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Objectives Parents of children with medical complexity are often expected to implement complicated plans of care, such as enteral tube feeding, to support the health of their child. Enteral feeding can have psychosocial implications for the parent, child, and family. Blenderized tube feeding (BTF) refers to the administration of pureed food and drinks through a feeding tube. Little is known regarding parents' experiences with BTF. Therefore, the purpose of this qualitative study was to understand the lived experience of BTF from the parent's perspective. Methods This qualitative study was a grounded theory analysis utilizing semi-structured interviews of parents who provided at least 50% of their child's diet through BTF. Participants were recruited using purposive sampling from the Complex Care Program at a tertiary care paediatric centre. Interviews were conducted until thematic saturation was achieved. Themes were identified using constant comparative analysis of transcribed interviews. Results Parents (n=10) felt that BTF positively affected the experience of tube feeding and enhanced their child's health and wellbeing. Parents described BTF as a means of self-empowerment and a mechanism to normalize feeding and care for the entire family. Despite reporting BTF as more time consuming than formula feeding, all parents were satisfied with having made the change, and planned on continuing the diet. Conclusion BTFs can improve the experience of tube feeding and positively address some of the negative psychosocial implications of enteral tube feeding, providing a sense of normalcy and control for parents caring for a child with medical complexity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives To determine whether a change in clinical management (e.g. new tracheostomy or adenotonsillectomy) occurred following a polysomnogram (PSG) in children with medical complexity (CMC) and to explore whether families' goals of care (regarding results and treatment implications) were discussed prior to the completion of a PSG. Methods All CMC enrolled in a complex care program at the Hospital for Sick Children, Canada, who underwent a baseline PSG from 2009 to 2015 were identified. Exclusion criteria included (1) PSGs for ventilation titration and (2) PSGs outside the study time frame. Health records were retrospectively reviewed to determine demographics, medical histories, families' wishes, PSG results, and their impact on clinical care. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize results. Results Of 145 patients identified, 96 patients met inclusion criteria. Fifty (52%) were male. Median age was 3 years. Forty-eight (50%) were diagnosed with clinically significant (i.e. moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnea, central sleep apnea, and/or hypoventilation) sleep-related breathing disorders. Of those diagnosed, 9 (19%) had surgery, 25 (52%) underwent respiratory technology initiation, and 3 (6%) underwent both. In the remaining 11 (23%) patients, treatment was either considered too risky or did not align with the families' wishes. Only 3 of 96 patients had clear documentation of their families' wishes prior to PSG completion. Conclusion Recognizing the burden of medical tests for both the child and the health care system, a process of shared-decision making that includes clarifying a family's wishes may be prudent prior to conducting a PSG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The COVID-19 pandemic has had dramatic effects on the lives of children globally. However, socially vulnerable children have been particularly impacted. Certain populations have increased vulnerabilities, including children and youth experiencing homelessness. Increased infection risk due to congregant living and challenges with physical distancing are contributing factors. An urgent need exists for a wholistic approach to care with unique cross-sectoral partnerships across disciplines. A recognition of the unintended consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic on this population is urgently required by all those supporting children. Families should receive direct support in clinical settings to identify their social needs. Partnership with community agencies and advocacy for appropriate isolation facilities for patients experiencing homelessness are critical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The start of a parenting journey in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) presents many stressors to parents. Previous research has shown parents of infants admitted to the NICU experience heightened stress, anxiety, and depression. Mental health support varies across Canadian NICUs with mixed results. One promising intervention that has not been explored in the NICU is Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), a behavioural therapy that has had positive mental health-related outcomes in similar parental populations. ACT differs from previous mental health interventions such as traditional Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) as it involves mindfulness and acceptance to increase psychological flexibility. Increased psychological flexibility is linked to greater emotional well-being, a higher quality of life, and decreased stress, anxiety, and depression. There is a need for research investigating the utility of ACT in improving mental health outcomes for parents of preterm infants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé: Contexte: Les facteurs de risque de complications graves de l'infection par le SRAS-CoV-2 n'ont pas été bien établis chez les enfants. Nous avons voulu décrire les hospitalisations pédiatriques associées au SRAS-CoV-2 au Canada et identifier les facteurs de risque de maladie grave. Méthodes: Nous avons procédé à une étude prospective nationale en utilisant l'infrastructure du Programme canadien de surveillance pédiatrique (PCSP). Les hospitalisations d'enfants ayant contracté une infection par le SRAS-CoV-2 confirmée en laboratoire de microbiologie ont été rapportées du 8 avril au 31 décembre 2020 au moyen de questionnaires hebdomadaires en ligne distribués au réseau du PCSP, qui compte plus de 2800 pédiatres. Nous avons catégorisé les hospitalisations comme suit : liées à la COVID-19, infections découvertes fortuitement, ou hospitalisations pour des raisons sociales ou de contrôle des infections, et dégagé les facteurs de risque associés à la gravité de la maladie chez les patients hospitalisés. Résultats: Sur les 264 hospitalisations d'enfants ayant contracté le SRAS-CoV-2 au cours de la période de l'étude de 9 mois, 150 (56,8 %) ont été associées à la COVID-19 et 100 (37,9 %) étaient des cas découverts fortuitement (admission pour d'autres raisons et découverte fortuite du SRAS-CoV-2 par dépistage positif). Les nourrissons (37,3 %) et les adolescents (29,6 %) représentaient la majorité des cas. Parmi les hospitalisations liées à la COVID-19, 52 patients (34,7 %) étaient atteints d'une forme grave de la maladie, dont 42 (28,0 % des cas liés à la COVID-19) ont eu besoin d'une forme d'assistance respiratoire ou hémodynamique, et 59 (39,3 %) présentaient au moins 1 comorbidité sous-jacente. Les enfants atteints d'obésité, de maladies neurologiques chroniques ou de maladies pulmonaires chroniques, à l'exclusion de l'asthme, étaient plus susceptibles de présenter une forme grave ou critique de la COVID-19. Interprétation: Parmi les enfants hospitalisés au Canada chez lesquels on a diagnostiqué une infection par le SRAS-CoV-2 au début de la pandémie de COVID-19, la découverte fortuite du SRAS-CoV-2 a été fréquente. Chez les enfants hospitalisés pour une COVID-19 aiguë, l'obésité et les comorbidités neurologiques et respiratoires ont été associées à une gravité accrue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Risk factors for severe outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 infection are not well established in children. We sought to describe pediatric hospital admissions associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection in Canada and identify risk factors for more severe disease.Methods: We conducted a national prospective study using the infrastructure of the Canadian Paediatric Surveillance Program (CPSP). Cases involving children who were admitted to hospital with microbiologically confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection were reported from Apr. 8 to Dec. 31 2020, through weekly online questionnaires distributed to the CPSP network of more than 2800 pediatricians. We categorized hospital admissions as related to COVID-19, incidental, or for social or infection control reasons and determined risk factors for disease severity in hospital.Results: Among 264 hospital admissions involving children with SARS-CoV-2 infection during the 9-month study period, 150 (56.8%) admissions were related to COVID-19 and 100 (37.9%) were incidental infections (admissions for other reasons and found to be positive for SARS-CoV-2 on screening). Infants (37.3%) and adolescents (29.6%) represented most cases. Among hospital admissions related to COVID-19, 52 (34.7%) had critical disease, 42 (28.0%) of whom required any form of respiratory or hemodynamic support, and 59 (39.3%) had at least 1 underlying comorbidity. Children with obesity, chronic neurologic conditions or chronic lung disease other than asthma were more likely to have severe or critical COVID-19.Interpretation: Among children who were admitted to hospital with SARS-CoV-2 infection in Canada during the early COVID-19 pandemic period, incidental SARS-CoV-2 infection was common. In children admitted with acute COVID-19, obesity and neurologic and respiratory comorbidities were associated with more severe disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Children with medical complexity (CMC) require the expertise of many care providers spanning different disciplines, institutions, and settings of care. This leads to duplicate health records, breakdowns in communication, and limited opportunities to provide comprehensive, collaborative care. The objectives of this study were to explore communication challenges and solutions/recommendations from multiple perspectives including (i) parents, (ii) HCPs - hospital and community providers, and (iii) teachers of CMC with a goal of informing patient care.Methods: This qualitative study utilized an interpretive description methodology. In-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with parents and care team members of CMC. The interview guides targeted questions surrounding communication, coordination, access to information and roles in the health system. Interviews were conducted until thematic saturation was reached. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and coded and analyzed using thematic analysis.Results: Thirty-two individual interviews were conducted involving parents (n = 16) and care team members (n = 16). Interviews revealed 2 main themes and several associated subthemes (in parentheses): (1) Communication challenges in the care of CMC (organizational policy and technology systems barriers, inadequate access to health information, and lack of partnership in care) (2) Communication solutions (shared systems that can be accessed in real-time, universal access to health information, and partnered contribution to care).Conclusion: Parents, HCPs, and teachers face multiple barriers to communication and information accessibility in their efforts to care for CMC. Parents and care providers in this study suggested potential strategies to improve communication including facilitating communication in real-time, universal access to health information and meaningful partnerships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Although COVID-19 vaccine safety in 5-11-year-old children has been documented, half of Ontarian children this age remain unvaccinated. This study aimed to assess caregivers' vaccine acceptance for 5-11-year-old children and identify factors associated with vaccine non-acceptance., Methods: A multi-language self-administered survey was sent to caregivers of 5-11-year-old children through schools and community health centers within the Greater Toronto Area from April-July 2022. Sociodemographic characteristics and immunization behaviours were collected for caregivers, their 5-11-year-old children, and any older siblings. The primary outcome, COVID-19 vaccine acceptance, was previous uptake of COVID-19 vaccine or caregiver intent to vaccinate for their 5-11-year-old child. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and multivariable logistic regression., Results: In total, 807 caregivers were included in analysis. Although 93 % of caregivers had received two doses of COVID-19 vaccine, 77 % had a 5-11-year-old child who received at least one dose of vaccine. Caregivers age was associated with vaccine acceptance (vs. < 40 years; adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 2.1, 95 % confidence interval [CI] 1.4-3.1 for ages 40-49; aOR 2.8, 95 % CI 1.1-7.1 for ages ≥50 years). Immunization factors associated with vaccine acceptance included caregiver COVID-19 vaccination (aOR 38.1 vs. unvaccinated caregivers; 95 % CI 15.8-92.3), older siblings COVID-19 vaccination (aOR 49.2 vs. unvaccinated siblings; 95 % CI 18.3-132.3), and recent influenza vaccination for the child (aOR 6.9 vs. no influenza vaccine; 95 % CI 4.6-10.5). Among 189 caregivers with unvaccinated 5-11-year-old children, the most common reasons for non-acceptance were concerns about long-term side effects (59 %), lack of experience vaccinating children (41 %), and concerns that vaccines were developed too quickly (39 %)., Conclusion: Acceptance of COVID-19 vaccination for 5-11-year-old children were associated with caregiver vaccine behaviors and sociodemographic factors. These findings highlight groups of caregivers that can be targeted for educational interventions and concerns that may be addressed to increase vaccine confidence., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Shaun K. Morris reports a relationship with GlaxoSmithKline that includes: speaking and lecture fees. Shaun K. Morris reports a relationship with BioMerieux that includes: speaking and lecture fees. Shaun K. Morris reports a relationship with Pfizer that includes: consulting or advisory and funding grants. Shaun K. Morris reports a relationship with Merck that includes: consulting or advisory. Shaun K. Morris reports a relationship with Sanofi Pasteur that includes: consulting or advisory. Shaun K. Morris reports a relationship with Apotex that includes: consulting or advisory. If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Objective: To describe the mental health trajectories of caregivers of children with medical complexity (CMC) and explore child characteristics associated with below-average caregiver mental health., Design: A secondary analysis of prospectively collected data from 123 caregivers of children aged <16 years with medical complexity from a multicentre randomised trial conducted from December 2016 to June 2021., Main Outcome Measure: The Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System Global Mental Health Scale was used to measure caregivers' self-reported mental health well-being. Group-based trajectory analysis was used to identify clusters of caregivers with similar changes in mental health across 24 months. Logistic regression was used to identify child-related predictors of mental health among caregivers., Results: A final model with three distinct groups was selected, corresponding to caregivers with average (n=39), moderately below-average (n=65) and severely below-average (n=19) mental health scores, all with stable trajectories and high posterior probabilities (>90%). Moderately and severely below-average caregiver mental health groups, merged into one group, were associated with a greater number of child medical technology devices (adjusted OR (aOR) 1.44, 95% CI 1.01 to 2.04), gross motor difficulties (aOR 3.51, 95% CI 1.02 to 12.05) and worse child emotional (aOR 0.93, 95% CI 0.87 to 0.99) and psychological well-being (aOR 0.93, 95% CI 0.88 to 0.99)., Conclusion: Most caregivers of CMC reported persistently below-average mental health. The intensity of caregiving, as indicated by medical technology and child functional needs, is a potential risk factor for below-average caregiver mental health. Future design and evaluation of interventions focused on support for caregivers of CMC are warranted., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2024. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Background: There are limited data on the viral dynamics of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in children. Understanding viral load changes over the course of illness and duration of viral shedding may provide insight into transmission dynamics to inform public health and infection-control decisions., Methods: We conducted a prospective cohort study of children aged 18 years and younger with polymerase chain reaction-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 between 1 February 2022 and 14 March 2022. SARS-CoV-2 testing occurred on daily samples for 10 days; a subset of participants completed daily rapid antigen tests (RATs). Viral RNA trajectories were described in relation to symptom onset and resolution. The associations between both time since symptom onset/resolution and non-infectious viral load were evaluated using a Cox proportional hazards model., Results: Among 101 children aged 2 to 17 years, the median time to study-defined non-infectious viral load was 5 days post-symptom onset, with 75% meeting this threshold by 7 days and 90% by 10 days. On the day of and day after symptom resolution, 43 (49%) and 52 (60%) of 87 had met the non-infectious thresholds, respectively. Of the 50 participants completing a RAT, positivity at symptom onset and on the day after symptom onset was 67% (16/24) and 75% (14/20). On the first day where the non-infectious threshold was met, 61% (n = 27/44) of participant RAT results were positive., Conclusions: Children often met the study-defined non-infectiousness threshold on the day after symptom resolution. The RATs were often negative early in the course of illness and should not be relied on to exclude infection. Clinical Trials Registration. clinicaltrials.org; NCT05240183., Competing Interests: Potential conflicts of interest. L. M. reports support for attending meetings and/or travel from Queen's University and Northern Ontario Medical School Public Health and Preventive Medicine residency programs to travel to and attend residency program events in 2022; other financial or nonfinancial interests: employment as a Public Health Physician at Public Health Ontario. C. B. B. reports voluntary unpaid leadership or a fiduciary role as the Board Chair of Kennedy House. P. J. reports payment as an expert witness on vaccine mandates for universities, hospitals, and municipalities from Hicks Morley Hamilton Stewart Storie LLP, City of Toronto, and Baker McKenzie LLP; other financial or nonfinancial interests: Abbott Vascular, Terumo, serves as an unpaid member of the steering group of trials funded by Abbott Vascular (EXCEL trial: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01205776; comparing XIENCE Stent in subjects with unprotected left main coronary artery disease with coronary artery bypass graft surgery; no active involvement for >3 years, no co-authored publication but still listed as an original member of the statistical executive committee) and Terumo (MASTER DAPT trial: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT0302 3020; comparing abbreviated DAPT (dual antiplatelet therapy) with prolonged DAPT in patients with a drug-eluting stent; ongoing active involvement as a member of the steering group). All other authors report no potential conflicts. All authors have submitted the ICMJE Form for Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest. Conflicts that the editors consider relevant to the content of the manuscript have been disclosed., (© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Infectious Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Background: Nasogastric tube (NGT) feeding is used for children unable to tolerate adequate nutrition orally to sustain growth and development. This vulnerable population is at risk of gaps in care because they often lack a medical home due to the transitional nature of the technology. This study explores perspectives and challenges of family caregivers (FCs) of children requiring NGTs transitioning from hospital to home., Methods: Semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted with FCs at the Hospital for Sick Children and Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario. Research ethics approval was obtained (SK REB# 1000064641, CHEO REB# 19/133X). Written informed consent was obtained., Results: Thirteen interviews revealed FCs feeling overwhelmed and uncomfortable with first communication of the NGT but learned to manage NGTs with training and virtual care support over time. Initial transition home was described as challenging due to physical, emotional, and financial strain associated with constant management of NGTs., Conclusions: Our study describes the importance of emotional support and additional time for decision making during initial communication to FCs of their child's NGT need, and access to specialized healthcare professionals after transitioning home. Future programs should focus on personalized education and psychosocial support for FCs of children with NGTs at home., Impact: This study delves into the challenges faced by family caregivers (FCs) of children requiring nasogastric tube (NGT) feeding when returning home from the hospital. There is a pressing need for more time for FC decision-making and emotional support during the initial communication of the need for an NGT for their child. In addition, FCs require ongoing 24/7 support including access to healthcare professionals specialized in NGT care after the initial transition home. The study highlights the need for personalized education and psychosocial supports for FCs of children with NGTs to improve their experiences at home., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to the International Pediatric Research Foundation, Inc.)

Background: Paediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome (PIMS) is a rare condition temporally associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Using national surveillance data, we compare presenting features and outcomes among children hospitalized with PIMS by SARS-CoV-2 linkage, and identify risk factors for intensive care (ICU)., Methods: Cases were reported to the Canadian Paediatric Surveillance Program by a network of >2800 pediatricians between March 2020 and May 2021. Patients with positive versus negative SARS-CoV-2 linkages were compared, with positive linkage defined as any positive molecular or serologic test or close contact with confirmed COVID-19. ICU risk factors were identified with multivariable modified Poisson regression., Results: We identified 406 children hospitalized with PIMS, including 49.8% with positive SARS-CoV-2 linkages, 26.1% with negative linkages, and 24.1% with unknown linkages. The median age was 5.4 years (IQR 2.5-9.8), 60% were male, and 83% had no comorbidities. Compared to cases with negative linkages, children with positive linkages experienced more cardiac involvement (58.8% vs. 37.4%; p < 0.001), gastrointestinal symptoms (88.6% vs. 63.2%; p < 0.001), and shock (60.9% vs. 16.0%; p < 0.001). Children aged ≥6 years and those with positive linkages were more likely to require ICU., Conclusions: Although rare, 30% of PIMS hospitalizations required ICU or respiratory/hemodynamic support, particularly those with positive SARS-CoV-2 linkages., Impact: We describe 406 children hospitalized with paediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome (PIMS) using nationwide surveillance data, the largest study of PIMS in Canada to date. Our surveillance case definition of PIMS did not require a history of SARS-CoV-2 exposure, and we therefore describe associations of SARS-CoV-2 linkages on clinical features and outcomes of children with PIMS. Children with positive SARS-CoV-2 linkages were older, had more gastrointestinal and cardiac involvement, and hyperinflammatory laboratory picture. Although PIMS is rare, one-third required admission to intensive care, with the greatest risk amongst those aged ≥6 years and those with a SARS-CoV-2 linkage., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to the International Pediatric Research Foundation, Inc.)

Objectives: This qualitative descriptive study explores the experiences of family caregivers (FCs) of children with medical complexity who are initiated on new medical technology in the hospital and transition to new daily life at home. The study aims to investigate FCs' response and readiness for medical technology use, the value of education and transition support and the challenges associated with managing new medical technology in the home., Study Design: A qualitative descriptive approach was used to conduct and analyse 14 semistructured interviews with a group of FCs composed of 11 mothers and 3 fathers. Content analysis was used to analyse transcripts of the caregiver interviews. The study was conducted at a tertiary paediatric hospital in Toronto, Canada., Results: Our study revealed three main themes: FC's response and readiness for medical technology use, the value of education and transition support for initiation of new medical technology and the challenges associated with managing new medical technology in the home. FCs expressed emotional distress related to coping with the realisation that their child required medical technology. Although the theoretical and hands-on practice training instilled confidence in families, FCs reported feeling overwhelmed when they transitioned home with new medical technology. Finally, FCs reported significant psychological, emotional and financial challenges while caring for their technology-dependent child., Conclusions: Our study reveals the unique challenges faced by FCs who care for technology-dependent children. These findings highlight the need to implement a comprehensive education and transition programme that provides longitudinal support for all aspects of care., Competing Interests: Competing interests: No, there are no competing interests., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2023. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Objectives: Due to their medical and technology dependence, families of children with medical complexity (CMC) have significant costs associated with care. Financial impact on families in general have been described, but detailed exploration of expenses in specific categories has not been systematically explored. Our objective was to describe out-of-pocket (OOP) expenses incurred by caregivers of CMC and to determine factors associated with increased expenditures., Methods: This is a secondary observational analysis of data primary caregiver-reported OOP expenses as part of a randomized control trial conducted in Ontario, Canada. Caregivers completed questionnaires reporting OOP costs. Descriptive statistics were utilized to report OOP expenses and a linear regression model was conducted., Results: 107 primary caregivers of CMC were included. The median (IQR) age of participants was 34.5 years (30.5 to 40.5) and 83.2% identified as the mother. The majority were married or common-law (86.9%) and 50.5% were employed. The participant's children [median (IQR) age 4.5 (2.2 to 9.7); 57.9% male] most commonly had a neurological/neuromuscular primary diagnosis (46.1%) and 88% utilized medical technology. Total OOP expenses were $8,639 CDN annually (IQR = $4,661 to $31,326) with substantial expenses related to childcare/homemaking, travel to appointments, hospitalizations, and device costs. No factors associated with greater likelihood of OOP expenses were identified. A P-value of <0.05 was considered significant., Conclusion: Caregivers of CMC incur significant OOP expenses related to the care of their children resulting in financial burden. Future exploration of the financial impact on caregiver productivity, employment, and identification of resources to mitigate OOP expenses will be important for this patient population., Competing Interests: EC is a member of the editorial board of Paediatrics & Child Health. Another editor was assigned to oversee the editorial and peer review stages of this manuscript. There are no other disclosures. All authors have submitted the ICMJE Form for Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest. Conflicts that the editors consider relevant to the content of the manuscript have been disclosed., (© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Canadian Paediatric Society. All rights reserved. For commercial re-use, please contact reprints@oup.com for reprints and translation rights for reprints. All other permissions can be obtained through our RightsLink service via the Permissions link on the article page on our site—for further information please contact journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Background: Children with medical complexity (CMC) are individuals with complex chronic conditions who have substantial health care needs, functional limitations, and significant use of health care. By nature of their health status, they have many care providers across multiple settings, making information sharing critical to their health and safety. Connecting2gether (C2), a web- and mobile-based patient-facing platform, was codeveloped with families to support and empower parental caregivers, improve information sharing, and facilitate care delivery. C2 also provided a live platform coach to conduct parental feedback and coaching sessions, which included answering questions, providing advice on usage, and addressing technological issues., Objective: This study was conducted to understand the experience of parental caregivers using the C2 platform and the role of the live platform coach. This study is a subset of a larger study assessing the feasibility of C2 in the care of CMC., Methods: Parental caregivers (n=33) participated in biweekly sessions to provide feedback and receive real-time platform use support from a trained research team member acting as a live platform coach. Parental caregivers were asked about the utility and usability of C2's features. Questions, platform issues, and feedback were recorded on a standardized electronic data collection tool. A thematic analysis was performed to analyze parental comments, and codes were categorized into key themes. The number of comments corresponding with each code was quantified., Results: A total of 166 parental feedback and coaching sessions were conducted, with an average of 5 sessions per parental caregiver (range 1-7). There were 33 (85%) parental caregivers that participated in at least one coaching session. Technical issues and difficulties navigating C2 were addressed in real time during the sessions to encourage platform engagement. Four key themes were identified: (1) live platform coach, (2) barriers to platform usage and technical challenges, (3) platform requests and modifications, and (4) parent partnership and empowerment., Conclusions: Parental caregivers describe C2 as a valuable tool, acting as a facilitator for enhanced care coordination and communication. Parental caregiver feedback showed that the live platform coach was a critical tool in educating on platform use and addressing technological concerns. Further study of the use of the C2 platform and its role in the care of CMC is needed to understand the possible benefits and cost-effectiveness of this technology., (©Ainslie Claire Shouldice, Madison Beatty, Sherri Adams, Blossom Dharmaraj, Clara Moore, Jennifer Nan Stinson, Arti Desai, Leah Bartlett, Erin Culbert, Eyal Cohen, Julia Orkin. Originally published in JMIR Pediatrics and Parenting (https://pediatrics.jmir.org), 05.07.2023.)

Importance: Children with medical complexity (CMC) have chronic conditions and high health needs and may experience fragmented care., Objective: To compare the effectiveness of a structured complex care program, Complex Care for Kids Ontario (CCKO), with usual care., Design, Setting, and Participants: This randomized clinical trial used a waitlist variation for randomizing patients from 12 complex care clinics in Ontario, Canada, over 2 years. The study was conducted from December 2016 to June 2021. Participants were identified based on complex care clinic referral and randomly allocated into an intervention group, seen at the next available clinic appointment, or a control group that was placed on a waitlist to receive the intervention after 12 months., Intervention: Assignment of a nurse practitioner-pediatrician dyad partnering with families in a structured complex care clinic to provide intensive care coordination and comprehensive plans of care., Main Outcomes and Measures: Co-primary outcomes, assessed at baseline and at 6, 12, and 24 months postrandomization, were service delivery indicators from the Family Experiences With Coordination of Care that scored (1) coordination of care among health care professionals, (2) coordination of care between health care professionals and families, and (3) utility of care planning tools. Secondary outcomes included child and parent health outcomes and child health care system utilization and cost., Results: Of 144 participants randomized, 141 had complete health administrative data, and 139 had complete baseline surveys. The median (IQR) age of the participants was 29 months (9-102); 83 (60%) were male. At 12 months, scores for utility of care planning tools improved in the intervention group compared with the waitlist group (adjusted odds ratio, 9.3; 95% CI, 3.9-21.9; P < .001), with no difference between groups for the other 2 co-primary outcomes. There were no group differences for secondary outcomes of child outcomes, parent outcomes, and health care system utilization and cost. At 24 months, when both groups were receiving the intervention, no primary outcome differences were observed. Total health care costs in the second year were lower for the intervention group (median, CAD$17 891; IQR, 6098-61 346; vs CAD$37 524; IQR, 9338-119 547 [US $13 415; IQR, 4572-45 998; vs US $28 136; IQR, 7002-89 637]; P = .01)., Conclusions and Relevance: The CCKO program improved the perceived utility of care planning tools but not other outcomes at 1 year. Extended evaluation periods may be helpful in assessing pediatric complex care interventions., Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02928757.

Background: Direct comparisons of paediatric hospitalizations for acute coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) can inform health system planning. We describe the absolute and relative hospital burden of acute paediatric COVID-19 and MIS-C in Canada., Methods: This national prospective study was conducted via the Canadian Paediatric Surveillance Program from March 2020-May 2021. Children younger than 18 years old and hospitalized for acute COVID-19 or MIS-C were included in the analysis. Outcomes included supplemental oxygen (low-flow oxygen or high-flow nasal cannula), ventilation (non-invasive or conventional mechanical), vasopressors, paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) admission, or death. Adjusted risk differences (aRD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated to identify factors associated with each diagnosis., Results: Overall, we identified 330 children hospitalized for acute COVID-19 (including five deaths) and 208 hospitalized for MIS-C (including zero deaths); PICU admission was required for 49.5% of MIS-C hospitalizations versus 18.2% of acute COVID-19 hospitalizations (aRD 20.3; 95% CI, 9.9-30.8). Resource use differed by age, with children younger than one year hospitalized more often for acute COVID-19 (aRD 43.4% versus MIS-C; 95% CI, 37.7-49.1) and more children 5-11 years hospitalized for MIS-C (aRD 38.9% vs. acute COVID-19; 95% CI, 31.0-46.9)., Conclusion: While there were more hospitalizations and deaths from acute paediatric COVID-19, MIS-C cases were more severe, requiring more intensive care and vasopressor support. Our findings suggest that both acute COVID-19 and MIS-C should be considered when assessing the overall burden of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in hospitalized children., Competing Interests: Competing interests CMH is the Director of Children’s Mental Health of Ontario, and the Director of Medical Affairs for the Canadian Paediatric Society and Canadian Paediatric Surveillance Program. MPM has received consulting fees from Sobin and Abbvie and payment for expert testimony from the Canadian Medical Protective Association. RAB has received honoraria and participated in advisory boards with SOBI, Roche, Amgen, and AbbVie. KB served as Past President of the Community Paediatrics Section of the Canadian Paediatric Society and has received royalties from Brush Education. TLB is an employee of the Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC). KC is Chair of the Acute Care Committee of the Canadian Paediatric Society and is past-president of the Emergency Medicine Section of the Canadian Paediatric Society. EJD is Chair of the Scientific Research Committee and a director of Epilepsy Canada. She is also a member of Partners Against Mortality in Epilepsy and the advisory boards of Cardiol, Pendopharm and Stoke Therapeutics. CF is Chair of the Scientific Steering Committee for the Canadian Paediatric Surveillance Program, former Chair of the Specialty Committee in Paediatrics of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada, former president of the Canadian Paediatric Society, and member of the Executive as Secretary of the Canadian Critical Care Society. She has received reimbursement for travel expenses from Canadian Paediatric Society and the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada. She has also received an honorarium for a presentation at a continuing education conference from the Université de Sherbrooke. SF is the President of the Association of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Disease Canada and has received consulting fees from Toronto Metropolitan University. RML has received honoraria for serving as a consultant to Sobi, Novartis, Sanofi, and Eli Lilly, as chair for data monitoring committees for Eli Lilly and Novartis, and from the Canadian Rheumatology Association. JP has received consultant fees from AbbVie, honoraria from AbbVie, AstraZeneca and Seegene, and he received respiratory virus testing materials from Seegene for his institution. He has participated in ad hoc advisory board meetings for AbbVie and Merck and is a voting member of the National Advisory Committee on Immunization. RP is a consultant for Verity Pharmaceuticals. MS is supported via salary awards from the BC Children’s Hospital Foundation and the Michael Smith Foundation for Health Research and has been an investigator on projects funded by GlaxoSmithKline, Merck, Moderna, Pfizer, Sanofi-Pasteur, Seqirus, Symvivo and VBI Vaccines. All funds have been paid to his institute, and he has not received any personal payments. MIS is an employee of the Public Health Agency of Canada. EH has participated in advisory board meetings of CSL-Behring and Takeda, data safety monitoring boards of Rocket Pharmaceutical and Jasper Therapeutics, and has patent applications with Immugenia and Immune Biosolutions. RS has received honoraria and served on an advisory board and as a consultant with Novartis, honoraria from Canadian Rheumatology Association, is a board member for Rheumatology for All, and her institution receives funding from Bristol Myers Squibb for a patient registry for which she is Principal Investigator. RSMY has received grant funding from CFI, CIHR, Genome Canada, PHAC and the COVID-19 Immunity Task Force, and The Arthritis Society; is a member of the Science and Industry Advisory Committee at Genome Canada and Medical Advisory Board at Kawasaki Disease Canada; and a member of a data safety monitoring board for a study on IL-1 inhibitors for Kawasaki Disease. FK has received honoraria for presentations given to the Association des Pédiatres du Québec and receives CMV testing kits from Altona Diagnostics. SKM has received honoraria for lectures from GlaxoSmithKline, was a member of ad hoc advisory boards for Pfizer Canada and Sanofi Pasteur, and is an investigator on an investigator led grant from Pfizer. DSF, OD, TET, MK, and MLT have no conflicts of interest to report.

Objective: An understanding of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) transmission in schools is important. It is often difficult, using epidemiological information alone, to determine whether cases associated with schools represent multiple introductions from the community or transmission within the school. We describe the use of whole genome sequencing (WGS) in multiple schools to investigate outbreaks of SARS-CoV-2 in the pre-Omicron period., Study Design: School outbreaks were identified for sequencing by local public health units based on multiple cases without known epidemiological links. Cases of SARS-CoV-2 from students and staff from 4 school outbreaks in Ontario underwent WGS and phylogenetic analysis. The epidemiological clinical cohort data and genomic cluster data are described to help further characterize these outbreaks., Results: A total of 132 positive SARS-CoV-2 cases among students and staff from 4 school outbreaks were identified with 65 (49%) of cases able to be sequenced with high-quality genomic data. The 4 school outbreaks consisted of 53, 37, 21 and 21 positive cases; within each outbreak there were between 8 and 28 different clinical cohorts identified. Among the sequenced cases, between 3 and 7 genetic clusters, defined as different strains, were identified in each outbreak. We found genetically different viruses within several clinical cohorts., Conclusions: WGS, together with public health investigation, is a useful tool to investigate SARS-CoV-2 transmission within schools. Its early use has the potential to better understand when transmission may have occurred, can aid in evaluating how well mitigation interventions are working and has the potential to reduce unnecessary school closures when multiple genetic clusters are identified., Competing Interests: The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose., (Copyright © 2023 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Children with medical complexity (CMC) are a priority pediatric population, with high resource use and associated costs. Genome-wide sequencing is increasingly organized for CMC early in life as a diagnostic test. Polypharmacy becomes common as CMC age. Clinically relevant pharmacogenetic (PGx) information can be extracted from existing genome sequencing (GS) data via GS-PGx profiling. The role of GS-PGx profiling in the CMC population is unclear., Methods: Prescribed medications were extracted from care plans of 802 eligible CMC enrolled in a structured Complex Care Program over a 10-year period. Drug-gene associations were annotated using curated Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium data. GS-PGx profiling was then performed for a subset of 50 CMC., Results: Overall, 546 CMC (68%) were prescribed at least one medication with an established PGx association. In the GS-PGx subgroup, 24 (48%) carried variants in pharmacogenes with drug-gene guidelines for one or more of their current medications. All had findings of potential relevance to some medications, including 32 (64%) with variants in CYP2C19 that could affect their metabolism of proton-pump inhibitors., Conclusion: GS-PGx profiling at the time of diagnostics-focused genetic testing could be an efficient way to incorporate precision prescribing practices into the lifelong care of CMC., Impact: Polypharmacy and genetic test utilization are both common in children with medical complexity. The role of repurposing genome sequencing data for pharmacogenetic profiling in children with medical complexity was previously unclear. We identified a high rate of medication use with clinically relevant drug-gene associations in this priority pediatric population and demonstrated that relevant pharmacogenetic information can be extracted from their existing genome sequencing data. Pharmacogenetic profiling at the time of diagnostics-focused genetic testing could be an efficient way to incorporate precision prescribing practices into the lifelong care of children with medical complexity., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Children with medical complexity (CMC) are a medically fragile subset of children who rely on parental caregivers for substantial care needs. Caregivers of CMC often experience adverse health outcomes such as depression and anxiety, sleep deprivation, financial hardships, and social isolation. Caregivers of CMC are at risk of premature mortality, which is thought to be mediated by chronic and elevated stress, as well as psychiatric morbidity risk. Access to mental health care, where the needs of both the caregiver and child are considered, can enable caregivers to meet high caregiving demands and improve both child and caregiver outcomes. We describe the Caring for the Caregiver (C4C) model, a novel integrated stepped care model consisting of collaboration between a psychiatrist and a pediatric complex care program. This model provides support in 3 steps: 1) early identification of distress, 2) social work assessment, intervention and psychotherapy, and 3) psychiatric care, including diagnosis or medication initiation, for caregivers of CMC. This innovative model will be the first to embed support for the mental health needs of caregivers of CMC within a pediatric team, facilitating access to psychiatric care and serving as a foundation for future integrated stepped care models., (Copyright © 2022 Academic Pediatric Association. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: The Connecting2gether (C2) platform is a web and mobile-based information-sharing tool that aims to improve care for children with medical complexity and their families. A key feature of C2 is secure messaging, which enables parental caregivers (PCs) to communicate with their child's care team members (CTMs) in a timely manner., Objective: The objectives of this study were to (1) evaluate the use of a secure messaging system, (2) examine and compare the content of messages to email and phone calls, and (3) explore PCs' and CTMs' perceptions and experiences using secure messaging as a method of communication., Methods: This is a substudy of a larger feasibility evaluation of the C2 platform. PCs of children with medical complexity were recruited from a tertiary-level complex care program to use the C2 platform for 6 months. PCs could invite CTMs involved in their child's care to register on the platform. Messages were extracted from C2, and phone and email data were extracted from electronic medical records. Quantitative data from the use of C2 were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Messaging content codes were iteratively developed through a review of the C2 messages and phone and email communication. Semistructured interviews were completed with PCs and CTMs. Communication and interview data were analyzed using thematic analysis., Results: A total of 36 PCs and 66 CTMs registered on the C2 platform. A total of 1861 messages were sent on C2, with PCs and nurse practitioners sending a median of 30 and 74 messages, respectively. Of all the C2 messages, 85.45% (1257/1471) were responded to within 24 hours. Email and phone calls focused primarily on clinical concerns and medications, whereas C2 messaging focused more on parent education, proactive check-ins, and nonmedical aspects of the child's life. Four themes emerged from the platform user interviews related to C2 messaging: (1) connection to the care team, (2) efficient communication, (3) clinical uses of secure messaging, and (4) barriers to use., Conclusions: Overall, our study provides valuable insight into the benefits of secure messaging in the care of children with medical complexity. Secure messaging provided the opportunity for continued family teaching, proactive check-ins from health care providers, and casual conversations about family and child life, which contributed to PCs feeling an improved sense of connection with their child's health care team. Secure messaging can be a beneficial additional communication method to improve communication between PCs and their care team, reducing the associated burden of care coordination and ultimately enhancing the experience of care delivery. Future directions include the evaluation of secure messaging when integrated into electronic medical records, as this has the potential to work well with CTM workflow, reduce redundancy, and allow for new features of secure messaging., (©Camilla Parpia, Clara Moore, Madison Beatty, Susan Miranda, Sherri Adams, Jennifer Stinson, Arti Desai, Leah Bartlett, Erin Culbert, Eyal Cohen, Julia Orkin. Originally published in JMIR Formative Research (https://formative.jmir.org), 23.02.2023.)

Background: Children living with chronic comorbid conditions are at increased risk for severe COVID-19, though there is limited evidence regarding the risks associated with specific conditions and which children may benefit from targeted COVID-19 therapies. The objective of this study was to identify factors associated with severe disease among hospitalized children with COVID-19 in Canada., Methods: We conducted a national prospective study on hospitalized children with microbiologically confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection via the Canadian Paediatric Surveillance Program (CPSP) from April 2020-May 2021. Cases were reported voluntarily by a network of >2800 paediatricians. Hospitalizations were classified as COVID-19-related, incidental infection, or infection control/social admissions. Severe disease (among COVID-19-related hospitalizations only) was defined as disease requiring intensive care, ventilatory or hemodynamic support, select organ system complications, or death. Risk factors for severe disease were identified using multivariable Poisson regression, adjusting for age, sex, concomitant infections, and timing of hospitalization., Findings: We identified 544 children hospitalized with SARS-CoV-2 infection, including 60·7% with COVID-19-related disease and 39·3% with incidental infection or infection control/social admissions. Among COVID-19-related hospitalizations (n=330), the median age was 1·9 years (IQR 0·1-13·3) and 43·0% had chronic comorbid conditions. Severe disease occurred in 29·7% of COVID-19-related hospitalizations (n=98/330 including 60 admitted to intensive care), most frequently among children aged 2-4 years (48·7%) and 12-17 years (41·3%). Comorbid conditions associated with severe disease included pre-existing technology dependence requirements (adjusted risk ratio [aRR] 2·01, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1·37-2·95), body mass index Z-scores ≥3 (aRR 1·90, 95% CI 1·10-3·28), neurologic conditions (e.g. epilepsy and select chromosomal/genetic conditions) (aRR 1·84, 95% CI 1·32-2·57), and pulmonary conditions (e.g. bronchopulmonary dysplasia and uncontrolled asthma) (aRR 1·63, 95% CI 1·12-2·39)., Interpretation: While severe outcomes were detected at all ages and among patients with and without comorbidities, neurologic and pulmonary conditions as well as technology dependence were associated with increased risk of severe COVID-19. These findings may help guide vaccination programs and prioritize targeted COVID-19 therapies for children., Funding: Financial support for the CPSP was received from the Public Health Agency of Canada., Competing Interests: Kevin Chan is Chair of the Acute Care Committee of the Canadian Paediatric Society, and served on the billing/finance committee of the Pediatric Section of the Ontario Medical Association. Catherine Farrell is Chair of the Scientific Steering Committee for the Canadian Paediatric Surveillance Program and a member of the Board of Directors of the Canadian Critical Care Society. She has received funding from Health Canada and the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, as well as an honorarium for a presentation at a continuing education conference from the Université de Sherbrooke. Sarah Forgie is the President of the Association of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Disease Canada, and received an honorarium for participation in the Senior Medical Advisory Committee at Ryerson Medical School. Fatima Kakkar has received salary support for a protected time from the FRQS Chercheur Boursieurs Program, and received honoraria for presentations given to the Association des Pédiatres du Québec. She has also served on the Quebec COVID-19 maternal-child health advisory committee and received grants from FRQS Reseau SIDA Maladies Infectieuses and Foundation of Stars. Charlotte Moore Hepburn is the Director of Children's Mental Health of Ontario, and the Director of medical affairs for the Canadian Paediatric Society and the Canadian Paediatric Surveillance Program. Shaun Morris has received honoraria for lectures from GlaxoSmithKline. He was a member of ad hoc advisory boards for Pfizer Canada and Sanofi Pasteur. Jesse Papenburg has received consultant fees from Merck, honoraria from Astra-Zeneca and Seegene, and is a voting member of the National Advisory Committee on Immunization. He is also site principal investigator for industry trials by MedImmune, Merck, Astra-Zeneca, and Sanofi, and is Medical Lead of the Study Steering Committee for AbbVie. Rupeena Purewal is a consultant for Verity Pharmaceuticals. Christina Ricci and Marina Salvadori are employees of the Public Health Agency of Canada. Manish Sadarangani has been an investigator on projects, unrelated to the current work, funded by GlaxoSmithKline, Merck, Moderna, Pfizer, Sanofi-Pasteur, Seqirus, Symvivo and VBI Vaccines. He is also Chair/Deputy Chair of Data Safety Monitoring Boards for two COVID-19 vaccine trials. Karina Top received a grant from GlaxoSmithKline to her institution outside the submitted work. No other competing interests were declared., (© 2022 The Authors.)

Background: Descriptions of the COVID-19 pandemic's indirect consequences on children are emerging. We aimed to describe the impacts of the pandemic on children with medical complexity (CMC) and their families., Methods: A one-time survey of Canadian paediatricians using the Canadian Paediatric Surveillance Program (CPSP) was conducted in Spring 2021., Results: A total of 784 paediatricians responded to the survey, with 70% (n = 540) providing care to CMC. Sixty-seven (12.4%) reported an adverse health outcome due to a COVID-19 pandemic-related disruption in healthcare delivery. Disruption of the supply of medication and equipment was reported by 11.9% of respondents (n = 64). Respondents reported an interruption in family caregiving (47.5%, n = 252) and homecare delivery (40.8%, n = 218). Almost 47% of respondents (n = 253) observed a benefit to CMC due to COVID-19 related changes in healthcare delivery, including increased availability of virtual care and reduction in respiratory illness. Some (14.4%) reported that CMC were excluded from in-person learning when their peers without medical complexity were not., Conclusion: Canadian paediatricians reported that CMC experienced adverse health outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic, including disruptions to family caregiving and community supports. They also describe benefits related to the pandemic including the expansion of virtual care. These results highlight the need for healthcare, community and education policymakers to collaborate with families to optimize their health., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Objective: Children with medical complexity (CMC) are hypothesized to have unique housing and accessibility needs due to their medical fragility and medical technology dependency; however, research on prevalence and types of housing need in CMC is limited. The objective was to describe housing need in families of CMC, and to compare housing need across CMC, children with one chronic condition (Type 1 diabetes; CT1D) and healthy children (HC)., Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study assessed housing suitability, adequacy, affordability, stress, stability, and accessibility using survey methodology. Participants were caregivers of CMC, CT1D and HC at a tertiary-care pediatric hospital. The association of housing need outcomes across groups was analyzed using logistic and ordinal logistic regression models, adjusting for income, educational attainment, employment status, community type, immigration status, child age, and number of people in household., Results: Four hundred ninety caregivers participated. Caregivers of CMC reported increased risk of housing-related safety concerns (aOR 3.1 [1.3-7.5]), using a common area as a sleeping area (5.6 [2.0-16.8]), reducing spending (4.6 [2.3-9.5]) or borrowing money to afford rent (2.9 [1.2-6.7]), experiencing housing stress (3.3 [1.8-6.0]), and moving or considering moving to access health/community services (15.0 [6.4-37.6]) compared to HC., Conclusions: CMC were more likely to experience multiple indicators of housing need compared to CT1D and HC even after adjusting for sociodemographic factors, suggesting an association between complexity of child health conditions and housing need. Further research and practise should consider screening for and supporting housing need in CMC., (Copyright © 2021 Academic Pediatric Association. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Infants at high risk for developing a food allergy have either an atopic condition (such as eczema) themselves or an immediate family member with such a condition. Breastfeeding should be promoted and supported regardless of issues pertaining to food allergy prevention, but for infants whose mothers cannot or choose not to breastfeed, using a specific formula (i.e., hydrolyzed formula) is not recommended to prevent food allergies. When cow's milk protein formula has been introduced in an infant's diet, make sure that regular ingestion (as little as 10 mL daily) is maintained to prevent loss of tolerance. For high-risk infants, there is compelling evidence that introducing allergenic foods early-at around 6 months, but not before 4 months of age-can prevent common food allergies, and allergies to peanut and egg in particular. Once an allergenic food has been introduced, regular ingestion (e.g., a few times a week) is important to maintain tolerance. Common allergenic foods can be introduced without pausing for days between new foods, and the risk for a severe reaction at first exposure in infancy is extremely low. Pre-emptive in-office screening before introducing allergenic foods is not recommended. No recommendations can be made at this time about the role of maternal dietary modification during pregnancy or lactation, or about supplementing with vitamin D, omega 3, or pre- or probiotics as means to prevent food allergy., (© 2022. The Author(s).)