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study introduces an innovative enhancement to the U-Net architecture, termed Modified DRU-Net, aiming to improve the segmentation of cell images in Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Traditional U-Net models, while effective, often struggle to capture fine-grained details and preserve contextual information critical for accurate biomedical image segmentation. To overcome these challenges, Modified DRU-Net integrates dense residual connections and attention mechanisms into the U-Net framework. Dense connections enhance gradient flow and feature reuse, while residual connections mitigate the vanishing gradient problem, facilitating better model training. Attention blocks in the up-sampling path selectively focus on relevant features, boosting segmentation accuracy. Additionally, a combined loss function, merging focal loss and dice loss, addresses class imbalance and improves segmentation performance. Experimental results demonstrate that Modified DRU-Net significantly enhances performance metrics, underscoring its effectiveness in achieving detailed and accurate cell image segmentation in TEM images. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Stress response to surgery is characterized by increase in secretion of endocrinal system and activation of immunological and sympathetic nervous system. Alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists have several beneficial actions during the perioperative period. They decrease sympathetic tone, with attenuation of the neuroendocrine and hemodynamic responses to anaesthesia and surgery; reduce anaesthetic and opioid requirements; and cause sedation and analgesia. Aims and objectives; The objective of this study is to evaluate the intra-operative, and postoperative haemodynamic stress responses in patients, when Dexmedetomidine is used as an anaesthetic adjunct. Materials and Method: After the approval from Ethical Committee of Guntur medical college, Guntur, A.P, 100 patients scheduled for elective surgery planned to be done under general anaesthesia were included in the study.Patients were randomly divided into two equal groups, according to the study drug administered, each group include 50 patients in number (n=50), group I (the control or placebo group) and group II (Dexmedetomidine group). Patients received either Dexmedetomidine hydrochloride (available as 100 μg/ml ) in group II or saline solution in group I in equal amount. Data were collected and entered into the software STATA (version 11.0). P<0.05 was considered significant and P>0.05 was considered insignificant. Results: There was no significant difference in the base line parameters among the groups. Dexmedetomidine decreased heart rate significantly compared to control group. Dexmedetomidine reduced the intraoperative use of Propofol and Fentanyl significantly compared to control group. Conclusion: The perioperative infusion of Dexmedetomidine appears to be effective to attenuate stress induced haemodynamic fluctuation, reduced Propofol requirements, decreased the intra and post-operative narcotic analgesic administration, produced perioperative sedation in patients who underwent elective surgeries when compared with placebo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fish's immune system consists of two major components, innate and adaptive immunities. Innate immunity is non-specific and acts as the primary line of protection against pathogen invasion while adaptive immunity is more specific to a certain pathogen/following adaptation. Innate immunity consists of the non-specific cellular and the nonspecific humoral components. On the other hand, the adaptive immune system consists of highly specialized systemic cells and processes that are separated into two main components: the humoral and cellular components. Three types of antibodies, the IgM, IgD and IgT, are the major constituents of the humoral immunity, which act on invaded extracellular pathogens. The cytotoxic T-lymphocyte cells are the major component of the cellular immunity that frequently kills virus-infected and intracellular bacterial or parasitic-infected cells. Both innate and adaptive immunities complement each other in the host's attempt to prevent infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In orthodontics, vertical dysplasia is complex and the most difficult problem to treat because most methods to control vertical dimensions are patient-dependent. They have multifactorial etiology. Vertical dimension problems are the last to treat out of all the dimensions. Careful diagnosis and examination of this malocclusion will help the orthodontist to gain good treatment outcomes. Inadequate treatment mechanics leads to improper treatment outcomes. Thereby compromising the patient's facial esthetics. This article reviews the detailed description of vertical dysplasia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]