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Objective: To examine baseline plasma viral loads according to the CD4 cell percentage (CD4%) in HIV-1, HIV-2 and dually infected patients (HIV-D), and to relate these measurements to survival., Patients and Methods: A total of 119 HIV-1, 137 HIV-2 and 81 HIV-D-infected patients attending the Medical Research Council clinic in The Gambia were recruited from 1991 according to baseline CD4%, and followed until death or the end of December 2000. HIV-1 and HIV-2 RNA levels were measured by in-house reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assays., Results: The plasma viral load, which varied inversely with CD4%, was similar in HIV-1 singly and dually infected patients, but was significantly higher in HIV-1 than in HIV-2 singly infected patients, except in those with a CD4% less than 14%. HIV-2 plasma viral load in dually infected patients did not vary significantly with CD4%, but was significantly lower than in HIV-2 singly infected patients with CD4% less than 14%. Multivariate analysis showed that only CD4% was independently associated with survival in HIV-1 and HIV-D infections; whereas both CD4% and plasma viral load were independently associated with survival in HIV-2 infections. The mortality rate of HIV-D-infected patients was not significantly different from that of HIV-1-infected patients, but was significantly higher in the absence of HLA B58., Conclusion: HIV-2 infection does not alter HIV-1 replication or prolong survival in dually infected patients. In a clinical setting in Africa, where many patients present with advanced disease, CD4% may be a more important predictor of prognosis than plasma viral load.