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Introduction: In semiarid tropical locations, polyhalite (K2Ca2Mg(SO4)4H2O) and muriate potash (KCl) were tested for their ability to increase cane growth, yield, and recovery at potash (K)- and calcium (Ca)-deficient sites. Methods: The treatments involved control plots with no potash fertilizer (T1); T2 and T3 applied potassium through (muriate potash) MOP only at 80 and 120 kg K2O ha-1, whereas T4 and T5 applied potassium with half of MOP and polyhalite at 80 and 120 kg K2O ha-1, respectively. Results and discussion: At 35 days after harvest (DAH), T2 (10.82%), T3 (24.1%), T4 (34.9%), and T5 (34.9%) had a greater ratoon resprouting rate than did the control treatment, where it was just 37.0 out of 100 harvested canes. At 308 DAH, T2 (-5.9%), T3 (-5.7%), and T5 (-6.6%) presented greater leaf chlorophyll contents than did T1. The K-fertilized plots yielded 64.31 t ha-1 in T2 and 65.97 t ha-1 in T5, whereas the control plot yielded 61.5 t ha-1. Compared with the control plots, the T5 plots experienced fewer stalk borer (-28.6%), top borer (-23.3%), and early shoot borer (-23.3%) attacks. T2, T4, and T5 presented higher percentages of commercial cane sugar (CCS) (6.82, 8.83, and 8.74%, respectively) than did the control plots. T1 and T3 had similar CCSs (10.99 and 11.33%, respectively). The CCS weight per area ranged from 7.98 to 8.47 t ha-1 near maturity. T4 (8.59 t ha-1) and T5 (8.60 t ha-1) had significantly greater values than did T1-T3. Compared with the control, the applied potassium fertilizer increased the economic output by 8,711, 11,687, 13,485, and 13,857 INR ha-1 in the T2, T3, T4, and T5 plots, respectively. The higher cost of polyhalite than MOP has reduced its economic advantages. Thus, the T4 plots outperformed the other treatments in terms of growth, yield, and quality indices, but their higher values (120 kg K2O ha-1) were statistically equivalent. Conclusion: Finally, the study concluded that MOP and polyhalite at a 50% ratio of 80 kg K2O ha-1 may help improve sugarcane growth, yield, and quality in semiarid tropical locations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simple and mild protocol for the direct synthesis of vinyl nitriles is described. By employing potassium trimethylsilanolate as the mild base and benzyl chloride as the efficient promoter, a series of E‐configured vinyl nitriles are selectively obtained from readily available aldehydes and acetonitrile at room temperature without the aid of a transition metal catalyst. Mechanistical investigations reveal that this transformation may go through a Knoevenagel condensation process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taking Huicheng District as an example, this paper classified the typical soil in the middle and lower reaches of the Dongjiang River Basin, and studied the typical soil nutrient characteristics in the middle and lower reaches of the Dongjiang River Basin by collecting 1619 soil samples for laboratory analysis. The analysis showed that the soil organic matter and total nitrogen content of cultivated land in Huicheng District were above the middle level. The content of organic matter in Qingnigetian and granite red mud field was higher, while the content of organic matter in Wuniditian, red sand shale red land and red sand shale red land was lower. The total nitrogen content of Qingnigetian, granite red mud field, stone soil and granite red yellow mud field was higher, while that of Wuniditian and sandy shale red land was lower. There was a significant linear correlation between soil total nitrogen content and organic matter content. The regression equation was Y = 0. 039 8X + 0. 376 9, and the correlation coefficient was 0. 65. The accumulation of organic matter and total nitrogen content basically conformed to the formation law of different classified soils. The content of soil alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen was generally above the middle level, and the average content level reached the third level standard. The content of available phosphorus in soil was generally at the upper and middle level, and the average content level reached the first level standard. The content of soil available potassium and slowly available potassium was in the lower middle level. The contents of alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium and slowly available potassium in different soil types were significantly different, and there was no obvious regularity, which was mainly affected by the application of chemical fertilizer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] To study the effect of earthworm fertilizer on soil improvement in the Mu Us sandy land of northern Shaanxi, and provide a solution to the problem of poor soil properties in the Mu Us sandy land of northern Shaanxi. [Method] Using Leymus chinensis as an indicator crop, different concentrations of earthworm fertilizer 0 t/hm² (CK), 30 t/hm² (LE-1), 45 t/hm² (LE-2), and 60 t/hm² (LE-3) were applied on sandy land. Indicators such as moisture content, porosity, and bulk density were measured, and the physical properties of Maowusu sandy land under different treatments were analyzed; soil organic matter content, available potassium content, available phosphorus content, hydrolyzed nitrogen content, pH and other indicators were measured, and the chemical properties of Maowusu sandy land under different treatments were measured; the plant height, leaf area, biomass and other indicators of crops were measured, and the agronomic traits of Leymus chinensis under different treatments were analyzed. [Result] Compared with CK, the soil moisture content of LE-1, LE-2, and LE-3 treatments increased by 1.01%-7.90%, porosity increased by 4.75%-5.31%, and bulk density decreased by 2.13%-4.14%; compared to CK, the increase in soil organic matter content ranged from 118.33% to 210.83%, the increase in available potassium content ranged from 17.04% to 94. 84%, the increase in available phosphorus content was 10.81% to 116.22%, the increase in hydrolyzed nitrogen was 242.01% to 261.27%, and the pH decreased by 1.15% to 1.39%; compared with CK, the plant height of Leymus chinensis increased by 15. 95%-27.10%, leaf area increased by 15.00%-66. 8%, and biomass increased by 43.45%-94.87%. [Conclusion] The application of earthworm fertilizer can effectively improve the physical and chemical properties of the soil in the Maowusu sandy land of northern Shaanxi, and significantly improve the biological characteristics of Leymus chinensis. The principal component analysis showed that the comprehensive improvement effect of applying 60 t/hm² earthworm fertilizer was the best, with a score of 1. 77. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) studies of solid electrolyte interphases (SEI) of cycled battery electrodes are mostly performed in half cell configurations (i.e., against metallic counter electrodes). In contrast to less reactive Li metal, problems arise in post‐Li systems, like K‐ion cells, where crosstalk phenomena strongly interfere with the surface layer formation process. This raises the question of whether surface analysis data from half cell experiments are still representative and transferable to corresponding full cells in post‐Li systems. Here the major differences between SEI layers formed on graphite electrodes are outlined in K‐ion half and full cells derived from an in‐depth surface analysis approach combining in‐house and (synchrotron‐based) hard X‐ray PES. This results highlight significant changes in SEI characteristics, both in terms of SEI layer thickness and gradual compositional changes across the interphase, when K‐metal (half cell) is replaced by a Prussian white positive electrode (full cell). Furthermore, the initial SEI layers formed on the first cycle are found to evolve and age differently upon further cycling, depending on the two cell configurations. This study stresses the additional complexity of studying post‐Li cells and the need to carefully design surface analysis experiments for meaningful material and electrode interphase characterization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of hydration status on the change in sweat sodium (Na+), chloride (Cl−), and potassium (K+) concentrations during exercise‐heat stress. Fifteen subjects (Six female, nine male; 29 ± 9 y; 71 ± 14 kg) completed 90 min of cycling (81% HRmax) in the heat (~33°C, 42% rh) with fluid replacement to maintain euhydration (EUH) or without fluid to dehydrate to 2.4 ± 0.4% body mass loss (DEH). Sweat was collected from the forehead (FH), right scapula (SCAP), and left (LVFA) and right (RVFA) ventral forearms using the absorbent pad technique at the beginning (0–30 min) and end of exercise (60–90 min). Sweat was analyzed for Na+, Cl−, and K+ concentrations using ion chromatography. Data are reported as mean ± SD or median ± IQR. There were no differences (Paired t‐tests or Wilcoxon signed‐rank tests) between EUH and DEH in the change in sweat Na+ (FH: 24.3 ± 21.5 vs. 30.8 ± 22.4 mmol/L; SCAP: 9.7 ± 6.2 vs. 9.6 ± 8.2 mmol/L; LVFA: 7.5 ± 6.0 vs. 5.6 ± 5.9 mmol/L; RVFA: 8.2 ± 8.6 vs. 7.8 ± 5.2 mmol/L), sweat Cl−, or sweat K+ at any site (p = 0.07–0.99). The change in sweat electrolyte concentrations during 90 min of exercise in the heat was not significantly influenced by mild dehydration in recreational to moderately‐trained male and female athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The solid‐state structures of the first rubidium and caesium pentalenides [Rb(THF)]2[Ph4Pn] and [Cs(THF)]2[Ph4Pn] have been determined by single crystal X‐ray diffraction. Both were found to be polymeric in the solid state through interactions of the cations with the phenyl substituents, in contrast to their lighter group 1 congeners which are monomeric for lithium and sodium, and THF‐bridged for potassium. Both [Rb(THF)]2[Ph4Pn] and [Cs(THF)]2[Ph4Pn] displayed increased η8 coordination, demonstrating a shift towards higher hapticities down the group as previously predicted computationally for the parent M2[Pn] complexes (M=group 1 metal). The solid‐state structures of the polydentate donor adducts [M(DME)x]2[Ph4Pn] (M=Li, x=1; M=Na, x=2) and [M(Me6TREN)]2[Ph4Pn] (M=K, Rb, Cs) were all monomeric and displayed increased metal‐carbon distances and decreased ring slippage values relative to the THF adducts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ricinodendron heudelotii is a plant of the Euphorbiaceae family, used in traditional medicine to treat numerous diseases, including high blood pressure. The aim of this study is to evaluate the antioxidant and vasorelaxant effects of the aqueous extract of the stem bark of R. heudelotii. The pharmacological studies were carried out using the aqueous extract obtained by infusion. The antioxidant capacity of R. heudelotii was assessed by in vitro tests with DPPH (2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picryl‐hydrazyl), ABTS (2,2 ′‐azino‐bis (3‐ethylbenz‐thiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid), iron‐reducing capacity (FRAP), and inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) release. In vitro studies, the aortic rings obtained from adult Wistar albino rats of both sexes were used to determine the vasorelaxant effects of the extract of R. heudelotii on the NO and prostacyclin (PGI2) pathways as well as its involvement on various potassium channels were determined on intact or naked fragments of rat aorta precontracted with phenylephrine (10-6 M) or KCl (60 mM). The aqueous extract of R. heudelotii exhibited a remarkable DPPH (EC50: 1.68 μg/mL) and ABTS (EC50: 106.30 μg/mL) and nitric oxide (53.71% inhibition at 1000 μg/mL) radical scavenging activities as well as reducing power (absorbance of 1.56 at 1000 μg/mL). The nitric oxide inhibitor, NG‐nitro‐L‐arginine methyl ester (L‐NAME), and prostacyclin inhibitor, indomethacin, significantly attenuated the vasodilatory effect of R. heudelotii. Tetraethylammonium could not inhibit the vasodilatory effect of the extract, unlike glibenclamide and barium chloride. Ricinodendron heudelotii extract possesses antioxidant properties and vasorelaxing effect linked to endothelium‐related factors, and this relaxation was partially mediated mainly through the inhibition of Kir and KATP channels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Potassium metal batteries (PMBs) show great potential as next-generation energy storage systems yet face challenges such as the dendritic growth of the potassium anode, leading to issues with cycle life and safety. This study reports a potassium salt-concentrated ionic liquid electrolyte (PCIL) consisting of potassium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (KFSI) and 1-methyl-1-propyl pyrrolidinium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (Pyr13FSI) to achieve long-life and, safe PMBs. PCIL presents several advantages including outstanding oxidation stability (≈ 5.2 V), decent ionic conductivity (4.0 mS cm−1 at 25 °C), and negligible flammability. Moreover, PCIL promotes the development of anion-derived solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) with high inorganic content. This not only hinders the growth of potassium dendrites but also facilitates facile interfacial charge transfer kinetics. Benefiting from these advantages, PMBs (K||KVPO 4 F) employing PCIL exhibit remarkable cycle performances at both ambient and elevated temperatures (capacity retention after 300 cycles: 74.8% at 25 °C and 82.9% at 45 °C), surpassing the performance of conventional carbonate (1 M KPF 6 EC/PC) and dilute potassium ionic liquid electrolyte (PIL). This work demonstrates the tangible capability of PCIL in realizing practical PMBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investgate the effects of potassium (K) application on the agronomic traits and fruit quality of Lycium barbarum L. (Goji), three levels of K fertilizer, namely LK (25 g/plant), CK (50 g/plant), and HK (75 g/plant), were applied to plants in phytotron for observing and measuring relevant indicators. The investigation involved seven agronomic traits: plant height, plant stem diameter, new branch increment, yield of fresh fruits per plant, dry fruit quantity within 50 g, ratio of different grade fruits, and ratio of longitudinal diameter to transverse diameter of Goji fruits. The results showed that K application level had significant effect on ratio of the longitudinal diameter to the transverse diameter of fresh Goji fruits, and that the influence on other agronomic traits was slight. In the meanwhile, the concentrations of amino acids, betaine, polysaccharides and flavonoids of Goji fruits in different levels of K fertilizer were tested. The K treatment increased the content of glutamic acid, and decreased that of flavonoids (P < 0.05), whereas the content of other amino acids, polysaccharides and betaine were unaffected. A total of 132 flavonoid metabolites was identified. Among them, K treatment up-regulated 36 metabolites and down-regulated 30 metabolites (P < 0.05). The results provided a basis for balanced K supply to regulate the agronomic traits and nutrients of Goji fruits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An unusual example of a potassium capped terminal cobalt–oxido complex has been isolated and crystallographically characterized. The synthesis of [tBu,TolDHP]CoOK proceeds from a previously reported parent compound, [tBu,TolDHP]CoOH, via deprotonation with KOtBu. Structural and electronic characterization suggest a weakly coupled dimer in a distinct seesaw geometry with a Co(III) oxidation state and a non-innocent radical ligand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The trap states at both the upper and bottom interfaces of perovskite layers significantly impact non‐radiative carrier recombination. The widely used solvent‐based passivation methods result in the disordered distribution of surface components, posing challenges for the commercial application of large‐area perovskite solar cells (PSCs). To address this issue, a novel NH3 gas‐assisted all‐inorganic dual‐interfaces passivation strategy is proposed. Through the gas treatment of the perovskite surface, NH3 molecules significantly enhanced the iodine vacancy formation energy (1.54 eV) and bonded with uncoordinated Pb2+ to achieve non‐destructive passivation. Meanwhile, the reduction of the film defect states is accompanied by a decrease in the work function, which promotes carrier transport between the interface. Further, a stable passivation layer is constructed to manage the bottom interfacial defects using inorganic potassium tripolyphosphate (PT), whose ─P═O group effectively mitigated the charged defects and lowered the carrier transport barriers and nucleation barriers of PVK, while the gradient distribution of K+ improved the crystalline quality of PVK film. Based on the dual‐interface synergistic effect, the optimal MA‐contained PSCs with an effective area of 0.1 cm2 achieved an efficiency of 24.51% and can maintain 90% of the initial value after aging (10−20% RH and 20 °C) for 2000 h. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Several case reports and a few studies have reported that hypothyroid patients have elevated serum potassium levels. However, hypothyroidism has not been widely accepted as a cause of hyperkalemia. Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the incidence of hyperkalemia and factors influencing serum potassium levels in thyroid cancer patients with hypothyroidism during thyroid hormone withdrawal before radioactive iodine (RAI) treatment. Methods: We conducted a retrospective review of electronic medical records from January 2017 to June 2021, involving 956 thyroid cancer patients post-thyroidectomy and undergoing RAI. Laboratory parameters, including serum potassium levels, were collected in both euthyroid (<1 year prior to RAI) and hypothyroid states. Results: Among 508 patients (mean age 52 years, 79.3% female), hyperkalemia (potassium ⩾ 5.0 mEq/L) occurred in 2.8%, without severe hyperkalemia (potassium ⩾ 6.5 mEq/L). The hypothyroid state exhibited significantly higher serum potassium than the euthyroid state [4.16 (IQR, 3.94-4.41) vs 4.10 (IQR, 3.90-4.35) mEq/L, P <.01]. The mean change in potassium levels between the euthyroid and hypothyroid state was 0.05 ± 0.17 mEq/L. Pre-thyroid hormone withdrawal (euthyroid state) factors associated with serum potassium levels in the hypothyroid state included age, use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, diabetes mellitus, serum BUN/creatinine, serum potassium levels, hemoglobin A1c (positive correlation); and thiazide use and eGFR (negative correlation). In the hypothyroid state, hyperkalemia was more likely in patients with serum potassium ⩾4.2 mEq/L (OR 9.36, P <.01) or free T4 ⩾1.38 ng/dL (OR 7.05, P <.01) during the euthyroid state. Conclusions: The incidence of hyperkalemia was low in our hypothyroid cohorts. However, physicians should remain vigilant for cases with risk factors for developing hyperkalemia. Plain Language Summary: Serum Potassium in Hypothyroid Patients A retrospective cohort study of thyroid cancer patients undergoing radioactive iodine therapy found a low incidence of hyperkalemia (2.8%) during hypothyroidism. Patients exhibited higher serum potassium levels, influenced by factors included age, medication use (ACEI), diabetes mellitus, and initial potassium levels. Elevated initial potassium and thyroid hormone levels were associated with higher risk of hypothyroid-related hyperkalemia. Physicians should remain vigilant for hyperkalemia in these patients, particularly those with predisposing factors, warranting further mechanistic studies and broader validations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) affect seedling growth, root configuration, and nutrient uptake in hydroponic rice, but there are few studies on all growth stages of rice. The purpose of this experiment was to determine the response characteristics of root morphology, plant physiology, and P and K uptake and utilization efficiency to different supplies of P and K. Two local conventional rice varieties (Shennong 265 and Liaojing 294) were used as experimental materials across four treatments, including HPHK (sufficient P and K supply), HPLK (sufficient P supply under low K levels), LPHK (sufficient K supply under low P levels) and LPLK (low P and K levels) in a hydroponic setting. The results showed that HPHK and HPLK significantly decreased the acid phosphatase activity of leaves and roots from full heading to filling stages when compared to LPHK and LPLK. Sufficient supply of P or K significantly increased the accumulation of P and K (aboveground, leaves, stem sheath, and whole plant) and root morphological parameters (root length, root surface area, total root volume, and tips) during major growth stages when compared to LP or LK levels. HPHK was significantly higher than other treatments in terms of dry weight and the root activity at the main growth stage, P and K uptake rates in nutrient solutions at various stages, related P and K efficiency at the maturity stage, yield, effective panicle number, and grain number per panicle. In addition, the effect of HPHK on the above indexes were significantly greater than those of single sufficient supply of P or K. In conclusion, HPHK can improve plant configuration, increase plant P and K absorption and root activity, and increase rice yield and related P and K utilization efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ketenyl lithium compounds of type [RC(Li)CO] (with R = Ph2P(E), E = O, S, Se) were found to exhibit lower thermal stabilities than their potassium analogues due to the stronger coordination of the oxygen of the ketene moiety to the harder metal cation, resulting in a more pronounced ynolate character. Using additional ligands allows manipulation of the O–Li interaction, thereby influencing the stability and reactivity of the ketenyl anions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Despite the biological interest in chromane derivatives, few studies dedicated to the functionalisation of this heterocycle have been reported. Herein, our objective is to demonstrate the potential of alkali metal bases for the introduction of substituents at its positions 4 and 8, and to explain the observed reactivity based on quantum chemical calculations. Guided by these theoretical results, preliminary optimisation was carried out on 2,3‐dihydrobenzofuran before applying the optimal conditions to chromane. Deprotolithiation at C8 was thus achieved using n‐butyllithium in hexane at room temperature, while functionalisation at C4 was promoted by a 1:1 mixture of lithium 2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidide and potassium tert‐butoxide in tetrahydrofuran at −50 °C. Various electrophiles were used to intercept the lithiated intermediates, providing a convenient access to substituted chromane derivatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CoTe2 as a high-performance anode material for potassium ion batteries still faces a lot of challenges that hinder its electrochemical performance, including poor intrinsic electronic conductivity, slow reaction kinetics, and significant volume changes during charging and discharging processes. To address these issues, one-dimensional CoTe2 nanorods were synthesized using a one-step hydrothermal method and then coated with a carbon layer to form CoTe2@C nanocomposites. The resulting composite exhibited a significant interaction between CoTe2 and the carbon layer, resulting in the formation of a stable heterostructure. This interaction not only improved the electrical conductivity of the composites but also facilitated the migration of electrons and K+ ions. When used as the anode for potassium ion batteries, the CoTe2@C anode demonstrated enhanced electrochemical performance. At a current density of 0.5 A g−1, the CoTe2@C anode exhibited a reversible capacity of 100.3 mA h g−1 after 1000 cycles. Even at a higher current density of 1.0 A g−1, it maintained a high reversible capacity of 72.5 mA h g−1 after 3000 cycles. Furthermore, it displayed excellent rate capability, with an average reversible capacity of 98.0 mA h g−1 at a high rate of 5.0 A g−1, showing a potential application capability for potassium ion batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC) is a lynchpin disorder, as it results in overactive mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling, which has been implicated in a multitude of disease states. TSC is an autosomal dominant disease where 90% of affected individuals develop epilepsy. Epilepsy results from aberrant neuronal excitability that leads to recurring seizures. Under neurotypical conditions, the coordinated activity of voltage-gated ion channels keep neurons operating in an optimal range, thus providing network stability. Interestingly, loss or gain of function mutations in voltage-gated potassium, sodium, or calcium channels leads to altered excitability and seizures. To date, little is known about voltage-gated ion channel expression and function in TSC. However, data is beginning to emerge on how mTOR signaling regulates voltage-gated ion channel expression in neurons. Herein, we provide a comprehensive review of the literature describing common seizure types in patients with TSC, and suggest possible parallels between acquired epilepsies with known voltage-gated ion channel dysfunction. Furthermore, we discuss possible links towardmTOR regulation of voltage-gated ion channels expression and channel kinetics and the underlying epileptic manifestations in patients with TSC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Axially chiral biaryl δ‐amino acids possess significantly different conformational properties and chiral environment from centrally chiral amino acids, therefore, have drawn considerable attention in the fields of synthetic and medicinal chemistry. Herein, a novel chiral phenanthroline‐potassium catalyst has been developed by constructing a well‐organized axially chiral ligand composed of one 1,10‐phenanthroline unit and two axially chiral 1,1′‐bi‐2‐naphthol (BINOL) units. In the presence of this catalyst, good to excellent yields and enantioselectivities (up to 99 % yield, 98 : 2 er) have been achieved in the ring‐opening alcoholytic dynamic kinetic resolution of a variety of biaryl lactams, thereby providing an efficient protocol for catalytic asymmetric synthesis of unnatural axially chiral biaryl δ‐amino acid derivatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For large quantities of hydrogen transportation, it is a potential solution for mixing a certain proportion of hydrogen into natural gas pipeline network. In is imperative to seek efficient explosion suppressants of hydrogen enriched compressed natural gas (HCNG). In current work, a 125 L cubic explosion container was developed to conduct the suppression experiments on 20% and 50% HCNG explosion using inhibitory solids of 0.04–0.32 g/L ABC powder and 0.04–0.16 g/L potassium bicarbonate-zeolite (PBZ) composite powder. The thermodynamic and particle size properties of ABC powder and PBZ composite powder were analyzed to interpret these suppression effects. The pressure history curve and explosion flame appearance were recorded. The flame exhibited a deformation and wrinkles characteristic when the solid suppressants were employed. The optimal concentrations of ABC powder and PBZ composite powder suppression were attained. The physical and chemical mechanisms of explosion mitigation with ABC powder or PBZ composite powder were fully revealed. The single inhibitory powder of ABC powder or PBZ composite powder could not fully restrict the HCNG explosion. The current results possessed some practical guidance for restriction of HCNG explosion in industrial confined spaces. • Powder suppressions on 20% and 50% HCNG explosion are conducted. • Flame shows a deformation and wrinkles shape under inhibitory powders. • The inhibitory effect of PBZ composite powder is than that of ABC powder. • Optimal concentrations of ABC powder and PBZ composite powder are attained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective) The flue-cured tobacco and other crops planted in the northern central subtropical climate region showed the overlapping planting areas. The study aimed to clarify the spatial variation characteristics of fertility in soil of tobacco planting areas and provide technical support for crop nutrient management and soil fertility regulation in this climatic region. (Method) Taking 2548 soil samples from tobacco planting area in the main climate types of northern central subtropical region in Yunnan province in 2019 as the research object, the membership function method of fuzzy mathematical model was used to comprehensively evaluate the soil fertility quality. The principal component analysis method was used to determine the weight of each index and the main controlling factors causing fertility differences. GIS spatial interpolation was used to determine the spatial distribution characteristics of soil fertility quality index. (Result) The average quality index of soil fertility in tobacco-planting areas in the main climate types of northern central subtropical region of Yunnan province was 0.65, which was at a relatively high level. The variation coefficients of SOM, TN, AP and AK in soil were 46.84%,48.69%,75.64% and 52.33%, respectively, all of which belonged to moderate variability intensity and their contents were relatively rich. Soil AP was the main limiting factor affecting soil fertility. The quality index of soil fertility in tobacco-planting areas in the main climate types of northern central subtropical region in Yunnan province showed a distribution pattern of high in the central region, low in some areas of the eastern or western regions, with scattered distribution in some areas. [Conclusion】 The soil from tobacco planting area in the main climate types of northern central subtropical region in Yunnan province is more suitable for tobacco growth. Balancing fertilization should control nitrogen, increase the application of organic fertilizer and phosphorus and potassium fertilizers, effectively balance and coordinate soil nutrients, and improve soil fertility and tobacco leaf quality in tobacco-planting areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Value-based care (VBC) aims to improve patient health outcomes relative to the cost of care by shifting from traditional fee-for-service models to patient-centered, outcome-driven approaches. This framework is particularly important in nephrology, where high costs associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end stage kidney disease have prompted the adoption of new care models. Key programs such as the Comprehensive End-Stage Renal Disease Care Model and the Kidney Care Choices program have introduced multidisciplinary teams and early-stage CKD interventions to improve patient outcomes and reduce costs. This article highlights the essential role of interdisciplinary collaboration in VBC, with registered nurses, nurse practitioners, pharmacists, social workers, dietitians, and physicians coordinating care to address clinical and non-clinical needs. Case studies demonstrate the effectiveness of coordinated efforts in medication management, patient education, and addressing social determinants of health. These examples underscore the potential for VBC to significantly improve patient outcomes in kidney care while addressing health care inequities and reducing overall costs. Findings emphasize the importance of early interventions, interdisciplinary teamwork, and targeted support for patients with CKD in achieving VBC outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objectives] This research aimed to investigate the nutrient effects of various special fertilizers and their application methods, as well as to offer a theoretical foundation for the reasonable use of special fertilizers for high-yield of maize production. [Methods] The special fertilizers on the market were utilized as research materials, and the maize pot experiment was set up after they were sorted into functional categories. 14 maize parameters were thoroughly assessed using Pearson correlation analysis and principal component analysis. Effectively special fertilizers were then selected and used for culturing maize. 10 experimental treatments were set as follows:CK1(no fertilizer), CK2(conventional fertilization), T1(organic fertilizer O12+inorganic fertilizer I3+bio-stimulant M7), T2(organic fertilizer O12+inorganic fertilizer I5+bio-stimulant M7), T3(organic fertilizer O12+inorganic fertilizer I5+bio-stimulant M1), T4(organic fertilizer O12+inorganic fertilizer I3+bio-stimulant M1), T5(organic fertilizer O2+inorganic fertilizer I3+bio-stimulant M7), T6(organic fertilizer O2+inorganic fertilizer I5+bio-stimulant M7), T7(organic fertilizer O2+inorganic fertilizer I5+bio-stimulant M1), and T8(organic fertilizer O2+inorganic fertilizer I3+bio-stimulant M1), with three replications for each treatment, designed in randomized block arrangement. [Results] Compared with the CK1 treatment, the special fertilizer treatment significantly (P<0.05) increased the soil content of available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. However, the available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in the CK2 treatment maintained the highest level throughout the reproductive period, reaching 46.0, 38.9 and 179.6 mg·kg-1, respectively, at the six-leaf stage (35 d). Root scanning results demonstrated that T4 treatment greatly accelerated the growth of maize roots, with a significant increase in total root length, root volume, total root surface area, and number of root tips, which increased by 35.5%, 43.9%, 42.2% and 28.9%, respectively, compared with the CK2 treatment. Additionally, the special fertilizer treatment accumulated N, P, K+, Ca2+, Na+and Mg2+ in the maize tissues. Meanwhile, the special fertilizer treatments, especially for T4 treatment significantly promoted maize growth, plant height, stem thickness, leaf area, stem and leaf fresh weight, as well as root fresh weight. [Conclusions] The best special fertilize application method for potted maize culture was set in T4 treatment, with dose for organic fertilizer O12 3.0 t·hm-2, inorganic fertilizer I3 45.0 kg·hm-2 and bio-stimulant M1 by root irrigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The negative impact of excessive fertilization on the sustainable development of agriculture has become the focus of universal attention. Thus, the aim is to maximize the yield of rice without imposing too much damage on the environment. This paper uses data regression analysis based on the statistical data (from 1990 to 2020) of a certain region to explore the impact of fertilizer application on rice yield, and adopts the sensitivity analysis to study the sensitivity of rice yield to the applied amount of chemical fertilizer. The results show that the average rice yield increased with increasing Nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) fertilizers application within the statistical data range; while the average rice yield decreased as Phosphorus (P) fertilizer application increased. Simultaneously, increasing the application of N and K fertilizers improved the average rice yield. Reducing the amount of P fertilizer and increasing the proportion of K fertilizer positively affected the average rice yield. The sensitivity analysis indicated that the average rice yield was most sensitive to K application amount. The sensitivity value maximized at a small amount of N fertilizer (11.25 kg hm-2) and a large amount of P fertilizer (6 kg hm-2). The findings reveal the interactive effect of multiple fertilizer application rates on grain yield and address the unclear mechanism of single fertilizer application on grain yield in the existing research. This paper provides a theoretical basis for scientific fertilizer use, agricultural quality, efficiency improvement, and sustainable development of agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application of green manure is a traditional and valuable practice to improve the fertility of saline soil. However, the impact of environmental factors, green manure types and returning methods on the changes in soil fertility and soil salinity remain poorly quantified at a large scale. In the present study, we conducted a meta-analysis to generate a comprehensive evaluation of the effects of green manure on soil organic carbon (SOC), soil salt content, and soil nutrients compared to bare soil in China. The results showed that compared with bare soil, green manure planting could significantly increase the SOC content of saline soil, reduce salt content, and improve the soil total nitrogen (N), soil available phosphorus (P) and soil available potassium (K) contents. On average, green manure significantly enhanced SOC by 34.82% (percentage change), soil total N by 32.23%, soil available P by 34.34% and soil available K by 17.43%, while reducing soil salt content by 47.75%, compared to bare soil. In areas with a mean annual temperature (MAT) of <10 °C or a mean annual precipitation (MAP) of 200–400 mm, green manure had the largest increase in SOC, soil total N, soil available P, and soil available K. The smallest increases were observed in areas with an MAT above 15 °C and MAP greater than 800 mm. Green manure types influenced the improvement effect of green manure on saline soil. Green manure mixtures were more conducive to increases in SOC, while the increases in soil total N resulting from mixed green manure were lower in comparison to those from both legumes and non-legumes. In addition, the initial salt content, experimental years, and returning method influenced the improvement effect of green manure on saline soil. Therefore, this meta-analysis identified green manure as a promising practice for significantly improved saline soil in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biochar application has received much attention because biochar can be used as an organic amendment. The nutrient release patterns and interactions in straw biochar produced at different temperatures are not well understood. In this study, we observed the release patterns of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) and the interaction between released C, N, P, and K from straw biochar prepared from 225 to 600 °C through a 180-day degradation experiment. The results showed that the degradation rate of the two kinds of straw biochar was faster in the first 30 days at different temperatures, and that of the straw biochar prepared before 300 °C was more rapid, indicating that 300 °C is an important turning point. The rule of nutrient release in the straw biochar showed that the K release rate was the highest and most rapid and was more than 60% in the first 30 days. The nutrient release rates for the two kinds of straw biochar were in the order K > N > P > C. The release of nutrients accompanied the decomposition of the straw biochar, and there was an exponential relationship between the amount of nutrients released from straw biochar and its degradation mass. There were collaborative or similar release processes indicated by significant positive correlations between the released C and N (R2 = 0.96) and P and K (R2 = 0.94) in the tobacco straw biochar and an obvious correlation between the released C and N (R2 = 0.76) in the rice straw biochar. These results indicated that the released C and N, P, and K in tobacco straw biochar, as well as C and N in rice straw biochar, have synergistic effects and the same degradation path. The application of straw biochar can provide a source of P and N in the short term and a source of P and C in the long term. This study suggests that returning straw biochar to the soil could appropriately reduce the input of K fertilizer in the early stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The factors that influence electrical potential across the cell membrane are important because they affect cellular properties that, in turn, allow tissues, organs, and whole organism to function; as such, it is important to understand them. The distribution and movement of certain ions (i.e., Na+, K+, Ca2+) determine this electrical potential as they move across the membrane through channels and transport processes, some of which are impeded by the presence of other ions. As a particularly apt example: free Ca2+ ions are known to block open Na+ channels. This study illustrated that raising the Ca2+ ion concentration on one side of the membrane led to a larger membrane potential, and this is suggested herein to be caused by blockage of a leaky Na+ channel. If more such channels are present in the membrane, the effects of altering Ca2+ concentration have less impact. Regulating membrane potential is key to cellular function. For many animal cells, resting membrane potential is predominantly driven by a family of K2P (two-pore domain) potassium channels. These channels are commonly referred to as leak channels, as their presence results in the membrane being permeable to K+ ions. These channels, along with various pumps and exchangers, keep the cell resting membrane potential (Rp) relatively close to potassium's equilibrium potential (EK); however, in many cells, the resting membrane potential is more depolarized than the EK due to a small Na+ ion leak. Raising [Ca2+]O (extracellular Ca2+ concentration) can result in hyperpolarization of the membrane potential from the resting state. The mechanism for this hyperpolarization likely lies in the blockage of a Na+ leak channel (NALCN) and/or voltage-gated Na+ channels. The effects may also be connected to calcium-activated potassium channels. Using Drosophila melanogaster, we here illustrate that changing [Ca2+]O from 0.5 to 3 mM hyperpolarizes the muscle. Replacing NaCl with LiCl or choline chloride still led to hyperpolarization when increasing [Ca2+]O. Replacing CaCl2 with BaCl2 results in depolarization. K2P channel overexpression in the larval muscle greatly reduces the effects of [Ca2+]O on cell membrane potential, likely because potential is heavily driven by the EK in these muscles. These experiments provide an understanding of the mechanisms behind neuronal hypo-excitability during hypercalcemia, as well as the effects of altered expression of K2P channels on membrane potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The surface activity of potassium heptylene decyl succinate (PHDS) at water-air interface was studied. The obtained results showed a very good correlation between the surface activity of PHDS and concentration of surfactant solutions and temperature of the system. The phase behaviour and structure of aggregates in PHDS)/water binary system were investigated. The phase diagram of the PHDS/water binary system was obtained depending on the concentration of components and temperature of the system. It was established that due to the double hydrocarbon chain of the PHDS molecule, the lamellar liquid crystalline phase exists across a wide range of the phase diagram. It was shown that upon the addition of water, the cross-sectional area of the PHDS molecules in lamellar liquid crystals is changed insignificantly. This result was associated with the invariability of the distance of the lipophilic layers of formed lamellar liquid crystals by PHDS molecules. On the basis of video-enhanced microscopic studies, it was established that in two-phase region of the phase diagram, lamellar liquid crystals coexist with water in the form of vesicles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Hyperkalemia is a common postoperative complication in kidney transplant recipients. • Limited data describing safety/tolerability/efficacy of novel potassium binders. • Patiromer and sodium zirconium cyclosilicate (SZ-9) appear safe and well-tolerated. • Patiromer and SZ-9 did not reduce posttransplant dialysis need or hospitalization. Evaluate the safety/efficacy of novel potassium binders (patiromer, sodium zirconium cyclosilicate [SZ-9]) for early postoperative hyperkalemia following kidney transplantation. Retrospective, single-center, cohort study of deceased-donor kidney recipients transplanted between 1/2018 and 12/2020. Potassium-binder use was evaluated from immediately posttransplant until discharge. Potassium binders were administered ≥2 hours before/after medications. A total of 179 patients were included, 24 (13%) of whom received potassium binders (16 [67%] patiromer, 7 [29%] SZ-9, 1 [4%] both) for a mean of 2.5 (±3.18) doses. Peak potassium levels were higher in the potassium-binder group (6.05 vs 5.35 mEq/L; P <.001). More patients on potassium binders transitioned to atovaquone than those on no binders (n = 21 [100%] vs n = 112 [75%], respectively; P =.005). Delayed graft function (DGF) was observed in 100 (56%) patients, with a higher proportion receiving potassium binders (18 [75%] vs 82 [53%], respectively; P =.042). There was no difference between groups in number of posttransplant dialysis sessions required in the general study population (P =.2), nor in the DGF group (P =.12). No difference was noted in the incidence of ileus (P =.2), or gastrointestinal symptoms (diarrhea, nausea, vomiting; P =.6). Of the 24 patients who received inpatient binders, 9 (37.5%) were discharged and remained on them for a mean of 46 (±49) days. Patiromer and SZ-9 appear safe in the early posttransplant period, but larger prospective trials are needed. Potassium-binder use does not appear to be associated with fewer dialysis sessions in DGF patients, however, they may be used as additional tools for lowering potassium in these patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Mammary gland secretions (MGS), electrolytes, and pH are used to detect impending parturition in mares. Questions remain about whether all mares present sodium potassium inversion at labor. This study demonstrated that all mares had sodium potassium inversion and acidic pH at the time of parturition. Milk pH is neutral in the first seven days postpartum; the clinical significance of this remains to be determined. The pH of MGS can be measured with minimal variation stored at three different temperatures, except when the pH is ~7.5, which went up to ~8 immediately after the storage; however, the clinical significance of this variation can likely be negligible. This present study is the first to address these two physiological and practical questions about the pH of MGS in periparturient mares. The objectives of this study were (i) to determine pH and electrolyte concentrations in MGS collected prepartum and at parturition, (ii) to characterize mare milk pH during the first week postpartum, and (iii) to evaluate pre-foaling MGS pH at three storage temperatures. This study outlined two hypotheses: (i) all mares exhibit acidic pH, increased calcium, magnesium, and potassium, and reduced sodium concentrations regardless of prepartum pH and electrolytes; (ii) pre-foaling MGS pH varies with storage temperature and time in an initial value-dependent manner. Twenty-three multiparous mares were monitored daily from 320 days of gestation until parturition. Pre-foaling MGS was collected, and pH was immediately measured using a hand-held pH meter. Aliquots were preserved for further electrolyte analysis. Postpartum, samples from day −7 to 0 (day of foaling) were thawed, and electrolyte concentrations (calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium) were determined. For the three storage temperatures, pH was measured at 0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 min after storage, and hourly for 10 h post-collection. A range of pH 8 to 6.5 was included to avoid bias towards a specific pH value. The chosen pH groups were 8 (range 7.8–8.2), 7.5 (range 7.3–7.7), 7 (6.7–7.2), and 6.5 (6.2–6.6). Overall, storage temperature affects pH (p < 0.05). In conclusion, this study demonstrated that the majority of the mares had sodium–potassium inversion and acidic pH at foaling. Milk pH is neutral up to four days after foaling, becoming slightly alkaline afterwards, with undetermined clinical significance. The pH of MGS showed minimal variation across storage temperatures, except for pH ~7.5, which increased to ~8 post-storage. This study is the first to address these physiological and practical questions about MGS pH in periparturient mares. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mammals have approximately 80 genes that encode potassium (K+) channels. They have a wide range of physiological functions, such as modulation of action potential duration and relaxation of smooth muscles. Carvacrol, a compound found in various aromatic plants, has been used traditionally for treating asthma, menstrual spasms, and gastrointestinal disorders. However, its mechanism of action on smooth muscles remains insufficiently understood. This study investigates the role of potassium ion channels in the relaxing effects of carvacrol on isolated rat duodenum smooth muscles. Rats were euthanized and duodenal segments were prepared and placed in an isolated organ bath with Krebs' solution. The segments were equilibrated for 1 h and then treated with chemicals to obtain concentrationresponse curves. The data were evaluated using one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's Honest Significant Difference (Tukey's HSD) test for multiple comparisons. Our findings demonstrate that carvacrol induces a dosedependent relaxation of these muscles. The relaxation effects were significantly reduced in the presence of specific potassium channel inhibitors, including paxilline, UCL1684, linopirdine, barium chloride, and 4-aminopyridine. They were completely blocked by the combination of barium chloride and tetraethylammonium. However, glibenclamide, ruthenium red, and nitroarginine did not alter the relaxing effects of carvacrol. In conclusion: carvacrol relaxes duodenum smooth muscles by opening barium chloride-sensitive Kir2.1 and Kir3.1, as well as tetraethylammoniumsensitive KCa1.1, KCa2.1, KCa2.2, KCa2.3, Kv1.2, Kv1.4, Kv1.5, Kv2.1, Kv2.2, Kv4.1, Kv4.2, Kv4.3, Kv7.1, Kv7.2, Kv7.3, Kv7.4, and Kv7.5 potassium channels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives Pseudohypoaldosteronism type 1A (PHA1A) is caused by haploinsufficiency of the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR). Heterozygous small insertions/deletions, transitions, and/or transversions within NR3C2 comprise the majority (85%-90%) of pathogenic copy number variants. Structural chromosomal abnormalities, contiguous gene deletion syndromes, and microdeletions are infrequent. We describe a neonate with PHA1A due to a novel NR3C2 microdeletion involving exons 1-2. Methods Literature review identified 39 individuals with PHA1A due to NR3C2 microdeletions. Transmission modality, variant description(s), testing method(s), exon(s) deleted, and affected functional domain(s) were characterized. Results In total, 40 individuals with NR3C2 microdeletions were described: 19 involved contiguous exons encoding a single MR domain; 21 involved contiguous exons encoding multiple MR domains. Transmission modality frequency was familial (65%), de novo (20%), or unknown (15%). Sequencing (Sanger or short-read next-generation) failed to detect microdeletions in 100% of tested individuals (n = 38). All were detected using deletion/duplication testing modalities. In 2 individuals, only microarray-based testing was performed; microdeletions were detected in both cases. Conclusion Initial testing for PHA1A should rely on sequencing to detect the most common genetic alterations. Deletion/duplication analysis should be performed when initial testing is nondiagnostic. Most NR3C2 microdeletions are parentally transmitted, thus highlighting the importance of familial genetic testing and counseling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The title complex, (1,4,7,10,13,16-hexaoxacyclooctadecane-1κ6O)(μ-oxalato-1κ²O¹,O²:2κ²O1′,O2′)triphenyl-2κ³C-potassium(I)tin(IV), [KSn(C6H5)3(C2O4)(C12H24O6)] or K[18-Crown-6][(C6H5)3SnO4C2], was synthesized. The complex consists of a potassium cation coordinated to the six oxygen atoms of a crown ether molecule and the two oxygen atoms of the oxalatotriphenylstannate anion. It crystallizes in the monoclinic crystal system within the space group P21. The tin atom is coordinated by one chelating oxalate ligand and three phenyl groups, forming a cis-trigonal–bipyramidal geometry around the tin atom. The cations and anions form ion pairs, linked through carbonyl coordination to the potassium atoms. The crystal structure features C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds between the oxygen atoms of the oxalate group and the hydrogen atoms of the phenyl groups, resulting in an infinite chain structure extending along a-axis direction. The primary inter-chain interactions are van der Waals forces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monitoring soil rapidly available potassium (RAK) reserves is extremely significant for developing precise fertilizer recommendations. The sodium tetraphenylborate (NaBPh4)-spectrophotometer method is applied to the detection of soil RAK content as a speedy, efficient and portable approach. However, the detection accuracy of this method is inferior to the ammonium acetate (NH4OAc)-flame photometer method. Here, the detection processes of the NaBPh4 turbidimetry were optimized to find the correlation with the NH4OAc method, further discussed the reasons for the different results by the two methods. The maximum relative error is 13% after conversion through the calibration curve. In addition, the accuracy of the calibration curve was verified by selecting non-fitting soil samples from two experimental sites. Therefore, our work proposes that the NaBPh4 turbidimetry, more convenient and rapid, can accurately detect the soil RAK content in the field. It provides an experimental guidance for the detection method of soil RAK content based on ultraviolet detection and on-site rapid detection devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present experiment was undertaken to characterize the K releasing pattern as well as the bioavailability of K in nine soils under three dominant soil orders of eastern India. Soils were extracted with 0.2 M sodium tetraphenyl boron (NaTPB) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) was grown repeatedly with and without the addition of K fertilizer to study the K release kinetics and bioavailability. The highest K release by 0.2 M NaTPB at 144 h incubation was recorded in Entisols, while the least in Alfisols. Cumulative K released was mathematically best described by a parabolic diffusion equation and the empirical constants up to a 2 h incubation period was significantly related to relative biomass yield and K uptake by ryegrass. Considering relative biomass yield and K uptake as indices of plant K availability, the sequence of K supplying capacity of the soils under different orders was: Entisols>Inceptisols>Alfisols. The K-release rate of 30.8 mg kg-1 h-1 and the ryegrass leaf K concentration of 32.1 g kg-1 were found to be critical for this experiment. Based on the critical K release rate, the maximum amount of K released for plant uptake before showing any K deficiency symptom ranged from 179.3 mg kg-1 to 596 mg kg-1 for soils under the order Entisols, 247.9 mg kg-1 to 687.84 mg kg-1 for soils under Inceptisols and 118.67 mg kg-1 to 184.25 mg kg-1 for soils under Alfisols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Impact of integrated nutrient management on plant and soil nutrient status in sweet orange (Citrus sinensis L.) cv. Phule Mosambi was investigated for two consecutive years i.e. 2019 and 2020 at the Horticultural Research Farm, College of Horticulture, Anand Agricultural University, Anand. The experiment was laid out in completely randomized design (CRD) comprised of 11 treatments replicated thrice. Significantly higher yield was recorded with T11 [50% Recommended Dose of Nitrogen (RDN) + 20 kg farmyard manure (FYM)/tree +25% nitrogen (N) from Castor Cake + 10 ml Bio NPK Consortium + Micronutrient foliar spray (1% Grade IV)] (17.35 and 17.01 t/ha) which was at par with T10 (15.92 and 15.56 a t/ha) during 2019 and 2020, respectively. Amongst the treatments, T11 had increased the nutrient contents of soil as well as in plant and recorded maximum available nitrogen (N), available potassium (K), soil boron (B) content, plant nitrogen (N) content, plant iron (Fe) content, plant copper (Cu) content and plant boron (B) content in both the years whereas available phosphorous (P) was found higher in treatment T7 in both the years. Treatment T8 recorded highest soil copper (Cu) content in both the years. As far as plant zinc (Zn) content is concerned, it was found higher in treatment T9 in both the years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The minimum disturbance of soil is gaining popularity in different parts of the world because of definite advantages over conventional tillage (CT) especially with respect to rice cultivation. Conventionally, rice is transplanted in puddled soil in which soil is completely broken down and destroyed in presence of standing water to create an impervious layer below the surface so as to hold the rainwater for the rice. Such practice noticeably hampers the growth of the succeeding winter crop grown under conventionally tilled soil because of alteration of soil physical characteristics. Taking into consideration, a field experiment was conducted from 2016 to 2019 to assess the alterations in soil properties resulting from various tillage systems in the cultivation of rice followed by Indian mustard, either through transplanting or direct seeding, after the cultivation of Sesbania aculeata. The experiment was conducted with 20 treatment combinations comprising of five tillage practices combining minimum tillage (MT) and conventional tillage (CT) viz., T1: CT (S: Sesbania)-CT (TR: Transplanted rice)-CT (IM: Indian mustard), T2: MT (S)-CT (TR)-MT (IM), T3: MT (S)-CT (DSR: Direct seeded rice)-CT (IM), T4: MT (S)-MT (DSR)-MT + rice residue @1.5 tha−1 (IM), T5: MT (S)-MT (DSR)-MT (IM) and four weed management practices viz., W1: recommended herbicides (S and IM: pendimethalin 0.75 kg ha−1 pre-emergence; rice: pretilachlor 0.75 kg ha−1 pre-emergence) W2: IWM: integrated weed management (W1 + manual weeding), W3: manual weeding/hoeing, W4: weedy check, laid out in a split-plot design with tillage practices in the main plots and weed management practices in the sub-plots with three replications. Weed management is excluded from the results and discussion section of the paper due to no treatment effect on soil properties. The soil properties studied under the investigation were microbial population, microbial biomass carbon, soil enzymes such as dehydrogenase, phosphomonoesterase and fluorescein di-acetate, soil available NPK, soil organic carbon, bulk density, water holding capacity, total porosity, water stable aggregates, and mean weight diameter of aggregates were significantly changed under direct seeded rice based system as compared to puddled rice based system. Findings of the experiment suggested that by minimizing soil disturbance and residue retention in winter crop not only improved soil properties but also system productivity in terms of average rice equivalent yield (18.60%) of rice-Indian mustard cropping sequence over conventional tillage system. Minimum tillage in Sesbania-direct seeded rice-Indian mustard with rice residue retention improved macro water stable aggregates (> 0.25 mm sized aggregates) (62.08%) and mean weight diameter of aggregates (1.34 mm) at 0–30 cm soil depth as compared to conventional tillage system (60.04% and 1.27 mm, respectively). The same treatment improved total porosity and water holding capacity of 0–15 cm of soil depth by 47.42% and 45.87%, respectively as compared to conventional tillage after three years of investigation. Regression analysis shows that one unit reduction in bulk density increased total porosity of soil by 1.47 units; whereas a unit improvement in total porosity improved water holding capacity of soil by 1.25 units. Other soil properties viz., soil organic carbon (16.75% in 0–15 cm depth and 25.86% in 15–30 cm depth), available nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium (1.04%, 5.40% and 1.54%, respectively); bacterial and fungal population, microbial biomass carbon (49.90%), and activity of dehydrogenase, phosphomonoesterase and fluorescein di-acetate (25.39%, 17.02% and 48.94%, respectively) were also improved under the same treatment over conventional tillage system. A significant (P ≤ 0.01) positive correlation of soil macro-aggregates, water holding capacity, soil microbial biomass carbon with soil organic carbon as well as phosphomonoesterase, dehydrogenase and fluorescein di-acetate activities with soil microbial carbon was observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alternaria solani is causing early blight and thereby yield reduction in the potato production. The pathogen is today mainly controlled by fungicide applications. The severity of early blight can vary largely among fields. The aim of this study was to gain understanding of what field and management parameters are the most important for early blight severity to create more farm-specific fungicide treatment recommendations. Over three seasons, 2019–2021, 52 field plots were observed at farms in southern Sweden. In each field a 24 m × 24 m plot was left untreated against early blight. However, late blight fungicides were applied. The disease severity was scored twice in the untreated plot and information about various soil/plant parameters and farmer's management was collected from each field. In addition to the observational study, field trials were performed in 2021 and 2022, evaluating the effect of potassium fertiliser levels on severeness of infection. We found that the soil composition was of significant importance for the severity of infection, in particular the sand, clay, and potassium content. The early blight severity was directly positively correlating with a high sand content. Low levels of leaf potassium increased the severity of early blight infection, and this observation was confirmed in field trials where different levels of potassium fertiliser were applied. Further no reduction in disease severity was observed with a four-year crop rotation. With knowledge about field and management factors that influence disease, field-specific recommendations can be developed supporting an integrated pest management strategy for early blight to reduce and optimise the fungicide usage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Whether blood laboratory analyses differ in patients who later suffer in‐hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA) compared to other hospitalised patients remains unknown. The aim of this study was to describe pre‐arrest sampling frequencies, results, and trends in blood laboratory analyses in patients with IHCA compared to controls. Methods: This study was a matched case–control study using national registries in Denmark. Cases were defined as patients with IHCA from 2017 to 2021. Controls were defined as hospitalised patients and were matched on age, sex, and date and length of admission. Data on a total of 51 different blood laboratory analyses were obtained. The laboratory analyses of primary interest were lactate, sodium, potassium, and haemoglobin. The index time for cases was defined as the time of cardiac arrest, and a corresponding index time was defined for controls based on the time to cardiac arrest for their corresponding case. Blood sampling frequencies were reported for blood laboratory analyses obtained either within the last 24 h before the index time or between the time of hospital admission and the index time. Blood sampling results were reported for blood laboratory analyses obtained within the last 24 h before the index time. Results: A total of 9268 cases and 92,395 controls were included in this study. Cases underwent more frequent sampling of all blood laboratory analyses compared to controls. This higher sampling frequency was more pronounced for lactate compared to sodium, potassium, or haemoglobin. The last measured lactate was higher in cases (median [IQR]: 2.3 [1.3, 4.9]) compared to controls (median [IQR]: 1.3 [0.9, 2.0]). Differences in sodium, potassium, and haemoglobin were negligible. The proportion of abnormally elevated levels of lactate and potassium increased as time to cardiac arrest decreased; no such effect was seen in controls. No temporal trend was evident for sodium or haemoglobin. Conclusions: Patients with IHCA undergo more frequent blood sampling prior to IHCA and have higher levels of lactate compared to matched controls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this study is to measure the levels of radioactivity in certain construction material samples by quantifying the amounts of natural radionuclides (238U, 232Th, 40K) and 137Sc using gamma-ray spectroscopy with a High Purity Germanium (HPGe) detector. The selected samples were collected and examined to ascertain the mean quantities of radionuclides present. Subsequently, these findings were juxtaposed with global benchmarks for additional examination. The efficiency results unveiled a spectrum of concentrations for different radionuclides, encompassing 238U with a concentration range of (2.53 - 8.2 Bq/kg) and an average concentration of (4.93 Bq/kg). Similarly, the concentration of 232Th ranged from (0.655 - 3.45 Bq/kg), with an average concentration of (1.74 Bq/kg). The radionuclide 40k exhibited a concentration range of (3.5 -1500 Bq/kg), with an average value of (386.4 Bq/kg). Furthermore, 137Sc displayed a concentration range of (0.51-0.22 Bq/kg) with an average concentration of (0.53 Bq/kg). The radium equivalent concentration was determined to be (40.45 Bq/kg), whereas the absorbed dosage was measured at (18.67 nGy/h). The external hazard index (Hout) was measured to equal (0.11 mSv/y), whereas the internal hazard index (Hin) was determined to be (0.17 mSv/y). Furthermore, the annual equivalent effective dose (AEDEout) was calculated to be (0.09 mSv/year). The annual dosage of (AEDEin) was determined to be (0.02 mSv/year). The gamma radiation index, denoted as Iγ, was determined to be (0.28 Bq/kg). The study results imply that the amounts of radionuclides fall within the defined normal limits worldwide, indicating that the natural radioactivity levels are within the internationally acceptable range. Quantification of both natural and artificial radioactivity in specific building materials employed in constructing dwellings inside Salah Al-Din Governorate. A selection of seven distinct models was made. (Plaster, Bork, and Dust). The concentration of gamma-ray-emitting radionuclides in both the uranium-radium and thorium series, as well as 40K and 137Sc, was measured using a high-purity germanium (HpGe) detector. Subsequently, the spectrum underwent analysis for 3600 seconds. The concentrations of the radionuclides being investigated were determined to be as follows: The mean concentrations of 238U range from (2.53 - 8.2 Bq/kg), while for 232Th the range from (0.65 to 3.45 Bq/kg). The concentrations of potassium 40K range from (3.5 to 1500 Bq/kg), and for 137 Sc the range from 0.51 to 0.22 Bq/kg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Freshwater, vital for life and ecosystems, accounts for only 2.5% of Earth's water, and is primarily located in polar caps, underground reservoirs, and surface water. Its quality varies due to environmental interactions, especially in groundwater. Tenerife, located in the Canary Islands, Spain, relies mainly on underground aquifers and tunnels capturing 51.6 cubic hectometers annually. Ensuring safe drinking water is a global challenge due to health risks from poor water quality, including diseases and cancer. Fluoride, sodium, and potassium are essential for health, and are mainly derived from groundwater as fluoride ions (F−) and sodium and potassium cations (Na+, K+). However, excessive F−, Na+, and K+ in drinking water is harmful. The World Health Organization limits F− to 1.5 mg/L, Na+ to 8.70 meq/L, and K+ to 0.31 meq/L. Geological, climatic, and human factors control the presence and transport of F−, Na+, and K+ in groundwater. Seismic events can impact water quality, with long-term effects linked to aquifer structure and transient effects from gas and fluid expansion during earthquakes. This study was motivated by a 3.8 mbLg earthquake in Tenerife in 2012, which allowed its impact on groundwater quality, specifically F−, Na+, and K− concentrations, to be examined. Post-earthquake, F− levels alarmingly increased to 8.367 meq/L, while Na+ and K+ showed no significant changes. This research quantifies the influence of earthquakes on increasing F− levels and evaluates F− reduction during low seismic activity, emphasizing the importance of water management on volcanic islands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences is the property of Editorial Board of Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article presents the results of agrochemical survey of soils of the Dolyna territorial community of Ivano-Frankivsk region. The agro-productive grouping of all soils of the district was carried out. There are five agroproductive soil groups within the district: sod-podzolic soils on ancient alluvial, water-glacial deposits, moraine, and eluvium of magmatic rocks; sod-podzolic and podzolic-sod surface-gleyed medium-loamy soils; deep non-gleyed and gleyed medium-loamy sod soils and their podzolized variants on ancient alluvial, water-glacial deposits, moraine, and eluvium of magmatic rocks; brown-podzolic, sod-brown-podzolic, brown mountain-forest podzolized gleyed and surface-gleyed non-eroded and slightly eroded heavy loamy and light clayey soils; sod gleyed soils; sod-brown and meadow-brown gleyed soils on alluvial and deluvial deposits, medium-loamy stony soils. These soils exhibit acidic pH, are moderately deficient in available phosphorus, and have medium levels of potassium. They are potentially fertile but require liming and the application of organic-mineral fertilizers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Potassium is a cation involved in the resting phase of membrane potential. Diets rich in fresh fruit and vegetables, whole grains, dairy products, and coffee have high potassium content. The shift from a pre-agriculture diet to today's consumption has led to reduced potassium intake. Indeed, the Western diet pattern is characterized by a high daily intake of saturated fats, sugars, sodium, proteins from red meat, and refined carbohydrates with a low potassium intake. These reductions are also mirrored by high sodium intakes and a high consumption of acid-generating food, which promote a chronic state of low-grade metabolic acidosis. The low-grade metabolic acidosis is a cause of the bone-wasting effect. Therefore, a long-standing acidotic state brings into play the bone that contributes to the buffering process through an increase in osteoclastic resorption. In consideration of this background, we carried out a review that focused on the pathophysiological mechanisms of the relationship between dietary potassium intake and bone health, underlining the detrimental effects of the Western dietary patterns characterized by low potassium consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Glasnik Zastite Bilja is the property of Zadruzna Stampa D.D. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

KVPO4F with excellent structural stability and high operating voltage has been identified as a promising cathode for potassium‐ion batteries (PIBs), but limits in sluggish ion transport and severe volume change cause insufficient potassium storage capability. Here, a high‐energy and low‐strain KVPO4F composite cathode assisted by multifunctional K2C4O4 electrode stabilizer is exquisitely designed. Systematical electrochemical investigations demonstrate that this composite cathode can deliver a remarkable energy density up to 530 Wh kg−1 with 142.7 mAh g−1 of reversible capacity at 25 mA g−1, outstanding rate capability of 70.6 mAh g−1 at 1000 mA g−1, and decent cycling stability. Furthermore, slight volume change (~5%) and increased interfacial stability with thin and even cathode–electrolyte interphase can be observed through in situ and ex situ characterizations, which are attributed to the synergistic effect from in situ potassium compensation and carbon deposition through self‐sacrificing K2C4O4 additive. Moreover, potassium‐ion full cells manifest significant improvement in energy density and cycling stability. This work demonstrates a positive impact of K2C4O4 additive on the comprehensive electrochemical enhancement, especially the activation of high‐voltage plateau capacity and provides an efficient strategy to enlighten the design of other high‐voltage cathodes for advanced high‐energy batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Individual dietary recommendations change as loss of kidney function progresses. Adopting these recommendations in everyday life poses major challenges for patients. Individualising dietary counselling is crucial to easy accessibility. Aim: To investigate patients' needs with regard to a dietary app for patients with chronic kidney disease, patients', and health professionals' immediate responses to such a dietary app and suggestions for improvement and further development of a prototype. Design: A prototype of the dietary app has been developed and demonstrates how all information it provides can be tailored to the individual patient according to stage of disease, anthropometrics, and phosphate and potassium levels. A qualitative evaluation of the prototype was conducted using the Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research checklist for reporting. Approach: Seven individual interviews and four focus groups were analysed using interpretive description. Participants: Individual interviews with seven patients who have stage 4 or 5 chronic kidney disease and are not on dialysis, and four focus groups: one with participants from the individual interviews, one with six patients on haemodialysis, one with 13 kidney dieticians and one with seven health professionals. Findings: Both patients and healthcare professionals were positive about the app. Individualisation is necessary for the app to work in practice. The patients reported access to a diet diary and recipes as important elements. Conclusion: There is a need to improve the tools we use today to enhance patient adherence to dietary recommendations. The development of an app for individual dietary counselling could be a useful solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]