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Joe Balaz’s Pidgin Eye (2019), which collects 35 years of poetry written in Creole English, referred to in Hawai’i as Pidgin, uses liberating humour to claim decolonizing realities, unsettling colonial myths that indigenous sovereignty has been subsumed or destroyed. The collection vaunts ways of knowing and being embodied by a language that has often been dismissed, like other creoles, as “corrupt and bastardized”. “History of Pigeon”, the opening poem, unveils contemporary English as itself a long-time mixture of languages in its vocabulary and syntax. Challenging the very premise of monolingualism and colonial sovereignty, the poem suggests there is no such thing as a pure language unmixed with other languages, or free from violence and trauma. The Pidgin eye reveals that the colonial homogenous is an impossibility; throughout the collection Balaz establishes Pidgin as an epistemic, aesthetic, and activist decolonizing resource.

In a certain social environment, the need for communication is increasing. This communication is based on natural or artificial languages. The main goal of both natural and artificial languages is to satisfy the interests of the speaker, to establish feedback, that is, the implementation of language communication. The article discusses the basics of the emergence of artificial languages - pidgin and creole, for what purpose they are used, the process of converting pidgin into Creole languages. The number of Creole languages is considered, how many people speak them, in what area they are distributed. The common features and distinctive features of the pidgin and Creole languages are determined, as well as the languages that served as the basis for the creation of Creole languages, the influence of their vocabulary and grammar in the process of formation of artificial languages. The purposes of using pidgin as a language invented for temporary communication are described, as well as some linguistic uses used for communication between Russian and Chinese languages, the reasons for the emergence of these languages, the conditions for further development are explained. Examples are given regarding to the characteristics of the royal languages in some regions.

In the modern world, most of the languages are in contact with other ones, self-suppressing languages almost do not exist. The processes of globalization, intercultural communication, the emergence of many cultural worlds, the strengthening of inter-ethnic and interlingual contacts maintain the role of language contacts in the modern world. The result of linguistic contacts is pidgin as a kind of reflection of the processes and phenomena occurring in the social space. It serves as an auxiliary means of communication in standard communication situa-tions. Language contacts in the study are under-stood as a phenomenon that arises between differ-ent language speakers in the process of their con-tacts. One of the types of pidgin is the Russian-Chinese pidgin. The study attempts to analyze the Harbin Russian-Chinese pidgin within the frame-work of structural and functional analysis by T. Parsons.

After the 2016 spelling reforms deleted the accent circumflex from some French vowels, on right-wing French Twitter, the circonflexe reappeared in the center of the French flag – echoing the flag of Vichy France. Tweets with the hashtag #JeSuisCirconflexe resemiotized the accent circumflex as icon of a lost Frenchness, or voiced the racial other in a colonial faux pidgin to frame them as illiterate and brutish. Drawing on research on resemiotization (Leppänen, Sirpa, Samu Kytölä, Henna Jousmäki, Saija Peuronen & Elina Westinen. 2014. Entextualization and resemiotization as resources for identification in social media. In The language of social media, 112–136. London: Palgrave Macmillan) and raciolinguistics (Flores, Nelson & Jonathan Rosa. 2015. Undoing appropriateness: Raciolinguistic ideologies and language diversity in education. Harvard Educational Review, 85(2). 149–171), this article explores how constructions of mock youth French use raciolinguistic tropes to imagine a language of social decline, connecting linguistic purism to racist myths of white genocide and the great replacement. Despite this, youth invert the imagination of their illiteracy, using playful language and satirizing white speech (Rosa, Jonathan. 2016b. Standardization, racialization, languagelessness: Raciolinguistic ideologies across communicative contexts. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 26(2). 162–183) to contest French nationalism – reframing #JeSuisCirconflexe as #JeSuisSirCornflakes.

The article presents a linguopoetic analysis of ethnographic short stories which compiled the cycle “Gamblers” (1926) by the Russian writer of the Harbin emigration P.V. Shkurkin. The Far Eastern Russian-Chinese pidgin is one of the brightest and richest pidgin branches of the second half of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century, widespread in the cultural and commercial exchanges. As a sinologist, Shkurkin actively used pidginized vocabulary instead of Russian equivalent words and phrases in “Gamblers”. The subject of this study is the Far Eastern Russian-Chinese pidgin in “Gamblers” as the characteristic of the ethnoculture of the Chinese-Russian border zone. The work also researches the vocabulary that reflected the impressions of Chinese about Russians. Shkurkin’s narrative style is characterized by the combination of pidgin and Chinese phraseological units. In addition, the author of “Gamblers” resorted to vocabulary of European languages which is specific to the Chinese population of the 1910–1920s. It is shown that in the Shkurkin’s short stories the language image is created. It is proved that pidgin is relevant to ethnographic prose, the image of the speech culture of the Chinese and Russian emigrants. The motivated use of pidgin by Shkurkin in the combination with other narrative lexical tricks contributed to the creation of a real appearance of China in the first decades of the 20th century.

This study was carried out in view of the influences of Pidgin English amongst the students in Nigeria using Port Harcourt Local Government Area in Rivers State as a case study. It was conducted on two hundred students and eight teachers from four selected schools, four government workers and eight staff from the media. This research was executed because of the high rate of communication in Pidgin English amongst secondary school students, which has become a threat to their educational career. However, it was discovered in the course of the study, that there are factors that enhance this issue. The negative impact of the socio-linguistic status of Pidgin English in the Nigerian society has necessitated some recommendations which include: The creation of awareness among parents, the media and the government against the dangers of habitual use of Pidgin English, introduction and training of teachers on introduce effective methods during the English language lesson delivery. The government should invest more resources and manpower in education to enable the children from poor homes improve in the English Language, and Pidgin English should be introduced in the curriculum, so students could know the structures and lexical, to avoid code-switching it with that of the English Language. Key words: Pidgin English, educational outcomes, socio-linguistic status.

'between the voice between the words between the work between us' appears in 'Voice as Form', a special issue of the Oxford Art Journal edited by Dr Pamela Corey and Dr Wenny Teo. Abstract: This visual/text essay reflects and reflects on some of the vocalities, vocabularies and moves in my practice since the mid-1990s, situated across moving image, installation, sound, performance, and text. Invoking the politics of speech, representation and translation, the essay offers a split and at least doubled narrative. A parallel sequence of text fragments – the one unfolding more or less chronologically, the other reversing through a series of concrete image/visual-text works, reconfigured. Then, a reverse partial chronology through images, invoking past projects, echoing and weaving back between preceding narrative fragments. The resulting coincidences, disjunctures and tensions between visual, textual and linguistic registers may suggest shifts between critical and poetic, disciplinary and discursive positions. Siting, losing, unmooring and hearing voices, acts of speaking, writing and listening are always contingent to other words and works, other histories and practices. Always-already tongue-tied and tin-eared, apparently sounding at once ‘very London’ and ‘very Hong Kong village’ – this voice is more parochial than metropolitan, more pidgin than cosmospolitan, more translocal than transnational; and possibly unreliable.

The use of Pidgin English in the Nigerian context has gone beyond verbal communication to become more of a mode of behaviour as its expression has moved from informal conversation to formal situations. The above scenario necessitated this study which investigates Eha-Amufu secondary school students’ usage of the Standard English in view of the use of the Nigerian Pidgin English (NPE). The study sets to find out what informs the usage and the extent the Nigerian Pidgin English has affected the use of the Standard English of these students using the affective filter hypothesis from Stephen Krashen’s 2003 Second Language Acquisition (SLA) theory. Using the questionnaire and essay writing as research instruments, data were collected from a sample of 200 students and willing teachers from four selected secondary schools in Eha-Amufu. Findings reveal that the use of the Nigerian Pidgin English is traceable to homes and peer group influence and has grossly affected the students’ Standard English usage. The finding that students do not use Nigerian Pidgin English in their written essays was largely contradicted by the avalanche of the Nigerian Pidgin English expressions found in the written essays of the students which also reveal its adverse effect on the Standard English both in spelling and contextual usage. This research, therefore, concludes that a deliberate and conscious effort at instilling in the minds of Eha-Amufu students the knowledge of the adverse effect of NPE usage on their academic performance and the danger of its persistent use will go a long way in mitigating the adverse effects of Nigerian Pidgin English usage on the Standard English usage among them.

The Chinese-run construction sites that have emerged across the Ethiopian landscape over the past two decades have given rise to a pidgin—a contact language that facilitates communication between Chinese managers and the Ethiopian labourers under their direction. By unravelling the nature of this pidgin, including its lexicon, syntax, and semantics, this article discusses the power dynamics in Ethiopian–Chinese encounters through the lens of language. A prototypical contact language at first blush, the pidgin spoken on Chinese road projects in Ethiopia is different from pidgins that emerged in colonial Africa. Its structure and use reveal that power relations between Chinese management and Ethiopian rank and file are less asymmetrical than often portrayed. As a site of contestation as much as collaboration, pidgin has in fact become one of the domains in which power is negotiated. By hijacking words and manipulating their meanings, Ethiopian workers play with pidgin in an attempt to confront expatriate management and challenge the sociopolitical asymmetries that the growing Chinese presence in their country has brought forth.

The presence of Africans in China has been phenomenal since the late 1990s. In recent years, there has been a dramatic uptick in people from Africa coming to the major cities of China such as Guang...

Na conferência “How Pidgins Emerged? Not as We Have Been Told” proferida por Salikoko S. Mufwene, professor do Departamento de Linguística da Universidade de Chicago, e destacado especialista na área de estudos de línguas classificadas como pidgins e crioulos, questionam-se diversos pontos da narrativa tradicional adotada por muitos linguistas sobre a emergência de pidgins e crioulos. Toda a obra de Mufwene se contrapõe à narrativa tradicional acerca de pidgins e crioulos por, entre vários outros pontos, redefinir a compreensão dos rótulos “pidgin” e “crioulo”. Segundo Mufwene, pidgins e crioulos se desenvolveram separadamente, em ecologias diversas, e em épocas diferentes. A partir desta perspectiva, os rótulos “pidgin” e “crioulo” são rótulos sócio-históricos, não estruturais e tampouco se relacionam a uma etapa de um ciclo de vida.

Creole and Pidgin languages are spoken by not less than 50 million people around the globe, but literacy is usually acquired in other languages, especially those languages introduced by the former colonial powers. This paper suggests that Pidgin and Creole languages should be elaborated for use as the media of instruction in formal education, particularly in contexts where up to 85 per cent of the population speak them. Pidgins and creoles researchers have labelled pidgin and creole languages as “developing” and they highlight their capacity to perform the same functions as their developed European lexifiers, English and French. The central argument is that pidgin and creole languages have the potential to express complex realities and function officially in formal education despite the negative attitudes towards them by their speakers. The attitudes towards pidgin and creole languages in education, the part of political and linguistic entities in adopting Nigerian Pidgin and Mauritian Kreol as the medium of teaching literacy in their respective countries are the central issues of focus.

The grammaticalization framework has been suggested as a predictive power for language change. This paper considers the grammatical functions of the locative construction fi(ih) in the Gulf Arabic Pidgin (a variety spoken by workers from the Indian subcontinent and south Asian countries working in the Arabian/Persian Gulf States). In Gulf Arabic, there are (1) the preposition fi ‘in; into; inside’ and (2) the locative construction fi(ih) ‘there is/are’, which only has an existential function. In Gulf Arabic Pidgin, the locative construction fi(ih), however, has several grammatical functions, including (1) a possessive marker (i.e., have-constructions), (2) an equative/predicative copula, and (3) a preverbal predicative marker. The aim in this paper is two-fold: first, to show how a grammaticalization framework can possibly account for the grammatical innovations of fi(ih) in the Gulf Arabic Pidgin; and second, to suggest that these grammatical innovations might be the results of an ongoing grammaticalization process of LOCATIVE>TMA/PROGRESSIVE. Earlier studies conducted on this pidgin serve as data sources for this project.

This study focuses on a pidgin predominantly used by Asian immigrants in the city of Abha in the southwestern region of Saudi Arabia, examining multifunctionality as it appears in three grammatical categories, definiteness, predication, and pronouns. Whereas previous studies on Gulf Arabic Pidgin have described the variety in terms of multifunctionality (e.g. Avram 2004; Bakir 2014, and Potsdam and Alanazi 2014), the current study focuses on the different pathways that bring it about. Three types of multifunctionality are described in terms of refunctionalization, generalization and neutralization. hada (< *haaða ‘this’) is refunctionalized to mark definiteness and as a deictic marker fills the function of the demonstrative. fī, (< *fi ‘at, exist’) has multiple functions being used as a preposition, an existential marker in the meaning of ‘there is/are’, a generalized predicate marker when occurring before adjectival, nominal and verbal predicates. The pronominal system shows simplification from ten to five pronouns only. The study is based on data collected in interviews with a random sample of twenty-four Asian participants of both sexes. Their ages ranged from 26 to 45 years old and their length of stay in Saudi Arabia ranged from four to nine years. They occupied different jobs. A total of twenty nine hours of audio-visual interview data were analysed.

The Nigerian youth language phenomenon has often been labelled, albeit reductively, as Pidgin or Pidgin-based—to the exclusion of other varieties which co-constitute the ecology of youth argots in ...

This article takes a language ideological assemblage approach to examining the politics of multilingual communication at a wildlife sanctuary in Limbe, Cameroon. At the Limbe Wildlife Centre, English is treated as the primary and even neutral lingua franca of the institution, although it is almost no one's first or preferred language. In reality, the majority of communication takes place either in Cameroonian Pidgin English (used by animal keepers and staff) or French (used by foreign NGO managers and volunteers). In this institution, the shared belief in the neutrality and accessibility of English leads to the erasure of work done in other languages, thereby magnifying the neocolonial, racial, and epistemic divides between Cameroonian staff and French NGO workers.

Sociolinguistic debates around the definitions and significance of “pidgin” and “creole” languages were increasing in the 1960s and the SSRC’s Committee on Sociolinguistics played a role in cultivating these discussions. This 1968 report by Dell Hymes summarizes issues raised at a conference convened by the Council at the University of the West Indies, Jamaica, to better understand the historical development, the grammatical and lexical evolutions, and the social uses of pidgin and creole languages. Though he highlights how social science can better inform research on pidginization and creolization, Hymes identifies knowledge gaps, among them the nature of the relationship between these languages and national identity, and more broadly the lack of historical and social scientific knowledge of this topic.

Multilingualism and multi-ethnicity realities in Nigeria informed the existence of regional Nigerian films (Yoruba, Hausa and Igbo films as majors), apart from English Nollywood films. These regional Nollywoods mainly portray the experiences and lives of people of their regional affiliates and are mostly patronised by indigenes of the regions. As such, this study investigated if such ethnic mindset matters in Nollywood reception preferences among Nigerian undergraduates that are proficient in English and at least two major Nigerian languages. The study, guided by two research questions, adopted the qualitative research design. Fifteen (15) multilingual undergraduate students of the University of Ibadan were purposively selected for a semi-structured interview. The interviews were recorded, transcribed and thematically analysed. Findings revealed that the selected multilingual Nigerian undergraduates, despite their linguistic reality, showed preferences for Nollywood produced in English and/or pidgin above regional ones produced in indigenous languages. The reasons for this, emanating from the sub-themes, were far from ethnicity. Ethnicity, therefore, does not influence Nollywood reception preferences among undergraduates. On this basis, recommendations were made on how Nollywood could be better improved to showcase the nature of Nigeria’s unity in diversity.

Manchu and Chinese texts are a very useful source of historical research on Chinese linguistics. From the viewpoint of language contact, there is a great influence on each language. Chinese in the Qing dynasty is clearly influenced by the Manchu language, which is closely related to the formation of Mandarin. Manchu and Chinese materials are stored around the world, but their overall organization has not been done so far. This time, I would like to organize the basics of the collection of the main Manchu and Chinese materials in Japan and abroad and make it available to researchers., 中谷伸生教授古稀記念号

Nakatani Shikaji (中谷鹿二) named Japanese-Chinese mixed expressions "Nisshigōbengo" (日支合辦語). He worried and criticized that its use could be misleading for mutual understanding between Japanese and Chinese people. Then, to correct Nisshigōbengo, From Nisshigōbengo to Correct Chinese was published in 1926. Nisshigōbengo is pidgin that was created through Japanese and Chinese language contact. One of its linguistic features is using a large number of "de" (的). The so-called form and usage of pidgin were simplified. However, from the view of correct Chinese, it appears that in Nisshigōbengo a needless "de" (的) is added. This paper analyzes why Nisshigōbengo uses "de" (的)., 中谷伸生教授古稀記念号

The framework of cognitive linguistics can be an efficient tool to represent the conceptual scope of meaning extension in reduced lexicons of pidgins and creoles. Image-schema based metaphors (Lakoff, 1993; Cienki, 1998) underlie the usage of English straight and its Tok Pisin counterpart stret, but the creole employs the concept in more contexts than English. The resultant variation in the scope of metaphor takes the form of a particular source domain being used to conceptualize more target domains than in the lexifier language. Functioning mainly as a compensation strategy, the variation is the effect of strong influence of English on the conceptual system of the creole.

The research paper explores the linguistic aspects depicted in Sea of Poppies (2008), the first volume of the Ibis Trilogy by Amitav Ghosh (1956). It analyzes how Ghosh through the Trilogy recreates and vividly portrays the mixed society of nineteenth-century British India. Ghosh is well known for his inclination towards the weaker section of the society. Pidgin like the subjugated section of the society was overlooked and overshadowed. And the author did not hesitate from shedding light on yet another marginalized phenomenon by employing the use of language as a recurrent theme in the Trilogy. Ghosh also sheds light on the lives led by the sailors belonging to the nations and princely states around the Indian Ocean, also known as Lascars, a part of varied faiths and cultures who spoke different languages such as Malay, Portuguese, English, Arabic, Hindusthani and Malayalam. Ghosh by deciding to write upon the Lascari language brought it back to life. With centuries passing, the language was dying if it were not already dead. The study focuses on semblance between the Lascari speech and the messaging language used in the contemporary times with reference to the enunciation of a word in a particular language.

Thinking from the perspective of Croatian ethnomusicology as one of ethnomusicologies "at home", the author muses on the position of ethnomusicology on a global scale, and in particular how it relates to mainstream English-language ethnomusicology and other fringe ethnomusicologies, the interdisciplinary links with sister disciplines (primarily ethnology and cultural anthropology), and endeavours to decolonize ethnomusicology. By taking into account the issue of reciprocity (or the lack thereof) between various disciplines and the linguocentric predicament of (ethno)musicological studies, she argues that more intellectual effort than is being currently exerted should be invested into engaged comparison of one's own fieldwork, analytical processes and research outcomes with cross-cultural ethnomusicological literature and literature in other disciplines of music studies. Related to this is her suggestion to take the issue of decoloniality seriously. Therefore, instead of mere celebration of different ethnomusicologies, she proposes a combination of "bi-ethnomusicologicality" and "going pidgin" ethnomusicology as means for making ethnomusicology a more relevant discipline on a global scale. Govoreci iz perspektive hrvatske etnomuzikologije kao jedne od etnomuzikologija "kod kuce", autorica promislja o poziciji etnomuzikologije na globalnoj razini, narocito sto se tice odnosa između mainstream etnomuzikologije na engleskom jeziku i drugih, rubnih etnomuzikologija, interdisciplinarnih povezivanja sa sestrinskim disciplinama (prvenstveno etnologijom i kulturnom antropologijom) te nastojanja za dekoloniziranjem etnomuzikologije. Uzevsi u obzir pitanje reciprocnosti (ili njezina manjka) među razlicitim disciplinama i (etno)muzikolosku nepriliku s lingvocentrizmom, smatra da bi vise intelektualne energije nego sto je to danas slucaj trebalo uložiti u angažiranu usporedbu vlastitih terenskih i analitickih procesa i rezultata istraživanja s kroskulturnom etnomuzikoloskom literaturom, kao i literaturom u drugim disciplinama znanosti o glazbi. Povezan je s time i prijedlog da se pitanje dekolonijalnosti shvati ozbiljno. Stoga, umjesto pukog slavljenja razlicitih etnomuzikologija, predlaže kombinaciju "bietnomuzikologicnosti" i "udomacujuce-pidžinizirajuce" etnomuzikologije kao nacina da se etnomuzikologiju ucini relevantnijom disciplinom na svjetskoj razini.

Within the climate science community, useable climate science has been understood as quantitative, usually as a best estimate together with a quantified uncertainty. Physical scientists are trained to produce numbers and to draw general, abstract conclusions. In general, however, people relate much better to stories and to events they have experienced, which are inevitably contingent and particular. Sheila Jasanoff has argued elsewhere that the process of abstraction in climate science “detaches knowledge from meaning”. Perhaps useable climate science is, then,meaningfulclimate science. We argue here that the development of meaningful climate science can be achieved by adopting a storyline approach to climate variability and change. By ‘storyline’ we mean a physically self-consistent unfolding of past events or of plausible future events or pathways. Storylines represent a combination of qualitative and quantitative information, where the qualitative element represents a packaging or contextualization of the quantitative aspects, which ensures that data can be meaningfully interpreted. Viewed from this perspective, we show that physical climate storylines can be aligned with several well-established vehicles for translation of knowledge between diverse communities: narratives, boundary objects, and data journeys. They can therefore be used as a ‘pidgin language’ to enrich the set of tools available to climate scientists to bring meaning to climate knowledge.“And what is the use of a book”, thought Alice, “without pictures or conversations?” (Lewis Carroll, Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland).

Information Flow Control (IFC) tools are a common way to analyze source code with the goal to find confidentiality or integrity violations for sensitive information. Therefore, to correctly protect such information (e.g., passwords), it is important to choose the most suitable tool for each target software system. In this context, we evaluate precision, recall, and accuracy for three open-source IFC tools for Java-written systems. We also check whether these tools are useful to protect sensitive information of real systems. First, we execute these tools against test cases of the SecuriBench Micro benchmark built for this purpose. Then, we run three selected IFC tools (JOANA, PIDGIN, and Flowdroid) to assess whether they are able to detect violations for rules we define considering each real system. Our results show that JOANA and PIDGIN overcome FlowDroid regarding precision, recall, and accuracy. Furthermore, the execution of JOANA and PIDGIN allow us to find eight confidentiality and integrity violations for the target systems. We registered these violations as issues on those projects. Our results also demonstrate that JOANA is faster than PIDGIN. At last, we provide some discussion for developers on which IFC tool fits better when dealing with sensitive information in software systems.

The study of literary texts from the purely formal-sentence linguistics is less helpful because it undermines contextual effects on the use of language in literature. Discourse analysis, unlike formal sentence-level linguistics, is more robust in its analysis of literary texts since it provides insights into how sociocultural and historical factors influence, to a large extent, writers’ use of language. Against this backdrop, we examine Mary Specht’s use of “Nigerianisms” in her novel, Migratory Animals (Migratory), to account for the context-specific ways through which language has been used, and how these articulate transcultural identity. The analysis draws deeply from the theoretical provisions of literary discourse analysis (LDA), a branch of discourse analysis devoted to the analysis of literary texts. From the analysis, three major forms of Nigerianisms which play up specific transcultured identities have been identified: code-switching, semantic shift/extension and Nigerian pidgin (NP) expressions. Code-switching, for example, allows characters in Migratory to switch from one code to another, thereby providing information about their “multiple” selves. By broadening different communicative contexts, semantic extension transforms the characters’ settings, drawing attention to their fragmented identities. Through NP expressions, Specht showcases the different linguistic backgrounds manifest in the English community in the text, which reflects the different the socio-cultural identities in Nigeria. From these, we argue that Specht’s use of “Nigerianisms” in her novel discursively depicts the present reality of existence – people’s “transcultured selves”. Hence, Nigerianisms are exquisite examples of how contextualised uses of language reveal the very polygonal cultural existence of humanity.

Fanakalo pidgin rose to prominence when it was selected for use as the lingua franca of the highly multilingual mines of South Africa. This article examines the properties of Fanakalo as a mining language, in contrast to its uses on farms, suburban households and in urban employment. Fanakalo has evolved a special register of technical terms pertaining to the mining industry from various sources (chiefly Zulu, English and Afrikaans). This article characterizes lexical innovations in this mining register and corrects previous estimates of the sources of innovation by differentiating the major parts of speech. The article also draws attention to the complexity of Fanakalo in pamphlets put out by mining management, in sharp contrast to the more usual kind of Fanakalo documented in earlier sources. As far as mining language policy is concerned, there have been calls in the last few decades to discontinue its use on the mines on the grounds of its associations with colonial and racial domination. Whereas Fanakalo has been invariably denigrated by intellectuals as a language of oppression rather than culture, there have been some surprising recent developments. In the wake of the tragedy at Marikana mines in 2012, where 34 workers on strike were shot and killed by police, Fanakalo has come to prominence as the language preferred by the strikers for mass meetings and negotiations with management. This process offers possibilities of the linguistic elaboration of the pidgin and raises questions about possible creolization.

Almost all creolists see creole formation as a case of (failed) second language acquisition. I argue that there are good reasons to distinguish between second language acquisition and pidginisation/creolisation, and that little is gained by equating the two. While learners have an extant language as their target, pidginisers typically aim to communicate (in any which way) rather than to acquire a specific language. In this sense, pidginisation represents, if not “conscious language change”, at least “conscious language creation”.

The purpose of the article is to reveal the main features of Pidgin English used on the territory of Nigeria. The author analyses the main historical factors, which made the huge influence on the process of formation and origin of Nigerian Pidgin English. The key to Nigeria’s ethnic structure is the fact that Nigeria’s ethnic groups are spatially localized entities; the North-West, South-West and South-East of the country are the areas of residence of the main ethnic groups which speak the main languages of the country, i.e., Hausa, Yoruba, Igbo. Therefore, according to the research, historically formed ethnic, cultural affinity with neighboring nations, similarity of economic and social systems of these ethnic groups needed to have the unique language substance combining phonetics, vocabulary, grammar basic elements of structures corresponding needs of all main ethnic groups, which in practice turned out to be Nigerian Pidgin. Nigeria Pidgin English is a hybrid language, which is used as the intercultural language uniting many ethnic groups of Nigeria. It is the means of communication presenting historical, cultural, linguistic dependent system, which was formed on the basis on European languages and main indigenous language groups of Nigeria, such as Hausa, Yoruba, Igbo. Purpose. The aim of the work is to study the theoretical and practical issues related to the functioning of NP. The purpose of the study identified the range of its research tasks: to identify the main historical and cultural features of NP in the process of its development; to establish a link between NP, the English language of Nigeria and major interethnic language groups specialties functioning on the territory of modern Nigeria; to determine some linguistic features of NP. Methods. During the research, the author used both empirical and theoretical methods. At the empirical level, the objects are analyzed by external relations and manifestations. The main purpose for this level is the factual activity of PE functioning in modern Nigeria. The theoretical level is associated with the predominance of mental activity, the understanding of empirical material, its processing, and reveals in internal structure and patterns of development of systems and phenomena. Results. The results of the work are seen in the author’s theoretical and practical investigations of historical, linguistic and cultural features development of Nigerian Pidgin functioning on the territory of Nigeria and revealing its main characteristics. Practical implications. The results of the study can be applied in the field of contact linguistics and language variations functioning on the territory of West Africa.