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This study provides novel insights into the policy effects of timber legality verification methods, specifically Due-diligence (under the European Union Timber Regulation (EUTR)) and Due-care (under the Lacey Act), on coniferous and non-coniferous lumber trade, highlighting their significance in the context of global lumber trade. Timber legality verification plays a pivotal role in the global timber trade. We comprehensively assess the impact of verification methods on coniferous and non-coniferous lumber trade, utilizing two decades of trade data (1997–2017) across approximately 160 countries. We employ the difference-in-differences method based on the gravity model of international trade, utilizing robust export–import data and demographic profiles. Our findings demonstrate that the effect of EUTR on coniferous lumber imports ranged between −0.32% and −0.05%, and that on non-coniferous lumber imports ranged between −0.44% and −0.05%, whereas the effect of the Lacey Act on coniferous lumber imports ranged between −0.93% and −0.09%. Non-coniferous lumber imports remained unaffected. The Voluntary Partnership Agreement (VPA) led to decreased exports to the EU and US. Our findings hold two key implications. First, Due-diligence exhibits more consistent policy effects than Due-care. Second, supporting VPA-participating countries is crucial for facilitating timber trade. These insights inform timber trade policies and sustainable practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Resources & Ecology is the property of Journal of Resources & Ecology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In recent years, there has been growing interest in public valuation for forest ecosystem services in policymaking. This paper investigates the public's perception of the Czech forest ecosystem services, i.e., provisioning, regulating and cultural services, with associated factors (changes in forest cover, production, and respondents' characteristics). The performance perception of forest ecosystem services was gathered from a nationwide survey in 2020. The Coordination of Information on the Environment Land Cover information in 2000 and 2018 was used for observation of forest cover changes. Coniferous and non-coniferous (broadleaved) roundwood, mushroom, and bilberry production data from the observed years were acquired from the Czech Statistical Office and the Ministry of Agriculture's annual nationwide surveys. The Bohemia vs. Moravia study areas were also statistically compared. Predictor analysis of the high score of performance perception from individual and cluster forest ecosystems was also performed to answer the research objectives. The group of forest provisioning services received high scores in public evaluation (from 3.9 to 4.2), followed by regulating services (mean range: 3.7–4.1). The highest score was found in forest as a natural habitat for wild animals and plants (mean: 4.6). However, the lowest value was the esthetic value (mean: 2.3). Both are categorized as forest cultural services. The broadleaved and mixed forest areas in 2018 were significantly higher than in 2000, especially in Bohemia. Meanwhile, the total coniferous forested region in 2018 declined substantially compared to 2000 (p = 0.030), especially in Moravian areas. A significantly higher total production of the coniferous and broadleaved roundwood removals in 2018 than in 2000 was reported, in contrast to a marked decrease in collected mushrooms and bilberries. The high score of performance perception of forests as the wood provisioning service was positively and significantly associated with the changes in broadleaved roundwood removals. Older-age and female respondents were the primary predictors of the studied cluster and individual forest ecosystem services. The findings indicate that the social value of the individual forest provisioning services supports the implementation of multi-species and multi-purpose forests; hence, it encourages the implementation of the current Czech forest policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated the impact of climate change on non-timber forest products in 62 villages of Khunti district, Jharkhand, India by employing structured questionnaires to collect primary data from 387 NTFP collectors. For contextualising the primary data results, focus group discussions and transect walks were conducted. Secondary data (temperature and rainfall from 1980 to 2018) supplemented the examination of climate change impacts over time. The findings revealed that an increase in maximum temperature has decreased lac (Kerria lacca) yield significantly by 31.60 tonnes/year. Changing climate has degraded the quality of NTFPs which has direct impacts on NTFP-based livelihoods, with the sale price of lac falling from 350 to 150 INR/kg, mahua from 22 to 20 INR/kg, and tamarind from 22 to 18 INR/kg in recent years. The majority of respondents believed that infrastructure development (98.7%), forest cover loss (94.83%) had caused shifts in climatic trends. 22% of the respondents believed that not taking into account their indigenous understanding of climate change in institutional processes was one of the challenges they face for adaptation and coping mechanisms. This study, provides strong evidence of climate change impacts on NTFPs and offers recommendations for timely actions that should be taken by the concerned stakeholders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Biotropica is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study focused on shiitake mushrooms as non-timber forestry products adapting to climate change in an area to examine the practice of sustainable forest management. Our study is relevant to Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems because the research site is located in Kunisaki Peninsula in Japan, which is conventionally prone to drought. We examined how producers have been coping with climate change by adopting low- and middle-temperature varieties of shiitake, Lentinula edodes. This survey collected qualitative and quantitative data at the field level. Qualitative data were derived from interviews with shiitake producers, cooperative staff members, government officials, and a wholesaler followed by a quantitative survey. Moreover, a workshop was organized to verify the results of the interviews. The study results indicate that producers with a higher-than-average ratio of low-temperature shiitake production tend to sell through a brand for low-temperature shiitake varieties and acquire production knowledge from a parent. Annual sales and sloping terrain also affected the ratio. Furthermore, ongoing challenges presented by climate change can alter information and knowledge exchange, which thus increases interaction beyond family members. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing harvest and overexploitation of wild plants for non‐timber forest products can significantly affect population dynamics of harvested populations. While the most common approach to assess the effect of harvest and perturbation of vital rates is focused on the long‐term population growth rate, most management strategies are planned and implemented over the short‐term.We developed an integral projection model to investigate the effects of harvest on the demography and the short‐ and long‐term population dynamics of Banisteriopsis caapi in the Peruvian Amazon rainforest.Harvest had no significant effect on the size‐dependent growth of lianas, but survival rates increased with size. Harvest had a significant negative effect on size‐dependent survival where larger lianas experienced greater mortality rates under high harvest pressure than smaller lianas. In the populations under high harvest pressure, survival of smaller lianas was greater than that of populations with low harvest pressure. Harvest had no significant effect on clonal or sexual reproduction, but fertility was size‐dependent.The long‐term population growth rates of B. caapi populations under high harvest pressure were projected to decline at a rate of 1.3% whereas populations with low harvest pressure are expected to increase at 3.2%. However, before reaching equilibrium, over the short‐term, all B. caapi populations were in decline by 26% (high harvested population) and (low harvested population) 20.4% per year.Elasticity patterns were dominated by survival of larger lianas irrespective of harvest treatments. Life table response experiment analyses indicated that high harvest caused the 6% reduction in population growth rates by significantly reducing the survival of large lianas and increasing the survival‐growth of smaller lianas including vegetative reproductive individuals.Synthesis and applications. This study emphasizes how important it is for management strategies for B. caapi lianas experiencing anthropogenic harvest to prioritize the survival of larger size lianas and vegetative reproducing individuals, particularly in increased harvested systems often prone to multiple stressors. From an applied conservation perspective, our findings illustrate the importance of both prospective and retrospective perturbation analyses in population growth rates in understanding the population dynamics of lianas in general in response to human‐induced disturbance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Brazil, forest inventory variation is calculated independently, and model-related uncertainty is systematically ignored. Although methods of estimation evaluation and sampling uncertainty together are unknown in the country, they are indispensable for improving the results of forest inventories since obtaining high quality estimates is extremely important for the country, due to its large forest areas and distinguished for being a world leader in the supply of timber and non-timber forest products, and a reference as a provider of environmental services. In view of the above, this paper presents the following study hypothesis: "Considering the uncertainty associated with inventory components: i - sampling and ii - regression model combined in the total variance of the forest inventory results in more accurate volume and biomass estimates" Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the uncertainties associated with sampling and the linear regression model in volume and biomass estimates in Acacia mearnsii stands in Brazil. To jointly evaluate these two sources of uncertainty, the hybrid variance estimator was used, with an analytical approach. The results showed that if model uncertainty is not considered, the total uncertainty is underestimated by 6.51%. In biomass estimates, the total uncertainty is underestimated by 18.74%. Ignoring uncertainty in total estimates can lead to uninformed decisions in forest management, with economic implications, particularly in biomass estimates, where the associated variation is even greater than in volume due to the nature of this variable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Economia e Sociologia Rural is the property of Sociedade Brasileira de Economia e Sociologia Rural and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Farmer Managed Natural Regeneration (FMNR) is a simple and inexpensive practice for restoring vegetation cover on degraded land, unlike reforestation. Current knowledge on the socioeconomic factors that may influence its adoption is limited. The objective of this study is to analyze the socioeconomic determinants of FMNR adoption by communities. 197 households were surveyed. The probit model was used to identify the socioeconomic determinants of adoption. The results show that ethnicity, access to external support, receptivity to technological innovations, mode of land acquisition and the importance of production are determining factors in the adoption of FMNR. According to farmers, FMNR contributes to improving soil fertility and soil moisture conservation (21% and 17% of farmers, respectively). According to them, the FMNR improves the supply of wood (18 %) and non-timber forest products (13 %). The main constraints to the scaling up of this practice are, respectively, illegal logging (42%), animal roaming (29%), and the difficulties of using animal traction in a farm having many trees/shrubs (12 %). These results provide an overview of the considerations to be integrated for the success of FMNR as a strategy to strengthen the resilience of communities and ecosystems to climate disturbances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key performance indicators, such as NTFP production and beneficiary involvement, were carefully examined to understand program evolution. Key findings emphasize the necessity for continual monitoring to sustainably balance economic empowerment of local communities with conservation objectives. Further study is essential to discern the factors underpinning these fluctuations and optimize resource allocation for program efficacy. The tribal economy in the Kondagaon Forest Division of Chhattisgarh heavily relies on non-timber forest products (NTFPs). This study, spanning from 2019-20 to 2021-2022, meticulously examines the dynamics of NTFP collection and the involvement of beneficiaries through the Minimum Support Price (MSP) scheme. This study delves into the dynamics of nontimber forest product (NTFP) collection and the impact of the Minimum Support Price (MSP) scheme on beneficiary involvement in the Kondagaon Forest Division of Chhattisgarh from 2019 to 2022. NTFPs, including Harra, Baheda, Baheda Kachariya, Imli, Mahua flower, Imli flower, Karanj seed, Imli seed, and Sal seed, form a vital economic pillar for tribal communities. Over this period, production and beneficiary numbers exhibited significant variation. In 2019-20, 15,119.86 quintals of NTFPs supported 16,369 individuals. In 2020-21, production surged to 107,105.52 quintals, benefitting 67,991 beneficiaries, only to decrease to 49,431.37 quintals and 42,729 beneficiaries in 2021-22. These findings highlight the importance of continuous monitoring to strike a balance between economic empowerment and conservation goals. The fluctuation in NTFP figures is attributed to ecological conditions, policy changes, and market dynamics affecting NTFPs production. This research underscores the intricate relationship between NTFP-based livelihoods and conservation efforts and emphasizes the need to adapt strategies for sustainable economic development while preserving the forest ecosystem. Policymakers and stakeholders will find this study instrumental in guiding the sustainable growth of NTFP-dependent tribal economies in the Kondagaon Forest Division. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-timber forest products (NTFPs) are important components of rural people's livelihood, being used notably for food and medicine. Given their socio-economic importance, NTFP species are often integrated in farmers' fields using wild seed material from adjacent forests. In sub-Saharan Africa, the evolutionary history, and more specifically, the cultivation history of these species (geographical origin, dating), is still largely unknown. This study focuses on an African medicinal tree species, originating from the Guineo-Congolian rain forests and commonly known as the bitter kola tree (Garcinia kola, Clusiaceae). We estimated species genome size and chromosome number. We developed eleven highly polymorphic nuclear microsatellite markers and used seven of them to characterize patterns of distribution of genetic diversity within populations of G. kola in the forest (161 wild individuals coming from nine different populations from Cameroon, Gabon, and the Republic of Congo) and on-farm (82 cultivated individuals from five populations from Cameroon). The species is most probably hexaploid, with a relatively large genome size (2C = 25.5 to 28.5 picogram) and ca. 170 chromosomes. Three intra-specific gene pools were observed along a north–south axis within wild populations. This genetic differentiation pattern presents some similarities with patterns already observed in other tree species from the region, suggesting that a common factor, potentially past-climatic oscillations, has affected the demography of forest trees in the same way. Cultivated populations were not spatially structured, and the genetic differentiation between wild and cultivated populations was low (GST = 0.017). The cultivation history of the species was difficult to interpret. It is actually unclear if cultivated populations from Cameroon are derived from wild Cameroonian populations or if they originate from wild populations of West African countries, notably Nigeria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PFMU Batutegi has much potential for NTFPs, which have been developed in coffee, palm sugar, and honey. The marketing of NTFPs needs attention because what often happens is inefficient marketing, so it doesn’t provide additional income for the community. This study aimed to identify marketing channels, functions, and efficiency based on marketing margins, farmers’ share, and profit-to-cost ratio. There are three marketing channels for coffee, two for palm sugar, and three for honey. The marketing functions performed by farmers, collectors, wholesalers, exporters, KUPS, cooperatives, and resellers are exchange, physical, and facilitation functions. Channel 1 palm sugar is an efficient marketing channel with a marketing margin of IDR 13,724.19 per kilogram, a farmer’s share of 100%, a profit ratio of 15.03, and marketing channel 1 honey with a marketing margin of IDR 224,112.70 per kilogram (Trigona honey), and IDR 124,494.35 per kilogram (Cerana and Dorsata honey), a farmer’s share of 100%, and profit ratio of 10.21 (Trigona honey) and 6.47 (Cerana and Dorsata honey). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Indonesian Journal of Forestry Research is the property of Indonesian Journal of Forestry Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Indonesian Journal of Forestry Research is the property of Indonesian Journal of Forestry Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Indonesian Journal of Forestry Research is the property of Indonesian Journal of Forestry Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In Indonesia, smallholders have historically practiced agroforestry, which warrants examination in terms of food and livelihood security within sustainable community forest frameworks. Based on a literature review, we analyzed these two forms of security related to smallholder agroforestry practices. Findings indicate diverse agroforestry systems, with 88% focusing on non-timber forest products (NTFPs) and 12% on timber. While 42% prioritize direct food supply, 58% emphasize income generation through product sales. However, agroforestry that does not produce food for direct consumption by smallholders generates revenue for purchasing food necessities. Agroforestry supports both food needs (46–61%) and income (51–54%) for smallholders, surpassing traditional agriculture (13%). Semi-commercial agroforestry (57%) is a predominant livelihood prospect. The remaining 27% are purely subsistence, and 15% are purely commercial. However, the commercialization of agroforestry that focuses only on high-value commodities results in a negative impact on biodiversity. There is a concomitant decrease in environmental services for climate change mitigation and adaptation. Biodiversity remains crucial for climate resilience, health care, and food security in rural communities. Semi-commercial agroforestry is a midpoint for achieving multifunctional agriculture (biodiversity, soil and water conservation, food security, and income) in the climate change era. The research directly related to food security and ecosystem services quantification remains limited, necessitating further investigation. Policy support and incentives are essential for smallholders practicing complex agroforestry for climate adaptation and mitigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of International Forestry Review is the property of Commonwealth Forestry Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In Namibia, the commercialisation of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) is often promoted as a means to improve rural livelihoods, especially for vulnerable communities. This paper analysed how NTFP value chains are integrated into and contribute to the livelihoods of Khwe and !Xun San harvesters. Accordingly, the working conditions, employment and upgrading opportunities of the globally traded Devil's Claw were compared to those of regionally traded products, including Natal Oranges. A mixed-method approach was applied to collect data in Okongo Constituency and Bwabwata National Park. Findings revealed that while NTFPs contribute to the harvesters' income generation, the income is insufficient to sustain their livelihoods. Interestingly, the results of both regional and global value chain integration do not lead to improved livelihoods. Further research is needed to analyse the synergies between the government, traditional and local authorities, NGOs, and other institutions in implementing laws that promote equitable sharing of benefits from NTFPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The persistently high rate of failure in development projects involving local communities in the Peruvian Amazon over recent decades has not prevented the recurrence of these same mistakes year after year, resulting in significant social, environmental, and economic impacts, despite claims of 'sustainability' and 'inclusivity' by many. This paper analyses the factors contributing to this failure, with a particular focus on the lack of understanding of the Amazonian reality and the absence of environmental and cultural relevance in development models imported from other regions. As an alternative approach, we propose the promotion of bio-entrepreneurship initiatives led by families and community interest groups in the Amazonian communities. These initiatives should preferably involve non-timber forest resources, in alignment with the 'forest-oriented' profile of traditional Amazonian societies. Additionally, the application of culturally pertinent technologies and other solutions is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research prior to the COVID-19 pandemic has shown that the rural poor often turn to wild resources to cope with adverse shocks. We report on the first study addressing natural insurance against health shocks during the COVID-19 pandemic, focusing on riverine communities without road access in the Peruvian Amazon. We consider the most devastating shock people may experience, the death of a close family member. Using data from an in-person survey of almost 4000 households in 235 randomly selected communities before the pandemic as baseline, we conducted telephone surveys with over 400 communities during the early phase of the pandemic. We found that before the pandemic, forest peoples relied on game and non-timber forest products to cope with mortality, whether in their own household or their community. Once COVID-19 arrived, people reduced their reliance on hunting and resorted instead to fishing. These patterns were differentiated by gender and indigeneity. Tropical forest environments, which include also aquatic habitat, provide vital insurance against mortality, but just how may be altered during a pandemic. These novel findings have important implications for research and policies on forest conservation and pandemics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to characterize the reproductive system and determine the importance of pollinators for fruit production of Caryocar brasiliense, an economically important tree, in preserved and degraded Cerrado areas in southeastern Brazil. For this purpose, we performed pollinator exclusion experiments to determine the frequency of self- and cross-pollination, and to determine fruit set. In general, fruit set was extremely low; only 2.92% and 2.71% of the flowers developed into fruits in the degraded and preserved areas, respectively. Fruit sets by manual cross-pollination and natural (open) pollination were higher than self-pollination in both areas. Pollen deposition was significantly higher at night and in the preserved area, although a relatively high amount of pollen grains is found in the stigmas during the day. The number of ripened and aborted seeds did not differ among areas, but fruits and seeds were heavier in the degraded area than in the preserved area. The abortion level was very high (64.5%), which may be related to low pollen quality due to selfing. Our study presents evidence that Cerrado degradation affects the reproductive biology of C. brasiliense, but whether such effect is a consequence of pollinator decline in degraded areas remains to be determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The exploitation of non‐timber forest products has been proposed as a sustainable way to exploit tropical forests, but such an opportunity remains to be proved. Here, we examine the impact of intensive açaí palm (Euterpe oleracea) management on the seed rain and soil seed bank in an estuarine forest landscape with a long history of forest management by locals in the Amazon region. Seed rain (100 80 cm2 collectors) and soil seed bank (100 30 cm2 samples) were monitored through a year across 20 forest stands, covering a gradient of açaí stem density (50–3575 açaí stems per ha). Seed rain and bank were dominated by açaí seeds (85.5%–85.8%) and by excluding them, seed rain and bank were low density and species poor, capturing a tiny subset from the local (17.91%–19.40%) and landscape woody flora (11.82%–14.55%). Moreover, autochthonous and vertebrated‐dispersed predominated as well as those from tree species considered useful by locals. Overall, açaí stem density positively affected açaí seed abundance in the seed rain and negatively affected seed pools in the bank in relation to abundance of seeds and vertebrated dispersed, while adult tree species richness and density and accessibility to forest stands were associated with more diversified seed pools. Thereby, forest stands are exposed to different levels of açaí management (high vs. low intensity) supported taxonomically distinct seed pools. Our results suggest that açaí intensification disturbs seed rain and soil seed bank with potential impacts on forest regeneration and the forest integrity standards required to consider açaí fruit production as sustainable according to current legislation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Ecuadorian Amazon, non-timber forest products provided by forest species such as Caryodendron orinocense play an important role in the daily life of the ancestral communities that have contributed to the conservation of these ecosystems. Therefore, for an adequate management and conservation of the species, the first step is to know the population structure based on the density and size of the individuals, considered as an indicator of the viability of the populations of a species. We studied the population and diametric of C. orinocense in the lowland forest of a Shuar community (Wisui). Four monitoring plots of 10000 m2 and one of 2500 m2 were installed, where the diameter at breast height (DBH) and the height of all individuals of C. orinocense were evaluated. A total of 127 individuals were recorded in the 5 plots, which were mainly associated with Cedrela odorata y Vochysia guianensis trees. The population and diameter structure presented an inverted "J" curve, which preliminarily shows that the population of the species has a stable or viable population structure related to a high abundance of individuals in smaller diameter and size classes (seedlings and juveniles) and diameter. Thus, it is concluded that the Socio Bosque program and the use of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) by the Wisui community play an important role in the management and conservation of Caryodendron orinocense in lowland Amazonian rainforests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mangrove forests are highly productive, biodiverse, and carbon-dense ecosystems that support the wellbeing of millions of people. Policies that seek to protect mangroves must, therefore, aim to ensure the socio-economic wellbeing of local communities. A clear example of this challenge is found in the Bangladesh Sundarbans—the world's largest protected mangrove. The Sundarbans faces several anthropogenic challenges, including overharvesting of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) and expansion of shrimp aquaculture. Several initiatives have aimed to protect the diversity and extent of the Sundarbans, but little is known about the impacts of the shrimp industry on its forest-dependent communities. This study used a mixed-methods research approach to assess the: a) trends in economic, social, and environmental policy and legislative measures in Bangladesh from 1980 to 2020; b) areal expansion of shrimp aquaculture in a case study site, the Village Kalinchi, since 1980; and c) socio-economic profile of local community members. Despite recent governance trends aimed at simultaneously promoting economic, social, and environmental outcomes, approximately 91% of the agricultural lands in Village Kalinchi have been flooded to expand shrimp aquaculture. Income data shows that a small number of shrimp farm owners earn – on average – 22, 14 and 4 times more annual income than that of shrimp farm labourers, agricultural workers, and NTFP collectors, respectively. The combined loss of agricultural land and income disparity has created conditions that promote NTFPs overharvesting from the Sundarbans. Policy and legislative measures must address the shrimp industry's impacts on local communities to reduce resource overharvesting and promote mangrove conservation. • The Sundarbans is threatened by shrimp aquaculture and resource overharvesting. • Impacts of shrimp aquaculture on a local forest-dependent community were studied. • 91% of the study site has been flooded to expand shrimp aquaculture since 1980. • Loss of agrarian land has increased the income inequality within a local community. • Policy must address the shrimp industry to balance conservation and livelihoods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-timber forest product plantations (NTFP plantations), also known as "economic forests" in China, refer to forest plantations cultivated for the production of non-timber products such as fruits, nuts, oils, seasonings, and medicinal materials. With a rapid increase in the total area in the past two decades, NTFP plantations have become an important type of forestland use in China. The shift of agricultural labor to the non-agricultural sector caused by rising salaries in China will inevitably have a great impact on land use, forestry, and agricultural production. To understand the effects of off-farm employment on the development of NTFP plantations in China, a total of 709 valid household questionnaires from Sichuan and Shaanxi provinces were collected. Heckman's two-stage model was employed in the empirical analysis. The results of the study show that off-farm employment has a significant positive effect on both the probability that a household has planted NTFP plantations and the plantation area. Households engaged in off-farm employment would prefer to plant NTFP plantations. Moreover, the higher the degree of participation in off-farm employment, the more likely households are to choose to plant NTFP plantations. The area of NTFP plantations would increase with the increase in off-farm employment degrees. Besides, the age and education level of the household head show a positive effect on the NTFP plantation planting. The implication of the results is that with a continuing increase in the proportion of off-farm employment, NTFP plantation cultivation could also continue to expand. Funds are still an important constraint for households to choose to plant NTFP plantations. Therefore, if policymakers want to promote the development of NTFP plantations on collectively owned forestland, they should first resolve households' financial constraints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The contribution of non-wood forest products is especially important in the context of rural sustainable development. Nevertheless, their perceived economic and environmental value remains low. The lack of an explicit and effective marketing strategy for NWFPs tailored to local mountain communities' needs may lead to their restricted access to the market and underestimation of their value. The aim of this paper is to gain knowledge regarding the components of a marketing mix that could support the local markets of NWFPs, in Greek mountainous areas. The paper presents an analysis of the marketing mix for NWFPs, following for the first time the S.A.V.E. approach. The research contributes to the existing literature as we seek to "meet" groups of NWFPs' consumers, in order to develop a customer-centric value proposition in Greek local mountain communities. The findings indicate that the marketing and promotion of NWFPs requires not only knowledge of the relative products and the market, it requires analysis and knowledge of the specific needs of local mountain communities and the ways that needs are met by the attributes and characteristics of the NWFPs as part of the solution that they can offer. Local mountain communities in Greece, through the exploitation of NWFPs, are trying to face challenges regarding the improvement of their income and their general wellbeing level. Also, we propose as a part of the marketing mix for NWFPs, their promotion as products with a distinct spatial, local identity, by associating them with local "culture economies". Finally, we argue that a customer-centric marketing mix of NWFPs, which focuses on customers' needs, desires, and resources as the starting point of the planning process, involves a higher level of mixing and synergies creation along the whole value chain, than simple personalization, with customers to interact with suppliers using ICT and by personal time disposition connected to nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Molecular DNA barcoding combined with botanical taxonomy can be used for the identification and conservation of collected Greek orchids used for salep production as well as in the regulation of fair salep trade. A modified CTAB protocol was used for DNA extraction, amplification of barcoding regions (ITS, matK, rbcL, trnH-psbA), and sequencing. Sequencing data were assembled using Bioedit software, and the BLAST algorithm was used on the NCBI database for species identification at the genus level. Molecular barcoding data based on genetic similarity identification was in full coherence with taxonomic classification based on morphological data. The combination of ITS and matK exhibited a greater capacity to identify a species among the Greek salep samples. Out of the 53 samples examined, 52.9% were classified as Dactylorhiza spp. and 33.3% as Anacamptis spp., whereas only 6 samples were identified as Orchis spp. (11.8%). Given that a superior-quality salep beverage comes from tubers of the latter, the number of samples classified as such in northwestern Greece is unexpectedly low. A database of 53 original reference sequences from wild-growing samples of Greek origin was generated, providing a valuable resource for the identification of other salep samples from different regions. The DNA barcoding results unveiled that salep samples from northwestern Greece are related to nine members of four different genera of Orchidaceae. All species are nationally protected and covered by the CITES convention, while many of these orchids are included in the EU Directive 92/43/EEC appendix as "Other Important Species". Thus, expedited coordinated management actions are needed to ensure their survival in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) have been grown and used extensively for health care and healing practices since time immemorial in Nepal. They possess cultural, religious and economic values in Nepalese communities. In recent years, the MAPs sector is a growing commercial sector in Nepal that provides livelihood opportunities for low income generating people especially in the Himalayas. In this regard, this study assesses the contribution of MAPs to the gross domestic product (GDP) of Karnali Province of Nepal. A total of 58 species of MAPs were identified in Karnali Province. It was found that various parts of these annuals, biennials and perennial plants have been used as medicines, perfumes and food. MAPs in Karnali Province generated economic output equivalent to NPR 160738 million (USD 1.39 billion) or 1.03% of GDP of Karnali Province and 0.02% of the National GDP in the fiscal year 2019/2020. However, the findings revealed that the current GDP estimate undervalues the contribution of the MAPs sector to the national GDP due to the non-inclusion of ethnobotanical uses of medicinal plants. Moreover, if all cash and environmental benefits people derive from this sector could be valued and recorded in the System of National Accounts, the GDP from MAPs would be much higher than the amount estimated in this study. We conclude that MAPs have a reasonable contribution to the GDP of Karnali Province and Nepal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Forest-dwelling residents frequently collect non-timber forest products (NTFPs) for various reasons, such as food, medicine, firewood, religious reasons, or handicrafts. This study examines the multiple benefits derived from NTFPs and how they contribute to the livelihoods of Ghanaian communities to alleviate poverty. Resources and services provided by NTFPs have an essential role in providing economic, nutritional, medicinal, cultural, and environmental benefits. This study examines the diverse range of NTFPs locals collect, such as chewing sticks, games, herbs, honey, leaves, mushrooms, pestles, raffia and palms, snails, and straws. In addition to serving different purposes, these NTFPs contribute to income generation, food security, health care, cultural practices, and the protection of the environment. A qualitative research approach was used in this study to collect data through semi-structured interviews and focus groups with members on multiple collections of NTFPs and their multiple benefits. We interviewed 732 residents regarding their multiple NTFPs and their potential to improve the livelihood of the locals. The data for the study were analysed using descriptive statistics. As a result of the survey, the frequency and percentages of responses were analysed for each indicator related to multiple values of NTFPs. Both males and females collected a list of NTFPs during the survey. Regarding NTFPs used for sale, 275 were reported, representing 37.57% of the total. In addition to emphasising the importance of sustainable management practices and equitable distribution of benefits, the study explores the multiple benefits of NTFPs for poverty alleviation in Ghanaian communities. It is essential to ensure the conservation of forest ecosystems and promote inclusive policies to harness the potential of NTFPs and maximise their positive impact on livelihoods. NTFPs provide multiple benefits for Ghanaian communities, including income, nutrition, healthcare, cultural preservation, and environmental sustainability. To promote sustainable development, it is imperative to understand the role of NTFPs and implement appropriate strategies.

Non-timber forest products (NTFPs) are biological elements other than wood that are usually collected from forests for human and animal use and have both a consumptive and an exchange value. NTFPs provide a major contribution to the livelihood and health of the poor. The article aims to describe the present condition of NTFPs and marketing issues for NTFPs in India, as well as their importance in improving rural livelihoods. A systematic research review approach was used to get the desired results. The study retrieved approximately 238 articles from different databases and filtered 191, highlighting 51 articles related to the keywords, published between 1988 and 2022 were included in the analysis. During the investigation, forty-one numbers of NTFPs were identified and documented, and numerous potential NTFPs for enterprise growth have been identified according to the different zones of India. Rural people are using NTFPs for a wide range of uses, including food, fodder, fibre, traditional medicine, domestic items, agricultural equipment, and construction materials, and many of them are linked to cultures. Promotion and domestication of NTFPs, as well as suitable policy frameworks for harvesting and better processing techniques, are all required for increased food security, poverty reduction, and improved livelihoods. Site-specific and species-specific strategies may be created for the preservation, management, and exploitation of NTFP resources. NTFPs play a significant role in improving rural livelihoods in India, as well as providing a valuable source of employment for rural residents, though it has a complex marketing system.

Fruit production by dominant native trees in the arid Chaco of central Argentina represents a crucial provisioning ecosystem service for local peasant economies. This region presents gradients of different woody vegetation cover (open forests and shrublands) along with cattle production systems operating under a variety of management regimens and socio-environmental degradation conditions. Here, we assess land-use intensity effects on pollination and reproduction of Neltuma spp. and Sarcomphalus mistol. The studied species responded differently to land-use intensity. Pollination service and fruit production in the strict self-incompatible Neltuma spp. tended to decrease with increased land-use intensity. In contrast, both pollination and reproduction in S. mistol, which is able to set fruits with geitonogamous pollen, increased in the highest land-use intensity sites (silvopastoral system). In Neltuma spp., the highest values of fodder production (fruit set, fruit mass and total fruit per plant) were found in secondary forests (medium land-use intensity). The positive effects of land-use intensity on the reproduction of S. mistol could be related to the higher visitation frequency observed in these sites, especially from Apis mellifera, but also with the higher amounts of soil nitrates and light availability in these sites. The only two stingless bee species present in the region (Plebeia molesta and P. catamarcensis) played an important role in the reproduction of Neltuma species, increasing fodder production. Our results highlight the complexity of species response to land-use changes and underline the importance of thinking beyond the conservation of species to concentrate on preserving ecological interactions. Many key functional aspects of ecosystems functioning and ecosystem services provision closely depend on plant-animal interactions. Thus, the promotion of local production systems that allows the preservation of not only provision services but also plant-pollinator interactions is crucial to conserve these remaining arid Chaco forests and secure the livelihoods of local communities.

Forest restoration of landscapes benefits both biodiversity and multiple stakeholder groups. We examined how the concept of hybrid ecosystem restoration could be employed in invaded lowland wet forest in Hawai′i to examine biological, economic, and sociocultural benefits of restoration. We quantified the market prevalence of all species found within the Liko Nā Pilina experimental plots in comparison to an invaded lowland wet forest reference site with remnant native species. Using a combination of formal market and informal interviews with cultural practitioners, we examined the use of Non-timber Forest Products (NTFPs) from these species and determined the composition of native and introduced species. We found that the restoration experiment drastically increases the number of desirable species present onsite by more than five-fold, and that the majority of the NTFP species were introduced. Many different plant parts (e.g., stems, leaves, roots, flowers, and fruit) and most species in the restoration site were present in markets as raw and processed ingredients, with a majority sold as value-added products. The incorporation of agroforestry crops and native species is a multi-use perspective that greatly improves the condition of heavily-invaded forest ecosystems, and provides critical cultural and economic benefits to local people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conservation partnerships are institutional innovations for self-empowering so that people are no longer dependent on forest areas. Initially, it regulated the relationship between the rights of non-timber forest product collectors (NTFPs) and their obligation to maintain sustainability, such as in the Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park (BBSNP). The high interest in becoming members has not been matched by the optimal implementation of the program that has been implemented since 2018 in the BBSNP traditional zone. Characteristics and perceptions are considered to have an influence on people's behavior in utilizing NTFPs and being interested in becoming members of the partnership. The aim of this research is to analyze the influence of community characteristics and perceptions on the utilization of NTFPs and their desire to become members of the partnership. Data collection used interviews and literature studies, analyzed statistically inferentially in December 2022 by testing the partial least square structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) hypothesis using the Smart PLS.4.0 software for students with a sample of 62 respondents, namely the partnership permit applicant community. The results of the hypothesis test showed that the characteristics and utilization of NTFPs variables influenced the community's interest in becoming members of the conservation partnership. Perceptions affect the utilization of NTFPs variables. The use of NTFPs acts as a mediator between perceptions and interest in becoming a member. Misperceptions about conservation partnerships affect the implementation of the program. When public perceptions are improved through outreach activities, coaching etc will shape the character of the community to develop livelihoods and productive activities outside the area and stimulate voluntary leaving of the area without social conflict with area managers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As it is known that "reconnecting to nature" is essential for sustainability, there are few studies on why reconnecting humans to nature is essential and how it can be accomplished. This study is aimed at finding innovative, yet sustainable ways to reconnect people with nature. The objective of the paper is to enhance the biodiversity knowledge of local residents through conservation of non-timber forest products (NTFPs). In the study, urban respondents' knowledge about biodiversity with particular reference to non-timber forest products (NTFPs) was analysed for the first time. To achieve the objective of this study, participatory appraisal, one-on-one interviews, dual moderator focus groups, ethnographic field research, and semi-structured questionnaire were used. Plant name boards with local names and their NTFP values for the selected species were also installed. Results suggest that NTFP-producing species played a vital role in making people interested in biodiversity. It can be considered as one of the innovative ways to improve surrounding biodiversity, for further enhancing biodiversity knowledge, based on archival study and local community's knowledge about NTFP producing species, NTFPs plantation also done across the study area like parks, roadside, open space. This paper also explored how this study could contribute to the formulation of policies in terms of creating various urban green covers in Indian cities, following the strategies of joint forest management, social forestry, and agroforestry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forest provides services, directly linked to micro and macro environment, water and soil resources, plants and animals' diversity, food production and security and energy resources. This study contributes to other studies and growing literature on climate change impacts and adaptation strategies in the Congo Basin forest, particularly Cameroon's forest region. Mambioko has a four-season climate, with annual precipitation of 2000–3000 mm and temperature variations of 21.8–30.8 ◦C, most of its agriculture is rainfed. It has an evergreen or semi-deciduous rainforest corresponds to the ""humid"" and "low- and medium-altitude sub-humid" eco-floristic zones. This study is carried out to identify and assess climate change impacts on the livelihoods of forest-dependent communities in Mambioko community forest in Cameroon. Primary data were collected from 85 households; key informants, and focus group discussions and were supplemented with secondary data from a desk review of relevant literature. The study shows that climate change impacts the major livelihood activities of forest-dependent communities through prolonged drought, erratic rainfall patterns, and variability in rainfall intensity. Four of the critical activities of local communities impacted by climate change are agriculture, hunting, fishing and collecting non-timber forest products. People respond to the negative impacts by adopting simple irrigation systems, crop diversification, alternative livelihood activities, and increasing their farm sizes. This study concludes that future interventions to help forest-dependent communities cope with climate change impacts will require pursuing alternative non-climate-dependent livelihood activities, increasing access to climate information, and adopting sustainable agricultural and forest management practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Residents living adjacent to forests commonly gather non-timber forest products (NTFPs) for income, nourishment, ailment treatment, firewood, religious reasons, and artefacts. This study investigates local perceptions of the commercialisation and value addition of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) in forest-adjacent communities in Ghana. NTFPs are integral to food security and cultural practices. However, more is needed to know about local perceptions of these products' commercialisation and value addition. In this study, we collected data using a qualitative research approach through semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions with community members involved in NTFP collection and sales. To determine which NTFPs are collected, we interviewed 732 residents about their perception of value addition to the NTFPs collected and if value addition has impacted the commercialisation and quality of the products obtained from the forest. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse the data for the study. From the survey, frequencies and percentages of responses were analysed for each indicator related to value addition and commercialisation of NTFPs. The study found that 97.5% of those surveyed frequently visited the forest to gather different NTFPs. For example, mushrooms, snails, honey, and others were the most collected. Also, most interviewees do not process or add value to the NTFPs collected from the forest; thus, adding value to these NTFPs could increase incomes in the future. The findings indicate that locals have a variety of perceptions and understandings about commercialisation and value-addition processes. The study emphasises the importance of understanding local perceptions to develop effective strategies for the commercialisation and value addition of NTFPs. By incorporating the perceptions and insights of locals, interventions can be tailored to meet the needs and aspirations of forest-adjacent communities and promote sustainable resource management and equitable distribution of benefits. Future research should focus on educating locals about the value addition to NTFPs, and processes for increasing the price of NTFPs by adding value and commercialising these products. Proper commercialising of NTFPs may well help improve the lives of the locals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bamboo belongs to the grass family and is an important non-timber forest product in tropic and sub-tropic countries. The global trade of bamboo products is worth billions of dollars and is mainly dominant with monopodial bamboo grown in sub-tropic countries such as China and Japan. Many researchers globally discuss that in addition to species and region, bamboo quality can differ based on its rhizome types because the physiology is different for both monopodial and sympodial bamboo. However, there is a massive competition within the yearly forest products due to the challenges posed by underground root system in agroforestry. This review studied the properties of bamboo with regards to their differences in terms of monopodial and sympodial types of rhizomes. It was found that most of the structural, chemical organic, and mechanical properties are higher in monopodial bamboo, but there is a greater fibre morphology and decay resistance in the sympodial bamboo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pine nuts from stone pine are important non-wood forest products produced in Turkey. Thus, cooperative organizations engaged in the production and marketing of pine nuts play an important role in the development of forest villages in Turkey. This study reports and evaluates the effect of Kozak Subdistrict Agricultural Development Cooperative on economic development of the township. In this regard, a survey was conducted with 190 participants, and data were evaluated statistically. After villagers participated in this cooperative, forest villagers' income from pine nuts increased and constituted 59.8% of total household income. Although the cooperative has no effect on the animal production of forest villagers, it has positive effects on migration, income level, agricultural production, land used for pine nut cultivation, fuel use and standards of living. Therefore, the number of cooperatives utilizing non-wood forest products should be increased, and efforts should be made to conserve non-wood forest products to increase their added value and sustainable use in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) have a significant role as a local source of medicine, fiber, forage, and sustenance and offer income opportunities mainly in rural families. As sustainable use of NTFPs is imperative to provide ecosystem services and biological resources, this study focused on the identification and documentation of plant species used for NTFPs, their availability, and conservation status in Sera Forest, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia. The study applied a combination of plant ecological and ethnobotanical methods. Ethnobotanical data were gathered through semi-structured questionnaires and interviews which involved 206 randomly sampled general and 24 purposively selected key informants, group discussions, guided field walks, and market surveys. Data were analyzed and presented using analytical methods of ethnobotany, including descriptive statistics, informant consensus factor (ICF), and ranking. Species diversity, richness, and evenness were also computed using Shannon-Wiener diversity indices. A total of 137 plant species belonging to 49 families used as a source of NTFPs were documented from the study area. Eleven major use categories of the NTFPs were identified. Out of these, medicine, firewood, charcoal making, and construction materials were the most dominant uses requiring large volumes of NTFPs. Direct matrix ranking of plant species with multipurpose use revealed, that Hagenia abyssinica was ranked highest, followed by Olea europaea ssp cuspidata, Grewia mollis, Croton macrostachyus, Ximenia americana and Carissa spinarum. Local communities of the study area possess rich indigenous knowledge in the regulation of grazing and extraction of forest products, forest patrolling, firebreak clearance and maintenance, selective preservation of tree species and nursery activities focused on the restoration of indigenous woody species, which all help in using their natural resources for sustainable livelihood. Sera forest is rich in NTFP-bearing plants and associated indigenous conservation knowledge. However, nowadays illegal timber extraction, grazing, over-harvesting of NTFPs, farm expansion, and fire hazards are found to be threatening the plant resources, irrespective of the Participatory Forest Management (PFM) principles. Therefore, it is important to have strong evaluation and monitoring mechanisms for setting harvesting quantities and regulating types of collection. Besides developing a sense of ownership and responsibility, integrating their traditional forest management practices with modern conservation approaches is desirable for higher livelihood outcomes with lower environmental impacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Araucaria forests are currently threatened with extinction, due to the disorderly exploitation and disorderly sale of their wood in the easly 20th. In regions where these forests are available, farmers sell araucaria seeds, the pinhão nut, as a way of adding income. Non-timber forest products (NTFP) are a source of livelihood for traditional forest communities and local farmers, as well as an alternative for territorial development. To ensure the effective maintenance of forest germplasm sustainably, the collective participation of these communities, farmers, government, and society is necessary. This study analyzes the consumption of pine nuts and how this consumption can affect the conservation of araucaria forests. Free word association technique and exploratory research were performed and a questionnaire containing 18 questions. The exploratory factorial analysis showed that four factors were sufficient to measure the main characteristics that should be considered to helps in the development of a production chain that benefits communities dependent on these resources, thereby encouraging the protection of forests. It was concluded that the conservation of the araucaria is linked to the perception of the consumers and that the valorization of the pinhão is only possible through the integration of farmers who are adept at sustainable agriculture, and society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Suku Anak Dalam (SAD) in the Bukit Dua Belas National Park region of Jambi produce jernang, one of the non-timber forest products, and it has promise as a sunscreen because it contains polyphenolic chemicals that may absorb UV radiation. The purpose of this study is to ascertain the Sun Protection Factor (SPF) of jernang sunscreen and its physical characteristics. The 1% (FI), 2% (FII), and 3% (FIII) jernang resin concentrations were used to create jernang sunscreen. Organoleptic, pH, homogeneity, viscosity, stickiness, spreadability, kind of cream, and stability are examples of physical qualities. The results indicated that, while all sunscreen formulae have SPF values ranging from 11.87 to 12.69, in the extra-protection category, the SPF value reached decreased with increasing jernang resin content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

natural resins, gums (nrGs) are the most extensively used and traded non-timber forest products (ntFPs) other than directly consumed products. the present field-based study reports the natural gum, resin and gum-resin yielding plants and the specific parts from which the products extract from plants by local people in telangana, India. the result of the present report reveals ninety plant taxa belong to 63 genera and 23 families that predominated by Fabaceae with 36 plant taxa, followed by Malvaceae (12 spp.), combretaceae, Anacardiaceae and rubiaceae (5 spp. each), Arecaceae (Palmae) (4 spp.), and about thirteen families with single species each. telangana is one of the most important contributors and collectors of nrGs from Firmiana simplex, Anogeissus latifolia, cochlospermum religiosum and Boswellia serrata in India to generate maximum commerce. the present study outcome can be used by policy makers, scientific community, forest authorities and local people for bio-discovery of plant-based gums and resins sustainably. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was carried out in Paralakhemundi forest division on randomly selected 80 respondents. The data were collected through a structured survey questionnaire, analyzed with appropriate statistical methods. It was observed that in the study area, the respondents met their food and income needs from various livelihood activities like collection of NTFPs, wage earning, agriculture, livestock rearing, services and allied activities. Maximum number of the respondents practiced agricultural work in their own land and leased land (84.00%). Most of the respondents (72%) were involved in NTFPs collection. Maximum employment (31.7%) was generated from agriculture followed by NTFPs collection (25.0%). Agriculture generated the highest income per household per year (35.82%) as majority of the population had own land, followed by NTFPs (22.38%). NTFPs like Siali leaf, Harida, Bahada, amla, Mahula and tamarind were collected at the forest site. Out of all the NTFPs collected by the respondents, all NTFPs were collected seasonally. Almost every household of the surveyed area was involved in collection of tamarind, Mahula, Harida, Bahada etc. Highest net return was obtained from Mahula (Rs 3,120) followed by Siali leaf (Rs 1,800), amla (Rs 1,350), tamarind (Rs 860), Harida (Rs 270) and Bahada (Rs 100). The total income from the NTFPs was about Rs 7,500 per household. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Domingo de Ramos, or Palm Sunday, is a traditional Christian religious event where devotees use ramos, which are bouquets currently elaborated from palm leaves and other natural elements. In various countries, it is assumed this use of biodiversity leads to the depletion of the species involved. However, other important aspects must be considered, including the role of the people who produce and sell these ramos, the associated symbolism that has been overlooked, as well as commercial aspects that have barely been documented. This ethnobotanical study evaluates the regional-scale cultural, biological and socioeconomic aspects associated with Domingo de Ramos in central Mexico from an emic perspective. Methods: Ethnographic and commercial information was obtained through interviews with ramos sellers in 28 municipalities in the state of Hidalgo, Mexico. We specifically sought sociodemographic data regarding the interviewees, as well as information pertaining to the ramos themselves and the palms. These aspects were explored with all of the sellers. The free list method was used to describe the uses and key elements associated with the ramos. Results: Although the ramos are used for religious purposes, they have eight different uses in the daily life of the sellers, the main one being "protection." They serve to protect families, crops and animals, as well as against several diseases. Likewise, they are considered valuable for diminishing strong storms. This belief in the protection conferred by the ramos preserves pre-Hispanic concepts and is combined with their use in blessing corresponding to Western beliefs. Ramos are made from 35 introduced and native plant species and comprise a base (made of palm, wheat or sotol), a "reliquia" (palm, rosemary, chamomile and laurel) and natural or artificial flowers. The ramos sellers are mostly adult women of indigenous origin and heads of family. Conclusions: This study of Domingo de Ramos, carried out at a regional scale, highlights a syncretism that is reflected in both the symbolic importance of ramos palm and in the species used, as well as socioeconomic aspects that had not previously been identified in the study area and reflect the occurrence of complex relationships in non-timber forest products that remain little addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The utilization of forest fruits for wood production is an important aspect of sustainable forestry and natural resource management. Forests play a critical role in supporting the biodiversity of our planet, providing habitat for wildlife, carbon sequestration, employment opportunities, revenue generation, and valuable non-timber forest products, such as fruits, nuts, and medicinal plants, which have been used by local communities for centuries. However, forests are also important sources of timber, and the demand for timber has led to unsustainable logging practices and deforestation in many parts of the world. This has resulted in the loss of biodiversity, degradation of ecosystem services, and negative impacts on local communities that depend on forests for their livelihoods. The utilization of forest fruits for wood production has emerged as a potential solution to balance the demand for timber with the need to maintain healthy and productive forests. By harvesting fruits from trees that also produce valuable wood, local communities can generate income and meet their basic needs without resorting to unsustainable logging practices. The significance of this study lies in the potential to promote sustainable forest management practices that integrate both timber and non-timber forest products. Conclusively, the utilization of forest fruit trees for wood production can contribute to the goal of sustainable forest management and the conservation of forest biodiversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]