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Objective: The present study was aimed to investigate students’ perspective on the virtual teaching and learning of human anatomy during COVID-19 pandemic. Study type,settings & duration: Thiswas a cross-sectional study and was conducted by the Department of Anatomy, Liaquat National Hospital and Medical College, Karachi from August toSeptember 2021. Methodology: A self-designed questionnaire was prepared and distributed among the studentsof 1st and 2nd year MBBS, who were exposed to the online teaching methodology during lock down imposed by government. This questionnaire was composed of demographic details of participants, their reflection on virtual learning and problems faced during the online sessions. The data was later translated on excel and SPSS 23 was used to analyze the results. Results: The findings of the present study revealed majority of the participants (47.8%) were laptop users for seeking the virtual classes. They do not find this learning experience as effective as face-to-face classes and expressed that neither theoretical nor practical aspects of anatomy could be learnt effectively online. They listed technical issues like slow internet speed and connectivity errors as barriers during the course of study. However, the respondents (3.33±0.94 & 3.01±1.07) found that the sessions were well-organized, they saved students time and continued the process of learning despite of the strict COVID-19 restrictions. Conclusion: Virtual teachings continued the learning process during the pandemic but they cannot be a replacement of real class-room experience. The traditional anatomy teaching remains the most preferred and effective teaching modality among students.

Abstract Background A growing share of male nurses in the nursing profession in Tanzania has changed the trend of diversity of nursing gender. This might have created a divergent perspective within the communities. Therefore, the current study aimed to explore the perspective, encounters, and choices of nursing gender among licensed nurses, non-nurse healthcare providers, and clients in Tanzania. Methods The study employed a qualitative descriptive design. The data were collected between August 2022 to January 2023 by the principal investigator and one research assistant. Twelve Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) were carried out in four different hospitals in Dar es Salaam comprised of total participants (n = 59). The participants were nurses, clients, and non-nurse healthcare providers. The data was collected through an interview guide developed by the principal investigator and validated by nurse experts. The data was analyzed using qualitative content analysis to generate themes and subthemes. Results Eight themes and twenty-seven subthemes emerged from the study. The following are themes; ① Variations of male and female nurses in communication ② Differences of male and female nurses in carrying out leadership roles ③ Divergent clinical qualities and outcomes across nursing gender ④ Positive value of male nurses in clinical facilities from colleagues and patients ⑤ Different cooperation of male and female nurses at the clinical settings ⑥ Mixed perspective towards clinical competencies across nursing gender ⑦ Perspective towards gender diversity in nursing ⑧ Preferences of nurse’s gender, reasons, and opinion towards gender preferences. Conclusion Male nurses and female nurses differ in how they communicate, execute leadership roles, and clinical qualities. However, their variations don’t mean one gender is underrated than the other, but every gender has unique communication styles, leadership styles, and clinical qualities that both lead to effective outcomes. Diversity in nursing gender is very important and should be strategized. Since preferences of nursing gender seems to enhance somebody’s freedom and creates an environment where a person can discuss sensitive issues, nursing bodies and healthcare stakeholders might initiate a discussion about approaches to promote the implementation of nursing preference and perform the feasibility studies.

Abstract The term ‘perspective’ in the context of economic evaluations and costing studies in healthcare refers to the viewpoint that an analyst has adopted to define the types of costs and outcomes to consider in their studies. However, there are currently notable variations in terms of methodological recommendations, definitions, and applications of different perspectives, depending on the objective or intended user of the study. This can make it a complex area for stakeholders when interpreting these studies. Consequently, there is a need for a comprehensive overview regarding the different types of perspectives employed in such analyses, along with the corresponding implications of their use. This is particularly important, in the context of low-and-middle-income countries (LMICs), where practical guidelines may be less well-established and infrastructure for conducting economic evaluations may be more limited. This article addresses this gap by summarising the main types of perspectives commonly found in the literature to a broad audience (namely the patient, payer, health care providers, healthcare sector, health system, and societal perspectives), providing their most established definitions and outlining the corresponding implications of their uses in health economic studies, with examples particularly from LMIC settings. We then discuss important considerations when selecting the perspective and present key arguments to consider when deciding whether the societal perspective should be used. We conclude that there is no one-size-fits-all answer to what perspective should be used and the perspective chosen will be influenced by the context, policymakers'/stakeholders’ viewpoints, resource/data availability, and intended use of the analysis. Moving forward, considering the ongoing issues regarding the variation in terminology and practice in this area, we urge that more standardised definitions of the different perspectives and the boundaries between them are further developed to support future studies and guidelines, as well as to improve the interpretation and comparison of health economic evidence.

This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of hate speech rules concerning changes in electronic transaction information policies. It further used normative legal study which included the process of identifying legal rules, principles, and doctrines to address the constitutional issues. The results showed that the amendments from the 2008 ITE Law to the 2016 ITE Law did not adequately the basic problems. Furthermore, certain forms of hate speech rules were observed in the ITE Law, particularly in Article 27 paragraph (3) and Article 28 paragraph (2). These rules were unclear benchmarks used in assessing social media posts as hate speech, defamation, or criticism and opinion from an individual about a problem. Therefore, making improvements through legal reform was essential to ITE Law, specifically Article 27 paragraph (3) and Article 28 paragraph (2). The amendments were necessary to develop good legal certainty for the community. The government should further make legal comparisons with other countries to identify the best regulatory framework for the community.

Abstract Background As pediatricians play a vital role in pediatric palliative care (PPC), understanding their perspectives toward PPC is important. PPC is established for a long time in Belgium, but has a shorter tradition in China, although it is growing in the last decade. Sampling and comparing the perspectives of these pediatricians could be insightful for both countries. Therefore, we sampled and compared perspectives of pediatricians in China and Belgium toward PPC, and explored factors influencing their perspectives. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional online survey using the validated Pediatric Palliative Care Attitude Scale (PPCAS). Over a five-month period, we recruited pediatricians practicing in China (C) and Flanders (F), Belgium. Convenience sampling and snowballing were used. We analyzed data with descriptive statistics, and evaluated group differences with univariate, multivariate and correlation tests. Results 440 complete surveys were analyzed (F: 115; C: 325). Pediatricians in both regions had limited PPC experience (F: 2.92 ± 0.94; C: 2.76 ± 0.92). Compared to Flemish pediatricians, Chinese pediatricians perceived receiving less unit support (F: 3.42 ± 0.86; C: 2.80 ± 0.89); perceived PPC less important (F: 4.70 ± 0.79; C: 4.18 ± 0.94); and faced more personal obstacles while practicing PPC (F: 3.50 ± 0.76; C: 2.25 ± 0.58). Also, select socio-demographic characteristics (e.g., experiences caring for children with life-threatening condition and providing PPC) influenced pediatricians’ perspectives. Correlational analyses revealed that pediatricians’ PPC experiences significantly correlated with perceived unit support (ρF = 0.454; ρC=0.661). Conclusions Chinese pediatricians faced more barriers in practicing PPC. Expanding PPC experiences can influence pediatricians’ perspectives positively, which may be beneficial for the child and their family.

Objectives: This study aimed to systematically review and synthesize the perspectives and experiences of community-dwelling older adults who experience falling, to inform the subsequent development of fall prevention and management interventions, and to provide recommendations for healthcare policy and practice. Methods: The review was a qualitative meta-aggregation study following the JBI qualitative systematic review methodology. Databases searched included Medline (through PubMed), CINAHL, PsycINFO, Embase, and the Web of Science. Peer-reviewed articles published in the English language from January 2010 to May 2023 were retrieved. The JBI Qualitative Assessment and Review Instrument (JBI-QARI) was used to assess the quality of the methodology. The ConQual ranking system was used to establish confidence in the synthesized findings. The protocol was registered with PROSPERO (CRD 42023421789). Results: This review included ten qualitative studies with an overall quality score of 60%–90%. Data extracted from eligible studies resulted in 59 findings, which were then aggregated into seven categories based on the similarity in meaning. Three synthesized findings were generated and rated as moderate for synthesized finding 2 and low for synthesized finding 1 and 3 on the ConQual score. Synthesized finding 1: Older adults experience physical injuries and pain, restricted daily activities, and limitations in social activities, reduction or loss of in independence, and have feelings of fear and helplessness. Synthesized finding 2: After experiencing a fall, older adults reflect on the cause of the fall and recognize and interpret the risk factors. Synthesized finding 3: Older adults’ reflections on the causes and impact of falls reveal both positive and negative reactions. They perceive a number of strategies for coping with falls and their consequences, such as using assistive devices, correcting risk factors, seeking medical help, and receiving ongoing physical and psychological attention. Conclusions: Healthcare providers should pay attention to the feelings and experiences of older adults after falling, as well as their reflection on the causes and impacts of falling, and develop tailored plans for intervention. There is also a need for longitudinal studies to examine the longer-term impact of falls on older adults to provide insights into the stability and changes in their reflections, perceptions, attitudes, and preventive behaviors over time.

Abstract Background Humanistic education is an important part of nursing education. Final-year nursing students’ perceptions of nursing humanistic education are under-investigated. This study aimed to examined final-year nursing students’ perceptions of nursing humanistic education in both school and hospital. Methods This was a cross-sectional descriptive study conducted from May to June 2022 among 107 final-year nursing students with a self-designed questionnaire. Results Final-year nursing students recognized the importance of humanistic education, scoring above 4.0 on a 1–5 scale, while their initiative to enhance humanistic qualities was relatively low. Students’ satisfaction with the number of humanities courses offered was only 3.7 ± 0.862. Moreover, 62.6% of students believed there was a need to enhance humanistic environmental development including corridor culture. The “monotonous teaching format” (63.6%) and “teaching methods” (64.5%) have emerged as focal points that students identified as needing attention and improvement. Conclusions In the future, nursing humanistic education can be enhanced by increasing the proportion of humanities, improving teaching methods, stimulating students’ learning motivation, and strengthening the construction of humanistic environment.

Geometric perspective is one of the most important methods of engineering representation, and it is one of the applications of central projection , as it is used to produce a realistic image similar to the image captured with a camera lens . It is a science based in general on the linear representation of figures and objects on a plane surface in a certain position and at a certain distance from the point of view in a geometric way that achieves the transformation of those figures and objects into a photographic image on the drawing board where the lines converge at a point or points on an assumed oplical level , and thus the elements appear far is smaller than near , and so on . The importance of drawing the geometric perspective on an oblique projection plane is to get a perspective shot of a piece of furniture that is closer to reality and spatially expresses the piece of furniture in a better and more realistic way during the design process and before production begins . When we look at a piece of furniture , we often do not look at it in the direction of vision always in a horizontal position , but we move our eyes up and down , this movement chages the direction of vision and as a result this movement also creates another vanishing point fot vertical elements and lines ,when changing the direction of vision up we see walls and vertical elements and lines as if they meet at some point above , on other side when we change the direction of vision down we see lines and vertical elements and lines as if they meet at a point below . Since drawing the geometric perspective is one of the basic skills that the furniture designer must possess to show his ideas more clearly during the design process and before production process .The idea of the research arose from finding a method to draw the geometric perspective better , more realistic and closer to the image we see with our eyes , through drawing geometric perspective on an oblique projection plane and the effect of applying this method on furniture presentation process .

2000’li yıllar ile birlikte hızla artan çizgi romandan uyarlama filmlere bir bakış sunulması için bu çalışmaya başlanmıştır. Amaç, iki farklı sanat dalı arasındaki uyarlamanın ne şekilde gerçekleştiğinin örneklendirilmesidir. Çalışma içerisinde, Jim Starlin’in tarafından yazılan ve çeşitli çizerler tarafından görselleştirilen Infinity Gauntlet ve Infinity War çizgi romanları temel kaynaklar olarak kullanılmıştır. Öncelikli olarak bu çizgi romanların, ardından da çizgi romandan uyarlama konumundaki Infinity War (2018) ve Endgame (2019) filmlerinin karakterleri, hikayeleri ve de bakış açıları sunulmuştur. Daha sonra ise farklı sanat dallarından (özellikle edebiyat) sinemaya uyarlamada başvurulan yöntem ve bakış açısı ile ilgili teorik bilgiler verilmiş ve seçilen filmler, uyarlama yöntemi çerçevesinde değerlendirilmişlerdir. Sonuç olarak görülmüştür ki seçilen iki film, çizgi roman versiyonları ile paralellik gösteren, hâkim bakış açısına sahip birer “yorumlayarak uyarlama” örneğidir. Adı geçen filmler, çizgi romanların özüne sadık ancak biriciklikleri olan eserlerdir.

Objectives: Children with disabilities may exhibit a multitude of symptoms, and treatment requires a multidisciplinary approach for a satisfactory outcome. Lack of awareness among physicians, lack of referral, and lack of inter-sectoral coordination have hindered paediatric practice in Tamil Nadu, a state in India with a striking childhood disability rate that warrants a timely interdisciplinary approach. However, the perspectives of paediatricians on paediatric physiotherapy are unknown. The aim of the study was to investigate the perspectives of practicing paediatric physicians in Chennai on the role of physiotherapy in paediatrics. Methods: For an in-depth exploration, qualitative semi-structured interviews were conducted in person with 10 paediatricians. Audio from the sessions was recorded and transcribed, and data saturation was achieved through iterative analysis. Results: A grounded theory analysis of the results yielded 5 domains under which the perspectives and expectations of the physicians were described, along with the barriers experienced by patients’ parents as explained by their paediatrician. The responses highlighted deficits in awareness, structural support, accessibility and direct communication between physicians and physiotherapists. Conclusions: Paediatric physicians have different opinions, and some ignorance persists concerning paediatric physiotherapy. This study warrants a proper structure of the paediatric rehabilitation unit and regular interdisciplinary meetings and focus group discussions to increase access for parents and improve patient outcomes.

This article examines how law reform in the digital age happens in Indonesia and Estonia. Indonesia and Estonia are located in different cultures and also areas. While law reform in the digital age happens, the two countries above will also demonstrate differences. This article uses normative legal studies to capture which legal instrument is better in both countries. This article found that Estonia is leading in providing legal instruments to face the digital age, while Indonesia needs to catch up. Some legal instruments in Indonesia such as AI law, Digital ID law, and e-government law should be drafted and implemented. Abstrak Artikel ini mengkaji bagaimana reformasi hukum di era digital terjadi di Indonesia dan Estonia. Indonesia dan Estonia terletak dalam budaya dan wilayah yang berbeda. Meskipun reformasi hukum di era digital terjadi, kedua negara di atas pasti akan menunjukkan perbedaan dalam menghadapinya. Artikel ini menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif untuk menemukan instrumen hukum mana yang lebih baik di kedua negara. Hasilnya, artikel ini menemukan bahwa Estonia lebih unggul dalam menyediakan instrumen hukum untuk menghadapi era digital, sementara Indonesia tertinggal dalam hal tersebut. Beberapa instrumen hukum di Indonesia harus dirancang dan diterapkan, seperti Rancangan Undang-Undang AI, Rancangan Undang-Undang Identitas Kependudukan Digital, dan Rancangan Undang-Undang Pemerintahan Digital.

For Nezami, speech and poetry are not only tools for conversation and the creation of beauty but have a place beyond that in the creation system. Therefore, in addition to creating outstanding literary works from an aesthetic point of view, he always seeks to explain the important issues of ontology and teach the fundamentals of thinking about the system of existence and its existential levels. In this intellectual system, poetry, poets, and poetics are important parts of the levels of existence in two areas of creation and continuation of the purpose of the prophets in providing awareness, and that they are also among the most important levels in the service of sacred affairs and in line with the supreme system of creation. The main goal of this essay is to explain the relationship between Nezami's theological views and his literary views. Therefore, firstly, we have briefly stated Nezami's theological point of view on the two axes of the creator of existence and the way of creation and the hierarchy of existence, so that in this way and in the third stage, the position of poetry and the poet in the system of being, the importance and goals of the poet and the mission of a poet in this intellectual system will be explained and Nezami’s theological-literary view will be clarified on this basis.Keywords: Nezami Ganjavi, Theology, System of Existence, Poetry, Perspective. IntroductionAmong the most important and obvious Nezami’s ideas in his worldview are the views related to the two fields of theology and literature, or, in a better way, the connection between these two views. because in this huge collection of thoughts, Nezami's literary views are derived from his theological view and subordinate to his theological thought in the interpretation of the universe and his ontological view. An issue that has been of great interest to Nezami and has been addressed in all his works, especially in the introduction to his poems. Nezami's works prove that he has always sought to discover and interpret the universe and raise awareness about it, and in many cases, he refers to his constant efforts in this field. Also, in this intellectual system, poetry and poetics are in complete relation to religious and theological beliefs. According to numerous textual evidence and repeated comments about speech - and in general about poetry and poetics - and its importance and role, Nezami's opinion is based on the principle that speech has a proper and worthy place in the system of existence, and it must have intellectual and ideological support. Therefore, by relying on the important knowledge of the age and by referring to the opinions and thoughts of the sages of ancient Greece and the Quranic and hadith teachings, and under the influence of the intellectual foundations of theologians before him and combining them, he seeks to create and prove a new theory and a new attitude towards the universe, and he seeks to explain this theory throughout his works, especially in the introduction to his poems. In Nezami’s worldview, all parts of the world follow a perfect system and set of principles. Such a system has a hierarchy that is based on that system from the beginning to the end, and literary works, like other phenomena of existence, have a role and a position in this system, and lack of awareness of this role can cause deviation, and instead of being considered a sacred thing and in line with the best system of existence, it becomes a reprehensible and contemptible thing. Literature ReviewPreviously, there have been valuable works about Nezami's theological thoughts, such as the article on the manifestation of Some ofNezami's philosophical-theological opinions by Asghar Dadbeh, which is about Nezami's philosophical-theological thoughts about creation. The article Nezam-e Kalami dar Kalam-e Nezami by Ahmad Khatami, has a brief overview of Nezami theological views, including monotheism, God's attributes, predestination, and free will, etc., and Ahmad Tamim Dari has tried to match the views of Nezami with the opinions of major theological schools in the article Mashreb Kalami Nezami. Regarding Nezami's literary thoughts, he has also authored important works, such as the essay on the concept of speech for Nezami by Hamid Dabashi and the article reflection on the subject of Nezami's speech by Seddiqeh Soleimani, which are all valuable works in this field. According to the useful research studies that have been conducted, each of which has examined an aspect of Nezami’s thought, so far the issue of the relationship and connection of theological views with literary views in the system of Nezami’s thought has not been considered and paid attention to, and the purpose of this article is to try to explain the relationship between these two major views from the perspective of Nezami's worldview. MethodologyThe research method in this article is descriptive-analytical. For this purpose, after studying Nezami Ganjavi’s pieces, books and articles related to the topic and reflecting on the connections between the components of the speech and their analysis, the topics related to the title of the article have been collected, analyzed, and finally summarized.4.ConclusionFor Nezami, everything in the world is moving towards a holy and purposeful end. Poetry and poetics in this school of thought are not excluded from this. Speech and poetry are considered to be part of the most important levels of existence in the two fields of creativity and awareness. In the matter of writing, the poet has a creative role, just like the creator of the universe, and also in the ranks of the universe, he comes after the prophets and continues their path for enlightenment and awareness. Hence, any deviation from the main path of poetry and poetics will be a departure from this rule and will cause misfortune. Therefore, after explaining the levels of existence and pointing to the place of speech and poetry, Nezami enumerates the characteristics of sacred and sublime poetry and calls poets to the necessity of knowing and observing those standards. He criticizes eulogy poets whose attention is other than these goals and in pursuit of earning sustenance and receiving compensation, and calls poets and activists in the field of speech cultivation to reflect and scrutinize.

AbstractIn the realm of education, the efficacy of human resource management (HRM) is paramount in determining the quality of instruction, enhancing learners’ experiences and driving overall educational success. Despite its importance, existing research on HRM in education has predominantly been from an administrative or policy perspective. Consequently, this study purposed to fill this research void by exploring the perceptions of HRM practices amongst 97 rural English as a foreign language (EFL) teachers in Sulawesi, Indonesia, and offering tangible recommendations for enhancement based on these teachers’ insights. Utilizing a mixed-methods approach of questionnaires and interviews, the research disclosed that many rural EFL teachers exhibited an indifferent attitude towards HRM practices. However, a detailed analysis from interviews uncovered areas for potential enhancements in HRM, specifically in job satisfaction, professional development, motivation and performance recognition. This paper concludes by outlining practical recommendations, such as enhancing communication conduits between teachers and human resource departments to better acknowledge and address teachers’ concerns, and proposes further research on other potential factors that might affect teachers’ perceptions of HRM practices.

Introduction The occurrence of antibiotic resistance (AR) has become a critical issue during the Novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. This study explores the experiences of healthcare commissioners with AR during the COVID-19 pandemic, identifies challenges, and provides recommendations for combating AR during pandemics. Methods This qualitative study was multi-centered and used a phenomenological approach. Semi-structured interviews were conducted between December 2022 and January 2023 among 11 health commissioners using video calls. Results Seven themes emerged from the data, including knowledge of AR and its consequences, the antibiotic prescription system, the future of AR and potential contributory factors, the impact of COVID-19 on AR and their relationship, the experience of AR during the COVID-19 pandemic in healthcare facilities, barriers that prevent the misuse of antibiotics during pandemics, and recommendations regarding antibiotic resistance during pandemics. Conclusion The findings of this study could be used to inform policy and practice for government healthcare workers (HCWs) and the public. Furthermore, this study identified the main challenges of AR during the pandemic, and the recommendations of health commissioners were provided accordingly. Such recommendations could be beneficial on a national and international scale to reduce the impact of future pandemics on AR. Abbreviations COVID-19: Novel coronavirus disease 2019; AR: Antibiotic Resistance; IPC: Infection prevention and control; MDRO: multi-drug resistant organism; ASP: Antimicrobial Stewardship Program; HCW: Healthcare worker; KSA: Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; WHO: World Health Organization; MOH: Ministry of Health; MOEWA: Ministry of Environment, Water, and Agriculture; AMR: Antimicrobial Resistance; PHCC: Primary Healthcare Center