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In the area of wearable technology an enhancement of basic microstrip antenna is evolution of wearable textile antenna. A new development of wearable antenna is the incorporated of conductive plane using nanocomposite ink that embedded onto the fabric. In this paper, the performance of variety thickness of conductive Graphene-Ag-Cu ink on a drill fabric is presented. The performances include its resistivity and conductivity measurement. By performing a measurement using scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and four-point probe, it can obtain and measure the composition and thickness of nanocomposite layered on a fabric and resistivity respectively. Hence, it can provide detailed information about the surface morphology, roughness, and thickness of the nanocomposite coating on the fabric as well as the electrical conductivity. Finally, the electrical conductivity increased to the fifth layered from 0.1473×104 S/cm up to 0.5393×104 S/cm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

3D printing is particularly important to take adequate advantage of emerging processing technologies and food ingre-dients. This paper introduced the structural characteristics of plant-based nanocellulose and its functional properties com-patible with 3D printing, including high mechanical strength, convenient surface modification, suitability for printing rhe- ological properties, and favorable biosafety, analyzed the properties and uses of both types of two types of plant-based nanocellulose printing inks, hydrogels and emulsions, summarized its application status in food additives, food packaging, food freshness indicators, functional substance carrier, provided an outlook for the future of preparing emerging functional foods and smart food packaging, and made a prospect in order to provide a referential for future development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report the design, fabrication, and experimental characterization of an optically transparent printed planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA) operating at 2.45 GHz using the aerosol jet (AJ) printing method. The proposed antenna was fabricated using a clear conductive ink on glass and Delrin. The antenna exhibits a wide fractional bandwidth (FBW) of 20% centered at 2.45 GHz, with a peak realized gain of −3.6 dBi and transparency of ~80%. The proposed fabrication method provides a cost-effective and scalable solution for manufacturing transparent antennas with potential applications in wireless communication, sensing, and wearable devices operating at mmWave frequencies higher than 30 GHz. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios de Diseño y Comunicación is the property of Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios de Diseno y Comunicacion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Three-dimensional (3D) printing has attracted more attention in food industry because of its potential advantages, including the ability to create customized products according to individual's sensory or nutritional requirements. However, the production of high-quality 3D printed foods requires the availability of edible bio-inks with the required physicochemical and sensory attributes. Starch, as one of the important sources of dietary energy, is widely used in food processing and is considered as one kind of versatile polymers. It is not only because starch has low prices and abundant sources, but also because desirable modified starch can be obtained by altering its physicochemical properties through physical, chemical and enzymatic methods. This article focuses on the utilization of starch as materials to create food-grade bio-inks. Initially, several kinds of commonly used 3D printers are discussed. The factors affecting the printing quality of starch-based materials and improvement methods are then reviewed, as well as areas where future researches are required. The applications of 3D printed starch-based materials in food industry are also introduced. Overall, starch appears to be one kind of useful substances for creating edible bio-inks that can be utilized within 3D food printing applications to create a wide variety of food products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Protein‐stabilized high internal phase emulsions (HIPEs), which are pseudoplastic fluids with shear thinning and high viscoelasticity, are suitable for 3D printing inks. However, owing to the lack of a universal approach to the 3D printing of HIPEs, existing printing materials are unable to meet the developmental, biocompatibility, and safety requirements of various applications. Herein, it is demonstrated that post‐acidification of protein HIPEs enhances 3D printing performance. This method has the advantage of breaking through protein limitations, pH, and other environmental factors. The self‐supporting property required for 3D printing is achieved through the self‐assembly of continuous‐phase proteins into particle aggregates, and interfacial stability is maintained owing to the constant interfacial tension and contact angle. The acid‐induced protein aggregates in the continuous phase do not affect the stability of the modified HIPEs. This work provides a valuable new idea for advancing the application of protein HIPEs in 3D printing through a post‐acidification strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vegetables are healthy foods with nutritional benefits; however, nearly one‐third of the world's vegetables are lost each year, and some of the losses happen due to the imperfect shape of the vegetables. In this study, imperfect vegetables (i.e., broccoli and carrots) were upcycled into freeze‐dried powders to improve their shelf‐life before they were formed into food inks for 3D printing. The rheology of the food inks, color analysis of the uncooked and cooked designs, and texture analysis of the cooked designs were determined. The inks with 50% and 75% vegetables provided the best printability and shape fidelity. 3D printing at these conditions retained a volume comparable to the digital file (14.4 and 14.3 cm3 vs. 14.6 cm3, respectively). The control, a wheat flour‐based formulation, showed the lowest level of stability after 3D printing. The viscosity results showed that all the food inks displayed shear‐thinning behavior, with broccoli having the greatest effect on viscosity. There was a significant color difference between uncooked and cooked samples, as well as between different formulations. The hardness of the baked 3D‐printed samples was affected by the type and content of vegetable powders, where carrot‐based snacks were notably harder than snacks containing broccoli. Overall, the results show that 3D food printing can be potentially used to reduce the loss and waste of imperfect vegetables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inkjet printing is an attractive method for patterning and fabricating objects across many areas of industry. There is a growing interest in the printing of inks with high particle-loading, such as inks containing glass frit, ceramic and functional inks. However, the use of these inks is often limited due to uncertainty regarding the impact of their rheology on the printing process. Understanding of the role of complex rheology in the jetting of loaded inks is therefore needed to facilitate the wider application of inkjet printing. Here, we characterize the complex rheology and the jetting of model dispersion inks (containing 10, 15, and 23 vol. % TiO2 nanoparticles) and compared them with those without particles. The jetting of the model fluids was conducted with a commercial inkjet printhead (nozzle diameter 34 μm) and visualized with stroboscopic and ultra-high-speed imaging. For low particle concentrations, droplet formation is generally similar to those of unloaded inks, provided their Ohnesorge number and Weber number are matched, although the filament of the loaded model fluid tends to have earlier break-off, having a shorter length. The jetting reliability decreased with increase in particle-loading until reliable jetting can no longer be achieved, due to local particle–particle interactions in the ink channel and in the filament during the fast extensional thinning process. A jetting map is presented which illustrates the influence of particle-loading on the droplet formation, and indicates that the acceptable range of Ohnesorge number for jetting is reduced as the particle-loading is increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current revolution of the Internet of Things (IoT) and smart homes largely depends on high-cost sensors and expensive circuit integration techniques. Also, the environmental effects of electronics manufacturing have mandated opting for sustainable, low-cost 3D-printed electronics. In this work, we present an effective conductive ink/paint to fabricate capacitive sensors. The proposed ink has been formed by experimenting with various materials in different compositions. The proposed capacitive ink for printing the sensors offers flexibility and creativity when designing the circuits. The conductive paint can be used in wearables because of its unique advantage of being very thin, water resistant, and versatile to all surfaces. The capacitive ink proposed exhibits high conductivity and has demonstrated improved switching capability over the traditional capacitive sensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen release/storage materials for iron/air batteries are fabricated as Fe‐16Mo and Fe‐24Ni (at.%) lattices via 3D‐extrusion printing of foamed inks containing oxide microparticles, followed by H2 reduction and sintering. A hierarchical open porosity is designed: (i) channels between walls created during printing, (ii) mesopores within walls, created during ink foaming, and (iii) micropores within ligaments between mesopores, created from partial sintering metal particles and gas escape during cycling. When subjected to H2/H2O redox cycling at 800 °C, the lattices of both compositions gradually undergo sintering. The Fe‐16Mo lattice remains fully redox‐active after 50 cycles unlike the Fe‐24Ni lattice, which loses 90% of its redox capacity after 30 cycles. The increased lifetime of the Fe‐16Mo lattice is attributed to the sintering inhibition of Mo, the formation of a mixture of oxide phases in the oxidized state, and the cyclic formation of submicron Fe2Mo by reduction of MoO2 and Fe2Mo3O8. The microstructure of the foamed walls is examined throughout cycling to track changes in morphology and composition. These are correlated to volume and porosity changes in the lattice. A comparison is made to previously‐studied Fe‐Mo and Fe‐Ni freeze‐cast lamellar foams, and variations in performance are discussed in the context of the different architectures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While the human body has many different examples of perfusable structures with complex geometries, biofabrication methods to replicate this complexity are still lacking. Specifically, the fabrication of self‐supporting, branched networks with multiple channel diameters is particularly challenging. Herein, the Gelation of Uniform Interfacial Diffusant in Embedded 3D Printing (GUIDE‐3DP) approach for constructing perfusable networks of interconnected channels with precise control over branching geometries and vessel sizes is presented. To achieve user‐specified channel dimensions, this technique leverages the predictable diffusion of cross‐linking reaction‐initiators released from sacrificial inks printed within a hydrogel precursor. The versatility of GUIDE‐3DP to be adapted for use with diverse physicochemical cross‐linking mechanisms is demonstrated by designing seven printable material systems. Importantly, GUIDE‐3DP allows for the independent tunability of both the inner and outer diameters of the printed channels and the ability to fabricate seamless junctions at branch points. This 3D bioprinting platform is uniquely suited for fabricating lumenized structures with complex shapes characteristic of multiple hollow vessels throughout the body. As an exemplary application, the fabrication of vasculature‐like networks lined with endothelial cells is demonstrated. GUIDE‐3DP represents an important advance toward the fabrication of self‐supporting, physiologically relevant networks with intricate and perfusable geometries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the development of the 3D vascular printer, the forming process of ink from the nozzle to the rotating rod was studied. In this study, to online detect the ink flow from the nozzle during 3D bioprinting of tubular tissue, we established a geometric model according to the region of interest (ROI) of the ink flow picture of 3D printing of tubular tissue, selected description features of the ink contour, and studied how to select mathematical expressions of the features. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to simplify the image features into 15 features. We used a back propagation (BP) neural network to predict the printing ink flow. The results show that the error between the actual ink flow rate and the flow rate based on the BP neural network is within 5%. The BP neural network can be used to monitor the quality status of the printing target in real time, evaluate the 3D bioprinting quality online, and predict the printing ink flow for the subsequent improvement of the 3D bioprinting accuracy of tubular tissue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microengineering of materials plays an important role in achieving multifunctionality and enhancing performance. However, it is still a major challenge to construct secondary micro‐architectures in composite lattices to date. Herein, a novel microengineering strategy of combining additive manufacturing and thermo‐growth processes is proposed to develop elastomeric composite lattices with micro‐architectures throughout the filaments for versatile applications. The new printing inks are composed of elastomeric matrices, closed‐cell microspheres and carbon nanotubes (CNTs). After printing, microspheres "grow" to form secondary micro‐architectures inside by applying thermal treatment. Such thermo‐growth offers a good opportunity to manufacture objects with exceptional and complex micro‐architectures, and few synthetic materials can "grow" like this. Further investigation shows that the obtained microstructured elastomeric composite lattice has an excellent impact energy dissipation capacity by reducing the impact force by 57% owing to the hierarchical energy dissipation mechanisms, and exhibits a distinctively linear electrical response to impact which endows it a self‐sensing capability. In addition, it also shows a good thermal‐insulation performance endowed by mm‐scale pores and µm‐scale hollow spheres, which is comparable to existing composite foams. This study represents an innovative and effective approach for the development of micro‐engineered composite lattices with excellent multifunctional properties for versatile applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pad printing is not a widely used printing technique, but it offers the possibility of a simple, fast, and low-cost production of various high-resolution electrode structures. Here, the pad-printed reduced graphene oxide (rGO) electrodes are prepared from pad-printable inks containing rGO powder and different concentrations of two cellulose-based polymers: ethylcellulose and cellulose acetate butyrate. The applicability of rGO inks for pad printing is analyzed according to their rheological parameters and printability. Based on viscosity, storage (G0) and loss modulus (G00) values, 10wt% of ethylcellulose and 15 wt% of cellulose acetate butyrate appear to be most suitable for pad printing. The effect of polymer concentration on rGO electrodes homogeneity and mechanical stability is also evaluated. Cyclic voltammetry measurements for [Fe(CN)6]3-/4-redox system are performed with rGO/cellulose inks pad-printed onto transparent conductive oxide substrates with the best results when using ethylcellulose as a binder. Finally, the square-wave voltammetric method assesses the viability of rGO electrodes for the fast detection of ascorbic acid (detection limit of 15 µM) coupled with satisfactory precision (4.5%, n = 5) and long-term stability during electrochemical measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work demonstrates successful large area inkjet printing of a thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) material as the emitting layer of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). TADF materials enable efficient light emission without relying on heavy metals such as platinum or iridium. However, low-cost manufacturing of large-scale TADF OLEDs has been restricted due to their incompatibility with solution processing techniques. In this study, we develop ink formulation for a TADF material and show successful ink jet printing of intricate patterns over a large area (6400 mm2) without the use of any lithography. The stable ink is successfully achieved using a non-chlorinated binary solvent mixture for a solution processable TADF material, 3‐(9,9‐dimethylacridin‐10(9H)‐yl)‐9H‐xanthen‐9‐one dispersed in 4,4'-bis-(N-carbazolyl)-1,1'-biphenyl host. Using this ink, large area ink jet printed OLEDs with performance comparable to the control spin coated OLEDs are successfully achieved. In this work, we also show the impact of ink viscosity, density, and surface tension on the droplet formation and film quality as well as its potential for large-area roll-to-roll printing on a flexible substrate. The results represent a major step towards the use of TADF materials for large-area OLEDs without employing any lithography. Low-cost manufacturing of large-scale thermally activated delayed fluorescence organic light-emitting diodes has been restricted due to their incompatibility with solution processing techniques. Here, authors develop inkjet printing ink formulation to fabricate patterns without use of lithography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to excellent biocompatibility, sufficient raw material, robust mechanical properties and easy cross‐linking, Silk Fibroin (SF) is a promising protein for 3D printing inks and an ideal candidate for 3D scaffolds in fields like regenerative medicine, bioelectronics and bio‐optics. In order to meet the requirements of print accuracy, mechanical properties and form retention capabilities, the first step is to prepare SF 3D printing inks using physical, chemical or other strategies of cross‐linking. The basic chemical groups and physical structure of SF determines its ability to form 3D networks under different conditions using various cross‐linking strategies. In the preparation of SF‐based 3D printing inks, physical, chemical or other strategies of cross‐linking improve the qualities of printing, but each strategy has its advantages and disadvantages. This paper discusses different crosslinking strategies for SF to support the development of exciting potential for SF‐based 3D printing inks to meet more needs in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pursuit of low-cost manufacturing of newly effective pigments is a pressing economic need. Thus, in this work, low-cost ZnFe2O4 spinel nanoparticles (ZF-NPs) with an average diameter of 20 nm were successfully synthesized using a simple sol–gel method, which can be extended for large-scale fabrication of a reddish nano pigment. TGA/DTA, XRD, DRS, HRTEM, and SEM/EDX investigations were used to characterize the as-prepared product. The color of synthesized NPs was studied using CIE L*a*b* colorimetric method with color coordinates of L* = 41.7, a* = 72.2, and b* = 48.8. The newly developed pigment was examined to be superior to the traditional pigment (M6001/Fe2O3: L* = 30.4, a* = 42.16, and b* = 45.7). After that, the synthesized nano pigment was integrated into both ink and paint formulations as a multifunctional coating. The inclusion of synthesized nano pigment in metal coating printing ink formulation was done to produce a good alternative and cost-effective substitute for the commercially available pigment used in the inks industry. Also, the effect of the fabricated nanoparticles on corrosion resistance and thermal stability of epoxy-based paint formulations was evaluated using different standard tests. Therefore, the ZnFe2O4 pigment should be applied as a highly efficient inorganic nano pigment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mimicking the native properties and architecture of natural bone is a remaining challenge within the field of regenerative medicine. Due to the chemical similarity of calcium phosphate cements (CPCs) to bone mineral, these cements are well studied as potential bone replacement material. Nevertheless, the processing and handling of CPCs into prefabricated pastes with adequate properties for 3D printing has drawbacks due to slow reaction times, limited design freedom, as well as fabrication issues such as filter pressing during ejection through thin nozzles. Herein, an aqueous cement paste containing α‐tricalcium phosphate powder is proposed, which is stabilized by sodium pyrophosphate (Na4P2O7·10H2O) as additive. Since high powder loadings within pastes can result in filter pressing during extrusion, various concentrations and molecular weights of hyaluronic acid (HyAc) are added to the cement paste, resulting in reduced filter pressing during 3D extrusion‐based printing. These cement pastes are investigated regarding their setting reaction after activation with orthophosphate solution by isothermal calorimetry and X‐ray diffraction, as well as their hardening performance using Imeter measurements, while the processability is assessed by extrusion through 1.2 and 0.8 mm cannulas. The 3D‐printed structures with appropriate HyAc molecular weight and concentration demonstrate suitable mechanical properties and resolution for clinical application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Different statistical approaches were used to analyze the rheological properties of a rice-protein-based product before and after printing. The printing ink was composed of 30% rice protein and 70% water, with the addition of 0.5% xanthan gum. Printing parameters: The layer height (1 and 1.5 mm), printing speed (50 and 35 mm/s), and nozzle diameter (1.2 and 1.7 mm) were evaluated. Rheological properties were determined before and after printing using an oscillatory test from 0.1 to 10 Hz at 1 Pa. The decomposition of the curves into principal components helped us better understand the variations of the rheological properties along the frequency, differentiating the samples before and after printing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This report presents an additive manufacturing approach, for the first time, to producing high-entropy oxides (HEOs) using a 3D extrusion-based technique with oxide precursors. The precursors were prepared by a wet chemical method from sulfates. Additives were utilized to optimize the rheological properties of the printing inks with these precursors, and the properties of the printed HEOs were improved by increasing the solid content of the inks. When ink with a solid content of 78 wt% was used for printing, the resulting HEO exhibited a relative density of 92% and a high dielectric constant after undergoing pressureless sintering at 800 °C. Compared to traditional methods of manufacturing HEOs, the 3D extrusion technique is a very promising method for producing HEOs with complex geometries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The modification of existing paints and varnishes based on alkyd resins, as well as the creation of new film formers using functionalised oligomers to improve the properties of materials in use, has been carried out. The aim of the work is to study vegetable oils used in the production of printing inks and to modify them in order to improve their technological properties. The work carried out allows the use of printing inks based on modified vegetable oils, with the expansion of their scope of application in the production of various printed products. The modification of vegetable oils was carried out by interaction with synthesised urethane-containing reactive block copolymers. Modification of mustard oil allows to change its structure, to increase its molecular weight by oligomerisation of the oil with obtaining of branched structure. Modified vegetable oils provide fast drying alkyd coatings, even in air. The properties of modified oils, the rate of film formation depend on the chemical nature of the block copolymer, its reactivity. The main processes of oil film structuring are due to oxidative and thermal polymerisation of double bonds of fatty acid residues. Optimisation of the vegetable oil modification process has been carried out, a formulation for the production of printing inks has been developed and production tests have been carried out with positive results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Printed electronic technologies have sparked interest worldwide because of their capacity to transcend the limitations of existing high-cost electronics based on the fabrication of various devices deploying flexible substrates. Fabricating electrodes on stretchable, bendable, and soft substrates plays a vital role in flexible electronics. Hence this study demonstrates an electrochemical flexible substrate-based aptamer sensor for the Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) antigen over an extensive range of concentrations. In brief, ZnO nanorods were chemically synthesised and characterised by Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), UV-Vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), providing biocompatibility to the aptamer, a biorecognition element. The aptasensor showed a wide linearity (1 ng/ml-10 μg/ml), deploying a voltammetric identification in the presence of 10 mM methylene blue act as a redox-transition substance, with an estimated limit of detection of 1 ng/ml and 25 s as its optimal response time. The applicability of the sensor was further demonstrated by introducing CHIKV-Antigen into commercial serum samples. The built-in sensor has a shelf-life of approximately a month. CHIKV-Antigen can be detected rapidly on a portable platform. As a result, CHIKV can be diagnosed more quickly, allowing for more effective treatment choices. [Display omitted] • In-house, a flexible glove based three electrode system was developed. • Chemically synthesized and thoroughly characterized zinc oxide nanorods were utilized. • The built electrochemical sensor performed in human serum efficiently. • This sensor could be used to diagnose Chikungunya virus antigen. • The application of the Dengue Virus protein confirmed cross-reactivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current high production of plastics has prompted the exploration of alternative pathways to facilitate recycling, aiming for a progressively sustainable society. This paper presents an alternative and affordable technology for treating waste expanded polystyrene (EPS) mixed with acetone in a 100:1 volume ratio to be used as 3D printing ink for Direct Ink Write technology. In order to optimize the printing parameters, a comprehensive study was conducted, evaluating different needle diameters, printing speeds, and bed temperature values to achieve homogenous pieces and a highly repeatable 3D printing process. Results showed that the main optimum printing parameters were using needles with diameters of 14 to 16 G and printing speeds ranging from 2 to 12 mm/s, which were found to yield the most uniform ribbons. Increasing the bed temperature, despite favoring acetone evaporation, led to the generation of more heterogeneous structures due to void growth inside the printed ribbons. Thus, employing room temperature for the bed proved to be the optimal value. Lastly, a comparative study between the starting material and the EPS after the printing process was conducted using FTIR-ATR and GPC analyses, ensuring the preservation of the original polymer's integrity during physical recycling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Molecular Science is the property of Journal of Molecular Science Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This work demonstrates the green production of a graphene ink for inkjet printing and its use as a hole transport layer (HTL) in an organic solar cell. Graphene as an HTL improves the selective hole extraction at the anode and prevents charge recombination at the electronic interface and metal diffusion into the photoactive layer. Graphite was exfoliated in water, concentrated by iterative centrifugation, and characterized by Raman. The concentrated graphene ink was incorporated into inverted organic solar cells by inkjet printing on the active polymer in an ambient atmosphere. Argon plasma was used to enhance wetting of the polymer with the graphene ink during printing. The argon plasma treatment of the active polymer P3HT:PCBM was investigated by XPS, AFM and contact angle measurements. Efficiency and lifetime studies undertaken show that the device with graphene as HTL is fully functional and has good potential for an inkjet printable and flexible alternative to PEDOT:PSS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The shelf life of food is of great concern to food safety. This paper reports a cost-efficient integrated QR code label with dual sensing and information storage functions by printing technology, which can be applied to predict the shelf life of food products at different temperatures effectively. The QR code label includes the thermochromic zone and freshness sensing zone, which prepared by thermochromic ink and freshness sensing ink with inkjet printing and screen-printing techniques, respectively. The temperature-dependent color difference of the thermochromic zone under an external light source is obtained with a linear rescaling method. The sensitivity and reversibility of the thermochromic zone is analyzed as well, respectively. The results show that the thermochromic zone prepared by water-based ink with 18% mass fraction of thermochromic microcapsule powder has a high sensitivity, good linearity and reversibility, which can be used for real-time monitoring of temperature. Similarly, the freshness sensing zone is realized by a mixture of anthocyanin and curcumin inks with inkjet printing technique. The integrated QR code label is applied for the quality evaluation of the freshness of grass carp at 4 °C, which can effectively display the real-time temperature, freshness and the origin of food products of grass carp simultaneously, providing new ideas for the application of QR code label in smart packaging. Graphical Abstract [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, researchers prepared composite conductive inks with high conductivity, high thermal conductivity, strong stability, and excellent comprehensive mechanical properties by combining carbon-based materials such as graphene and carbon nanotubes with metal-based materials. Through new electronic printing technologies, conductive inks can be used not only to promote the development of integrated circuits but also in various new electronic products. The conductive mechanism and the main types of conductive inks are introduced in this review. The advantages of electronic printing technology for preparing integrated circuits are analyzed. The research progress of fabricating integrated circuits with different electronic printing processes, such as screen printing, gravure printing, flexographic printing, and inkjet printing, are summarized. The development trend of carbon-based composite conductive ink for integrated circuits is prospected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mineral oils are used in substantial quantities for the production of varnishes and inks due to their abundance and versatility. However, as part of the production process, some of mineral oil components are separated as waste material, whereupon they can mix with air, water, or soil and become potentially harmful to the environment. Almost all these waste materials are volatile organic compounds (VOCs), chemicals that can easily evaporate at room temperature and have toxic effect. Therefore, a novel green, mineral oil-free offset printing ink was produced using vegetable oil esters as bio-renewable raw materials. Accompanying varnishes were prepared with linseed oil, methyl oleate, octyl stearate, and four types of resin (A, B, C, and D). The application of these varnishes to magenta color offset ink was subsequently studied to screen out the best combination of resin and ester in terms of setting time. Meanwhile, dyeing force tests were conducted to evaluate the ink's printability, while rheological analysis was done via viscosity and flowability tests. The setting time of the magenta color offset ink made by varnish A was observed to be considerably shorter than that of the ink samples prepared using varnishes B, C, and D. Furthermore, varnish A proved to be a good alternative varnish for the production of yellow, cyan, and black color offset printing inks. Samples of these inks were printed on coated paper, and their printability was contrasted against that of vegetable oil-based (pure vegetable oil), mineral oil-based, and other mineral oil-free offset printing inks. Results determined that the varnishes produced with linseed oil, methyl oleate, and octyl stearate can replace mineral oil-based varnishes for the production of offset printing ink. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Droplets of alcohol-based formulations are common in applications from sanitizing sprays to printing inks. However, our understanding of the drying dynamics of these droplets on surfaces and the influence of ambient humidity is still very limited. Here, we report the drying dynamics of picoliter droplets of isopropyl alcohol deposited on a surface under controlled humidity. Condensation of water vapor in the ambient environment onto alcohol droplets leads to unexpectedly complex drying behavior. As relative humidity (RH) increases, we observed a variety of phenomena including enhanced spreading, nonmonotonic changes in the drying time, the formation of pancake-like shapes that suppress the coffee-ring effect, and the formation of waterrich films around an alcohol-rich drop. We developed a lubrication model that accounts for the coupling between the flow field within the drop, the shape of the drop, and the vapor concentration field. The model reproduces many of the experimentally observed morphological and dynamic features, revealing the presence of unusually large spatial compositional gradients within the evaporating droplet and surface-tension-gradientdriven flows arising from water condensation/evaporation at the surface of the droplet. One unexpected feature from the simulation is that water can evaporate and condense concurrently in different parts of the drop, providing fundamental insights that simpler models based on average fluxes lack. We further observed rim instabilities at higher RH that are well-described by a model based on the Rayleigh-Plateau instability. Our findings have implications for the testing and use of alcohol-based disinfectant sprays and printing inks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Critical-size bone defects of complex geometries are challenging to repair, making current approaches less satisfactory. Although calcium silicate (CaS) scaffolds prepared using 3D printing can be promising, these scaffolds are commonly treated with harsh conditions to reinforce their strength, significantly affecting the activity of biomolecules in the scaffolds. In this study, we developed a novel CaS biomaterial ink that did not require harsh post-treatments. It is shown that the printability was significantly improved using polyethylene glycol (PEG) and pluronic F-127 (PF), and the scaffolds showed excellent shape fidelity after printing. Moreover, the scaffolds demonstrated compatible mechanical strength with trabecular bone (∼7.07 MPa vs. 0.6 ∼ 16.8 MPa), and adding teriparatide (TP) in scaffolds could further improve the scaffold's potential for bone tissue engineering. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, there has been a huge surge in interest in improving the efficiency of smart electronic and optoelectronic devices via the development of novel materials and printing technologies. Inkjet printing, known to deposit 'ink on demand', helps to reduce the consumption of materials. Printing inks on various substrates like paper, glass, and fabric is possible, generating flexible devices that include supercapacitors, sensors, and electrochromic devices. Newer inks being tested and used include formulations of carbon nanoparticles, photochromic dyes, conducting polymers, etc. Among the conducting polymers, PANI has been well researched. It can be synthesized and doped easily and allows for the easy formation of composite conductive inks. Doping and the addition of additives like metal salts, oxidants, and halide ions tune its electrical properties. PANI has a large specific capacitance and has been researched for its applications in supercapacitors. It has been used as a sensor for pH and humidity as well as a biosensor for sweat, blood, etc. The response is generated by a change in its electrical conductivity. This review paper presents an overview of the investigations on the formulation of the inks based on conductive polymers, mainly centered around PANI, and inkjet printing of its formulations for a variety of devices, including supercapacitors, sensors, electrochromic devices, and patterning on flexible substrates. It covers their performance characteristics and also presents a future perspective on inkjet printing technology for advanced electronic, optoelectronic, and other conductive-polymer-based devices. We believe this review provides a new direction for next-generation conductive-polymer-based devices for various applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nanoparticle (NP) exhibits numerous distinctive and extraordinary properties than micron level and up. The inclusion of NP effects in the rheological and densification behavior of extrusion-based (direct ink writing (DIW)) inks has been extensively investigated. The aqueous-based alumina-silica inks were first designed using waste rice husk ash (RHA) derived nano-silica (NS) (0–10 wt%) and found that the solid-to-liquid ratio reduces continuously with NS addition for printable rheology. For functionalization of NS, dispersant requirement is increased that improve the solids loading of inks. Second, the optimized inks are printed via DIW technique and sintered at a temperature of 1400–1650 °C. The NS has remarkably enhanced the shrinkage, density, and morphology of sintered DIW specimens and 7.5 wt% RHA NS reduces the sintering temperature ∼150 °C. Incorporating NP in the 3D printing ink is a clean approach to filling pores generated by binder-burnout and fabricating a dense ceramic at a low temperature. [Display omitted] • Printable direct ink writing ink is designed using waste derived nanoparticle (NP). • Solids volume fractions need to reduce for develop a printable ink with NP. • Dispersant need increases for functionalization of ink particles with NP. • NP contributes a faster sintering rate and reduces the sintering temperature. • NP enables to develop of a 3D printed dense ceramic at a low temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A hydrogel system with the ability to control the delivery of multiple drugs has gained increasing interest for localized disease treatment and tissue engineering applications. In this study, a triple-drug-loaded model based on a core/shell fiber system (CFS) was fabricated through the co-axial 3D printing of hydrogel inks. A CFS with drug 1 loaded in the core, drug 2 in the shell part, and drug 3 in the hollow channel of the CFS was printed on a rotating collector using a co-axial nozzle. Doxorubicin (DOX), as the model drug, was selected to load in the core, with the shell and channel part of the CFS represented as drugs 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Drug 2 achieved the fastest release, while drug 3 showed the slowest release, which indicated that the three types of drugs printed on the CFS spatially can achieve sequential triple-drug release. Moreover, the release rate and sustained duration of each drug could be controlled by the unique core/shell helical structure, the concentration of alginate gels, the cross-linking density, the size and number of the open orifices in the fibers, and the CFS. Additionally, a near-infrared (NIR) laser or pH-responsive drug release could also be realized by introducing photo-thermal materials or a pH-sensitive polymer into this system. Finally, the drug-loaded system showed effective localized cancer therapy in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, this prepared CFS showed the potential application for disease treatment and tissue engineering by sequential- or stimulus-responsively releasing multi-drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is a brief review of the history of printing, centred around the life and inventions of Johannes Gutenberg, who is widely regarded as the father of printing. Starting with what we know of the earliest developments in printing in China, the article will present the little knowledge we have about Gutenberg's life and a summary of his contribution to the invention and development of the printing press and its associated technologies. This will be illuminated by an examination of how his most famous publication, the 42-line Gutenberg Bible, came to be created. Gutenberg's improvements to the chemistry of metal type and printing ink are outlined. The crucial importance of printing on the development of European society in the critical periods of the Reformation and the Renaissance and in the development and culture of science is obvious, but the lasting impact of the language of printing in today's world is surprising. Johannes Gutenberg is widely regarded as the father of printing through his contribution to the invention and development of the printing press and associated technologies such as the chemistry of metal type and printing ink. His work has had a major impact on the development and culture of science and on the language of printing in today's world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three-dimensional food printing is an inchoate industry with enormous potential for raising customized food. It offers many advantages as it allows the formulation of complex geometries and permits personalized nutrition to meet special dietary needs without much altering the taste preferences and widens the use of available food sources. A keen surge in this technology has opened the doors to better value addition by supplementing existing processes with 3D food printing and utilizing non-traditional food source for 3D ink formulations. A good understanding of the different properties of ingredients for formulation of 3D ink is necessary to better understand the behavior and properties of the ink system directly affecting the quality of the final printed product. The research and development in the field of ink formulation utilizing non-traditional food ingredients (plant and algae based) is of paramount relevance. In the present article, we review the recent advancements in plant- and algae-based functional ingredients (non-traditional food sources), either added in small amounts or utilized as base material for application in 3D ink formulations. This review spotlights the new ingredients, their physiological function, and impact upon addition on rheological, structural, and printing characteristics of the product. 3D food printing with its application to deliver customized food and personalized nutrition has proven outstanding. Highlighting the advancements in the area of edible ink ingredients and summarizing the existing studies will build the foundation for future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aims to investigate the possibility of synthesizing cobalt doped willemite ceramic blue pigment by using Egyptian white sand as environmental and economical raw material for multi-applications in coatings and inks. Design/methodology/approach: After the synthesis process, the prepared blue pigment was characterized via X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis technique. Then the blue pigment was integrated into both coating and ink formulations. The effect of the prepared multifunctional coatings on corrosion resistance and thermal stability was evaluated using different standard tests. Also, the effect of inclusion of blue pigment in flexographic printing ink formulation was done. Findings: The results showed that the coating containing the cobalt doped willemite blue pigment offered good anticorrosive performance and high thermal stability. Additionally, the presented results revealed that integration of the blue pigment in flexographic printing ink formulation enhanced fineness, gloss, viscosity and color more than the commercial one "FX 430–201." Originality/value: In conclusion, relied on the eco-friendly principle which can be regarded as an economic and green strategy, it can be obtained that this new pigment can provide good multifunctions such as corrosion resistance and thermal stability in coatings and good fineness, gloss, viscosity and color in inks which can enable them to be widely applied in different industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rare-earth-doped NaYF 4 nanoparticles are considered crucial upconversion luminescent materials with many applications, including anti-counterfeiting printing, biological imaging, and optical information storage. This work presents progress in obtaining hydrophilic pigments based on NaYF 4 :Er,Yb@SiO 2 nanoparticles, and their utilization in water-based ink printing for anti-counterfeiting applications. Coating NaYF 4 :Yb/Er microparticles with SiO 2 shells can provide several benefits for printing purposes, such as improved stability, dispersion, and ease of printing. The hydrophilic core-shell structured β-NaYF 4 :Er, Yb@SiO 2 microparticles were successfully prepared using the hydrothermal synthesis and sol-gel Stober method. The obtained microparticles were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Such characterizations confirm that the Er3+ and Yb3+ ions are incorporated in NaYF 4 cores, the NaYF 4 :Er, Yb cores are in hundreds of nanometer sizes, and the NaYF 4 :Er, Yb microparticles are coated by a silica layer of 50 nm thick. Both NaYF 4 :Er, Yb and NaYF 4 :Er, Yb@SiO 2 behave as up-conversion luminescent microparticles for both green and red emissions. The CIE chromaticity coordinates indicate that both the nanoparticles have their greenish color under excitation at 980 nm. Although decorating the NaYF 4 :Er, Yb nanoparticles with the SiO 2 shell decreases luminescent intensity (by a factor of 2), this step is still necessary to achieve hydrophilic surfaces for preparing water-based printing inks. Using the synthesized NaYF 4 :Er, Yb@SiO 2 as a pigment, a new water-based ink formula was created based on Polyamide as a polymer matrix. The obtained ink is printable on paper and on transparent and flexible Polyethylene substrate. The printed patterns with a height of 2 cm and a width of 2.5 cm were observed clearly under the irradiation of a 980 nm LED. Their durability in terms of sharpness and color was also assessed after six months. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethylene is a type of gas that fruits and vegetables can produce naturally. The release of ethylene gas from fruits and vegetables causes them to ripen and undergo physical, chemical and biological changes, such as changes in the appearance in terms of shape and colour, changes in firmness and texture, changes in taste and changes in nutritional value. Furthermore, it also facilitates the growth of microorganisms. These changes lead to spoilage if the fruit or vegetables are left to over ripen. Therefore, the prevention and reduction of damage caused by the ripening of fruits and vegetables entail reducing or slowing down the release of ethylene gas produced by them. This research project aimed to study the properties of activated carbon and potassium permanganate (KMnO4) modified activated carbon, applied as a printing layer on plastic materials for bananas, in terms of their adsorption and decomposition of ethylene. Active and water‐based flexography printing inks were prepared from water‐based binder and ethylene adsorbing and scavenging agents (activated carbon and KMnO4 modified activated carbon) at various concentrations of active agents, that is, 0.0, 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0%w/v. Then, those inks were printed on polypropylene plastic substrate. The delayed ripening of fruits results showed that the plastic materials coated with modified activated carbon inks delayed the physiology disorder (colour and firmness changing about 250% and 226%) and prolonged the storage time up to 14 days when compared with control. In addition, the functional ink layer also presented a high efficiency of abrasion resistance of about 75 cycles of rubbing at 1.8 kg. The products that stem from this research can be applied as packaging for fruits and vegetables in the form of bags, stickers and product pads that can help extend the life and slow the ripening of fruits and vegetables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stretchable organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) are promising for wearable applications within biosensing, bio‐signal recording, and addressing circuitry. Efficient large‐scale fabrication of OECTs can be performed with printing methods but to date there are no reports on high‐performance fully printed stretchable OECTs. Herein, this challenge is addressed by developing fully screen‐printed stretchable OECTs based on an architecture that minimizes electrochemical side reactions and improves long‐term stability. Fabrication of the OECTs is enabled by in‐house development of three stretchable functional screen‐printing inks and related printing processes. The stretchable OECTs show good characteristics in terms of transfer curves, output characteristics, and transient response up to 100% static strain and 500 strain cycles at 25% and 50% strain. The strain insensitivity of the OECTs can be further improved by strain conditioning, resulting in stable performance up to 50% strain. Finally, an electrochromic smart pixel is demonstrated by connecting a stretchable OECT to a stretchable electrochromic display. It is believed that the development of screen‐printed stretchable electrochemical devices, and OECTs in particular, will pave the way for their use in wearable applications and commercial products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efficient heat dissipation is vital for advancing device integration and high-frequency performance. Three-dimensional printing, famous for its convenience and structural controllability, facilitates complex parts with high thermal conductivity. Despite this, few studies have considered the influence of shear rate on the thermal conductivity of printed parts. Herein, polydimethylsiloxane/boron nitride (PDMS/BN) composites were prepared and printed by direct ink writing (DIW). In order to ensure the smooth extrusion of the printing process and the structural stability of the part, a system with 40 wt% BN was selected according to the rheological properties. In addition, the effect of printing speed on the morphology of BN particles during 3D printing was studied by XRD, SEM observation, as well as ANSYS Polyflow simulation. The results demonstrated that increasing the printing speed from 10 mm/s to 120 mm/s altered the orientation angle of BN particles from 78.3° to 35.7°, promoting their alignment along the printing direction due to the high shear rate experienced. The resulting printed parts accordingly exhibited an impressive thermal conductivity of 0.849 W∙m−1∙K−1, higher than the 0.454 W∙m−1∙K−1 of the control sample. This study provides valuable insights and an important reference for future developments in the fabrication of thermal management devices with customizable thermal conductivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is a potential candidate for the fabrication of flexible electronics devices and electronics with applications in various extreme environments, mainly due to its outstanding chemical and physical properties. However, to date, the utilization of PTFE in printing trials has been limited due to the material's low surface tension and wettability, which do not ensure good adhesion of the printing ink at the level of the substrate. Within this paper, successful printing of PTFE is realized after pre-treating the surface of the substrate with the help of dielectric barrier discharge non-thermal plasma. The efficiency of the pre-treatment is demonstrated with respect to both silver- and carbon-based inks that are commercially available, and finally, the long-lasting pre-treatment effect is demonstrated for periods of time spanning from minutes to days. The experimental results are practically paving the way toward large-scale utilization of PTFE as substrate in fabricating printed electronics in harsh working environments. After 3 s of plasma treatment of the foil, the WCA decreased from approximately 103° to approximately 70°. The resolution of the printed lines of carbon ink was not time dependent and was unmodified, even if the printing was realized within 1 min from the time of applying the pre-treatment or 10 days later. The evaluation of the surface tension (σ) measured with Arcotest Ink Pink showed an increase in σ up to 40 < σ < 42 mN/m for treated Teflon foil and from σ < 30 mN/m corresponding to the untreated substrate. The difference in resolution was distinguishable when increasing the width of the printed lines from 500 μm to 750 μm, but when increasing the width from 750 μm to 1000 μm, the difference was minimal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conductive hydrogels require tunable mechanical properties, high conductivity and complicated 3D structures for advanced functionality in (bio)applications. Here, we report a straightforward strategy to construct 3D conductive hydrogels by programable printing of aqueous inks rich in poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) inside of oil. In this liquid-in-liquid printing method, assemblies of PEDOT:PSS colloidal particles originating from the aqueous phase and polydimethylsiloxane surfactants from the other form an elastic film at the liquid-liquid interface, allowing trapping of the hydrogel precursor inks in the designed 3D nonequilibrium shapes for subsequent gelation and/or chemical cross-linking. Conductivities up to 301 S m−1 are achieved for a low PEDOT:PSS content of 9 mg mL−1 in two interpenetrating hydrogel networks. The effortless printability enables us to tune the hydrogels' components and mechanical properties, thus facilitating the use of these conductive hydrogels as electromicrofluidic devices and to customize near-field communication (NFC) implantable biochips in the future. Three-dimensional conductive hydrogels have promise in bioelectronics, yet achieving the desired conductivity and mechanical properties in 3D structured hydrogels is challenging. Here, the authors report a liquid-in-liquid 3D printing process for preparation of desirable PEDOT:PSS hydrogels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of inexpensive benchtop plotters in combination with refillable writing pens and markers as a powerful route to print nanomaterial‐based inks on paper substrates is studied. It is proved that this approach is very robust, it can be used to print inks of many different solution‐processable nanomaterials, and is very precise, allowing pattern features with pitch separation as narrow as 80 μm. The general character of this printing platform by printing van der Waals materials, organic semiconductors, hybrid perovskites and colloidal nanoparticles with a broad range of properties (from insulators to superconductors) is illustrated. The system is used to easily create several example applications such as an all‐printed, paper‐supported photodetector. This printing platform can be very helpful for research groups with a wealth of expertise in synthesis of solution‐processable nanomaterials but that lack the infrastructure, resources, and expertise to perform traditional inkjet printing for fast device prototyping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel statistical ink drop displacement (IDD) printer model for the direct binary search (DBS) halftoning algorithm is proposed. It is intended primarily for pagewide inkjet printers that exhibit dot displacement errors. The tabular approach in the literature predicts the gray value of a printed pixel based on the halftone pattern in some neighborhood of that pixel. However, memory retrieval time and the complexity of memory requirements hamper its feasibility in printers that have a very large number of nozzles and produce ink drops that affect a large neighborhood. To avoid this problem, our IDD model embodies dot displacements by moving each perceived ink drop in the image from its nominal location to its actual location, rather than manipulating the average gray values. This enables DBS to directly compute the appearance of the final printout without retrieving values from a table. In so doing, the memory issue is eliminated and the computation efficiency is enhanced. The deterministic cost function of DBS is replaced by the expectation over the ensemble of the displacements for the proposed model such that the statistical behavior of the ink drops is accounted for. Experimental results show significant improvement in the quality of the printed image over the original DBS. Besides, the image quality obtained by the proposed approach appears to be slightly better than that obtained by the tabular approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copper-based nanoinks are emerging as promising low-cost alternatives to widely used silver nanoinks in electronic printing. However, the spontaneous oxidation of copper under ambient conditions poses significant challenges to its broader application. To address this issue, this paper presents an economical, large-scale, and environmentally friendly method for fabricating Cu@Ag nanoparticles (Cu@Ag NPs). The as-prepared nanoparticles exhibit a narrow size distribution of approximately 100 nm and can withstand ambient exposure for at least 60 days without significant oxidation. The Cu@Ag-based ink, with a 60 wt% loading, was screen-printed onto a flexible polyimide substrate and subsequently heat-treated at 290 °C for 15 minutes under a nitrogen atmosphere. The sintered pattern displayed a low electrical resistivity of 25.5 μΩ·cm (approximately 15 times the resistivity of bulk copper) along with excellent reliability and mechanical fatigue strength. The innovative Cu@Ag NPs fabrication method holds considerable potential for advancing large-scale applications of copper-based inks in flexible electronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The ongoing research on printed and flexible electronics is primarily focused on conductive three‐dimensional (3D) print patterning. However, due to the nonhomogeneous distribution of conductive elements in a polymer matrix and their tendency to shrink, 3D‐printed patterns often suffer from low‐printing accuracies and poor mechanical and electrical properties. Herein, poly(vinyl butyral‐co‐vinyl alcohol‐co‐vinyl acetate) (PVBVA) is reinforced with microwave‐exfoliated graphene to develop a conductive ink for 3D printing. Compared with the pure PVBVA patterns, the PVBVA/graphene patterns exhibit a high‐electrical conductivity, a twofold enhancement in tensile strength, an improved printing accuracy, and a high stability because of the graphene addition. The PVBVA/graphene inks flow well during the printing; loading of up to 0.1 wt% graphene in the PVBVA gel results in notable changes in the rheological properties of the ink. The printed conductive patterns show a high flexibility suitable for wearable electronics. Additionally, multifunctional electronic operations such as photoinduced heating, temperature sensing, and motion sensing are possible. This study may pave the way for the development of a new class of smart wearable electronics for healthcare and soft robotics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food for the children should be nutritious with attractive shapes, flavors, and colors that distinguish from adult food. Additive manufacturing (AM) can meet the customization needs of children food and provide interesting, nutritionally customized food for them. This paper reviews and summarizes the applications of AM in food, and presents the potential applications of AM in children food as well as challenges and potential solutions. As of now, the application of AM in children's food is limited in terms of development of AM technologies, food printing inks, policy and standards. In the future, through breakthroughs in AM technologies, the intelligence of printing materials, and the support of policies and standards, its application in children food can lead to significant innovations to provide high quality children food that cannot be produced by current technologies. The main objective of this review is to identify the potential of AM technologies in manufacturing children's food. • Additive manufacturing has advantages in children's food. • Potential print ink materials are described. • 3D/4D food printing can customize children's food. • Existing problems and potential solutions are pointed out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

3D printing technology can be used to develop individualized medicines in hospitals and pharmacies, allowing a high degree of personalization and the possibility to adjust the dose of the API based on the quantity of material extruded. The main goal of incorporating this technology is to have a stock of API-load print cartridges that could be used at different storage times and for different patients. However, it is necessary to study the extrudability, stability, and buildability of these print cartridges during storage time. A paste-like formulation containing hydrochlorothiazide as a model drug was prepared and distributed in five print cartridges, each of which was studied for different storage times (0 h–72 h) and conditions, for repeated use on different days. For each print cartridge, an extrudability analysis was performed, and subsequently, 100 unit forms of 10 mg hydrochlorothiazide were printed. Finally, various dosage units containing different doses were printed, taking into account the optimized printing parameters based on the results of the extrudability analysis carried out previously. An appropriate methodology for the rapid development of appropriate SSE 3DP inks for pediatrics was established and evaluated. The extrudability analysis and several parameters allowed the detection of changes in the mechanical behavior of the printing inks, the pressure interval of the steady flow, and the selection of the volume of ink to be extruded to obtain each of the required doses. The print cartridges were stable for up to 72 h after processing, and orodispersible printlets containing 6 mg to 24 mg of hydrochlorothiazide can be produced using the same print cartridge and during the same printing process with guaranteed content and chemical stability. The proposed workflow for the development of new printing inks containing APIs will allow the optimization of feedstock material and human resources in pharmacy or hospital pharmacy services, thus speeding up their development and reducing costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]