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Warm season turfgrasses are fast growing and require frequent mowing, which increases maintenance cost. Various plant growth retardants are used to reduce the growth and required amount of mowing of turfgrasses. Therefore, the present study was planned to explore the impact of paclobutrazol (PBZ) and maleic hydrazide (MH) on the growth rate and quality of warm season turfgrasses. Four turfgrasses were grown in pots at research area, MNS-University of Agriculture, Multan. Paclobutrazol (PBZ) and Maleic Hydrazide at 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.04% levels were applied through foliar application with three repeats in CRD arrangement. The data of growth, quality and anatomical attributes were evaluated. The results showed significant differences in growth and the quality of turfgrasses in response to different levels of plant growth retardants. PBZ application at 0.04% maximum reduced fresh (26%, 35%, 25%) and dry (45%, 54%, 34%) weights of shoot, root and clippings respectively in Fine Dacca turfgrass. Additionally, PBZ application decreased the amount of mowing (40%) compared to control. Fine Dacca also produced the highest visual quality turf with maximum Chlorophyll a (46.87%) and Chlorophyll b (60%) in comparison to nontreated turfgrasses. The minimum number and density of stomatal and mesophyll cells by 45%, 47% were also recorded in Fine Dacca at PBZ (0.04%) with respect to control. It is concluded that PBZ at 0.04% could be used to reduce the amount of mowing in warm season turfgrasses, which will decrease the cost of lawn maintenance and support the landscape industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paclobutrazol is a plant growth regulator and inhibitor of endogenous gibberellin synthesis. It is a powerful inhibitor of vegetative growth by changing the photosynthetic rate and plant hormone levels, thereby affecting plant growth and development. In this study, the effects of paclobutrazol on the model diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum were investigated. Results show that 2.5-mg/L and 10-mg/L paclobutrazol significantly inhibited the algal growth by inhibiting chlorophyll synthesis, which affects photosynthesis. The antioxidant system, including catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) was severely damaged. Chrysolaminarin content was significantly elevated and doubled up to 127 mg/g dry cell weight (DCW) by 10-mg/L paclobutrazol treatment. In combination with transcriptomic analysis, paclobutrazol was demonstrated to play a regulatory role in the accumulation of chrysolaminarin and neutral lipids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drought has severely impacted worldwide agricultural land, resulting in substantial yield loss and abiotic pressures in crops such as Chinese cabbage. Paclobutrazol (PBZ) and plant growth-stimulating bacteria have been extensively recommended to reduce a variety of stresses in crops. Considering these facts, we used PBZ and rhizobacterium Variovorax sp. YNA59, a microbe with potential plant growth-stimulating qualities, in Chinese cabbage under drought stress and non-stressed conditions, and we observed their impacts on morphological and physiological attributes. Our findings revealed a considerable improvement in total plant biomass growth after treatment with YNA59 (28%) and PBZ (8%) under drought conditions. In contrast, negative results of PBZ were observed under normal conditions, suppressing plant growth and reducing plant biomass. The increase in physiological parameters, such as chlorophyll content, relative water content, and photochemical efficiencies of PS II, were observed in YNA59-treated plants, followed by PBZ, especially under drought. Furthermore, drought stress significantly increased the endogenous phytohormone abscisic acid level, whereas PBZ and YNA59 inoculations significantly decreased it. Antioxidant analysis revealed that PBZ and YNA increased glutathione and catalase and decreased polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase levels. These findings suggested that rhizobacterium YNA59 could be more significant for conferring water stress in the Chinese cabbage plant than PBZ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cryopreservation is considered to be one of the most effective methods for long-term storage of plant genetic resources, particularly for ornamental species. However, there is a very little research on cryopreservation of lilacs. In this study, for the first time the cryopreservation protocol (a variation of a pregrowth-dehydration method) was successfully applied to two cultivars of Syringa vulgaris: 'Aucubaefolia' and 'Polina Osipenko'. Explants of both cultivars were able to withstand the different steps of the protocol, and high survival and regrowth percentages were obtained after exposure to liquid nitrogen (67-100% and 63-88%, respectively). The current study is mainly focused on the preculture conditions of the applied method. Based on our results, we propose the use of paclobutrazol (PBZ) with the combination of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and thidiazuron (TDZ) in the preculture medium for increasing explant tolerance to subsequent dehydration and freezing. During post-LN recovery, the explants appeared morphologically normal, and after 12-16 weeks after thawing, they were propagated and cultured as normal plantlets. Therefore, the reported method is effective for long-term storage of lilac meristems and could be used to create a cryobank of achievements in lilac breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gibberellins (GA) and paclobutrazol (PBZ) are plant growth regulators. GA promotes plant growth and development while PBZ retards plant growth. Little is known about their effects on chlorophyll synthesis and photosynthesis in young oil palm plantlets. In this study, ten-month old young clonal palms were treated with 0.02 g/palm either gibberellic acid (GA3) or PBZ. The PBZ-treated palms were shorter with compact crown, shorter fronds and leaflets, more fronds and higher Soil Plant Analysis Development (SPAD) units, particularly at time point T1. Thus, PBZ suppressed elongation in leaflets, rachis and trunk but increased fronds production and leaf chlorophyll content. Contrastingly, GA3 promoted oil palm height with significant inter-leaflet elongation and lower frond production. Chlorophyll content was also adversely affected in GA3-treated palms at time point T1. Transcriptome sequencing revealed that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were enriched for metabolic related activities. These genes were mostly downregulated by GA3 treatment. The GA3 treatment also reduced expression of chlorophyll synthesis genes, DEGs encoding components of the photosystems I (PSI) and II (PSII) supercomplexes, cytochrome b6f, Adenosine tri-phosphate (ATP) synthase and Rubisco as well as their assembly factors, translocons and photoreceptors. Meanwhile, PBZ treatment increased expression of geranylgeranyl diphosphate reductase that may inhibit GA biosynthesis but increase chlorophyll synthesis, which was likely correlated to increased chlorophyll content in the darker green leaves of PBZ-treated palms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sage (Salvia officinalis L.) is an important medicinal and aromatic plant, whose the volatile oil from the leaves are commonly used as a raw material in pharmaceutical and perfumery industries. In this study, the influences of the foliar applications of 24-epibrassinolide (BRs: 2.5, 3.0, and 3.5 µM) and paclobutrazol (PBZ: 17, 25, and 34 µM) as well as three moisture conditions (non-stress, slight water deficit stress, and mild water deficit stress) on the content and chemical compositions of the essential oil from the sage leaves were investigated. For evaluation of phytochemical characteristics, the essential oils were analyzed by GC-FID and GC/MS. Substantial effect of the foliar applications of BRs and PBZ under different moisture conditions on the quantity and quality of the essential oil of sage was found. The highest essential oil contents were recorded for sage plants treated with BRs at 3.5 µM under mild drought stress (0.79 mL/100 g dry matter) followed by PBZ at 17 µM under slight drought stress (0.72 mL/100 g dry matter). Using the BRs and PBZ foliar meaningfully enhanced biologically active substances, including 1,8-cineole, α-thujone, β-thujone, and camphor as the major constituents in the essential oil under different moisture conditions. In final, it can be concluded that the applied of the BRs and PBZ mitigate the reducing effects of water shortages on improve the quantity and quality yield of S. officinalis L. under drought stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Asparagus (Asparagus officinalis) is a perennial vegetable of economic importance for its high nutritional and medicinal value. Male plants are more desirable because of their higher spear yield. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of the gibberellin inhibitors; paclobutrazol (PBZ) and cycocel (CCC) for in vitro preservation by encapsulation of in vitro-derived shoot tips of the superior germplasm of the first generation of asparagus male hybrid; cultivar Mary Washington 500W. Methods An efficient technique for synthetic seeds production was achieved, consisting of 3% (w/v) Na-alginate dissolved in water, Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium, MS medium with the growth inhibitors; PBZ and CCC at different concentrations, and 0.1 M calcium chloride (CaCl2.2H2O). Synthetic seeds were stored at 4 ℃ and then cultured after different storage durations (0, 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 and 24 weeks) on MS medium supplemented with 1 mg l−1 kinetin, 0.2 mg l−1 naphthalene acetic acid and 0.5 mg l−1 gibberellic acid for shoot tip multiplication; then, recovered shoots were transferred to MS medium supplemented with 1 mg l−1 indole butyric acid and 0.5 mg l−1 PBZ for rooting. Results The beads containing 1 mg l−1 PBZ considered the optimum for producing complete well-developed plantlets of Asparagus officinalis from recovered shoot tips after 24 weeks of storage that successfully acclimatized in the greenhouse. Conclusions This protocol is efficient for in vitro preservation by encapsulation of shoot tips and regeneration of Asparagus officinalis F1 male hybrid (Mary Washington 500w), using anti-gibberellin plant growth regulators within the beads to prolong the duration of storage and provide a continuous supply of the plant.

Abstract Seed shattering is a critical challenge that significantly reduces sesame production by 50%. These shattering losses can be reduced by selecting shattering resistant genotypes or by incorporating modern agronomic management such as paclobutrazol, which can boost productivity and prevent seed shattering in sesame. Two-years of field trials were conducted to examine the effect of sesame genotypes, environment, and paclobutrazol (PBZ) concentrations. Twelve sesame genotypes were used in a four-way factorial RCBD with three replications and five PBZ concentrations (T0 = Control; T1 = 150; T2 = 300; T3 = 450; and T4 = 600 mg L− 1) under rainfed conditions of Pothwar. The findings revealed significant variations in the major effects of all examined variables (genotypes, locations, years, and PBZ levels). Sesame genotypes PI-154304 and PI-175907 had the highest plant height, number of capsule plant− 1, seed capsule− 1, 1000 seed weight, biological yield, and seed yield, while also having the lowest seed losses and shattering percentage. Regarding environments, NARC-Islamabad generated the highest plant height, number of capsule plant− 1, shattering percentage, and biological yield; however, the URF-Koont produced the highest seed yield with the lowest shattering percentage. Additionally, plant height, capsules plant− 1, and biological yield were higher in 2021, while seed capsule− 1, 1000 seed weight, seed losses, shattering percentage, and seed yield were higher in 2020. PBZ concentration affected all measured parameters; plant height and number of seed capsule− 1 decreased with increasing PBZ concentrations. 450 mg L− 1 PBZ concentration generated the highest biomass, number of capsules plant− 1, and seed yield. At the same time, PBZ concentration 600 mg L− 1 generated the smallest plant, the lowest seed capsules− 1, the greatest thousand seed weight, and the lowest shattering percentage. The study concluded that paclobutrazol could dramatically reduce shattering percentage and shattering losses while increasing economic returns through better productivity. Based on the findings, the genotypes PI-154304 and PI-175907 with paclobutrazol level 450 mgL− 1 may be suggested for cultivation in Pothwar farming community under rainfed conditions, as they showed promising shattering resistance as well as enhanced growth and yield.

IntroductionWater is one of the most important needs of plants and drought stress is one of the most important stresses for plant growth. Given the global water shortage, provide solutions to save water consumption in agriculture, such as choosing the appropriate irrigation method, irrigation time management, providing methods to reduce and control the negative effects of water shortage on plants and the use of more resistant varieties to water shortage and The use of different techniques to reduce the effects of water scarcity is important and should be a priority for research. Paclobutrazole is a group of plant growth regulators of triazole that prevents the production of a wide range of gibberellic acid and has many applications in agriculture. Paclobutrazole reduces the negative effects of abiotic stress on plant growth by regulating the levels of hormones, enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants and osmolytes. A group of beneficial soil bacteria that increase plant growth are called plant growth promoting bacteria and are among the most important types of biofertilizers. PGPRs by lat out of volatile organic compounds (VOC) increase biomass, plant tolerance to abiotic stresses and disease resistance.Materials and MethodsThis research was conducted as a factorial split plot in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications in Qom and Hamedan regions (Hamedan is a cold and mountainous region with mild summer and Qom is a dry and desert region with hot and dry summers). Experimental factors include irrigation regime with three levels 1- (irrigation at 40% of available plant moisture discharge during the growing season (optimal irrigation), 2- optimal irrigation up to pollination stage and irrigation at 60% of available plant moisture discharge until the end of the growing season 3- Irrigation in 40% of available plant moisture discharge up to pollination stage and cessation of irrigation until the end of growing season), foliar application of paclobutrazole at three levels (zero, 50 and 100 ppm in two stages of stem and spike) and invoice The third included five levels of growth-promoting bacteria (non-consumption, Mycobacterium, Azotobacter, Azospirillium, and a combination of three bacteria). Irrigation regimen factors and paclobutrazol in the main plots and growth-promoting bacteria in the subplots. The traits evaluated in this experiment included parameters related to leaf chlorophyll fluorescence and Rubisco activity. Results and DiscussionThe results showed that the interaction effect of irrigation regime on paclobutrazol was significant for biological yield and grain yield, so that at the third irrigation level, the use of paclobutrazol at a concentration of 100 ppm increased grain yield and biological yield. Also, according to the analysis of variance table, the interaction effect of irrigation regime in bacteria for biological yield and grain yield was significant, so that in the third level of irrigation regime, two levels of combination of three bacteria and Azotobacter with 19.05 and 17.95 tons, respectively. Hectares had the highest biological yield.ConclusionsIn general, the results showed that in more difficult conditions of irrigation regime, the use of paclobutrazol can cause less decline and improve grain yield and biological yield. It can also be inferred that the use of growth-promoting bacteria increases grain yield and biological yield and improves morphological traits, and the combination treatment of Mycobacterium, Azotobacter and Azospirillium had the highest yield.

Bu çalışmada, dahlia tohumlarına 0, 25, 50 ve 100 ppm dozlarında paclobutrazol uygulaması yapılmıştır. Paclobutrazol ‘un sağladığı olası geciktirici etkilerini ortadan kaldırmak amacıyla fidelerin saksılara dikiminden 1 hafta sonra 0, 100 ve 200 ppm dozlarında yapraktan püskürtülerek GA3 uygulaması yapılmıştır. Çalışma sonunda, fide döneminde, fide boyunda (5,08 cm) ve çimlenme oranında (%80,56) 25 ppm paclobutrazol uygulaması kontrole göre (4,68 cm-%67,59) iyi sonuçlar göstermiştir. Paclobutrazol dozları arttıkça belirtilen parametrelerde düşüşler yaşanmıştır. İkinci aşamada ise, paclobutrazol uygulamaları yapılmamış olup tohumdan uygulanan paclobutrazol ile yetiştirilen fidelere GA3 uygulaması yapılmıştır. Paclobutrazol uygulamaları yapılan ancak GA3 uygulanması bulunmayan fidelerin bitki gelişimi açısından istatistiksel farklılıklar çıkmamasına rağmen 50 ppm paclobutrazol uygulaması bitki boyu (47,87 cm) ve bitki gövde çapında (6,55 mm), 0 ppm paclobutrazol uygulaması kök yaş ağırlığı (7,02 g) ve 50 ppm paclobutrazol uygulaması ise kök uzunluğunda (22,70 cm) en iyi sonuçları göstermiştir. Farklı konsantrasyonlardaki GA3 uygulamalarında ise 100 ppm GA3 uygulaması diğer uygulamalara kıyasla bitki gelişimi açısından en iyi sonuçları vermiştir. Paclobutrazol ve GA3 uygulamalarının kombine edilmesiyle bitki gelişiminde ağırlıklı olarak 50 ppm paclobutrazol ve 100 ppm GA3 uygulamaları daha etkili olmuştur. Fidenin büyüme ve çiçeklenme açısından boy kontrolünde 25 ppm paclobutrazol kullanılabileceği, kaliteli bitki gelişimi ve olası geciktirici etkileri ortadan kaldırmak için 100 ppm GA3 uygulanması gerektiği sonucuna varılmıştır.

The konjac plant (Amorphophallus oncophyllus Prain.) contains high glucomannan with many benefits. This experiment aimed to study effect of paclobutrazol dose and seedling size on the growth and yield of konjac plants. The research was arranged factorially based on a Completely Randomized Design with two factor. The first factor (paclobutrazol dose) consisted of P0: 0.0 g/plant, P1: 0.05 g/plant, P2: 0.10 g/plant, P3: 0.15 g/plant, P4: 0.20 g/plant. The second factor (seed size) consisted of U1: 20-50 g/seed, U2: 100-150 g/seed, U3: 200-250 g/seed. Observation parameters included plant height, canopy diameter, stem diameter, stem sturdiness, number of buds, weight and diameter of tubers. Results showed that paclobutrazol dose of 0.20 g/plant had a significant effect on stem sturdiness, weight and diameter of the tubers. The maximum of tuber weight obtained by paclobutrazol application of 0.2 g/plant was estimated to be 1,533 g with tuber diameter of 167 mm. Small size seed (20-50 g) produced the largest number of buds and did not differ markedly from those of medium size seed (100-150 g). Large size seed (200-250 g) produced the best konjac plants in term of canopy diameter, stem sturdiness, weight and diameter of tubers.

Coleus scutellarioides is a leaf ornamental plant that is widely used as an ornamental plant in tourist attractions because it has an interesting leaf color. The purpose of study was to obtain right concentration of paclobutrazol for the brightness of the color of the leaves of the coleus plant in shaded conditions. The method used is a Split Plot Design with two factors, light intensity as the whole plot and paclobutrazol concentration as a split plot. The whole Plot consists of 3 levels, namely I100 (100% sunlight intensity), I75 (75% sunlight intensity) and I50 (50% sunlight intensity) while the split plot consisted of P0 (Without Paclobutrazol), P40 (Paclobutrazol 40 ppm), P80 (paclobutrazol 80 ppm) and P120 (paclobutrazol 120 ppm. The results showed there were interactions from the treatment of paclobutrazol concentrations at various light intensities. The application of paclobutrazol 0 ppm at a light intensity of 75% and 50% gave the same chlorophyll content results as the 100% light intensity treatment and 0 ppm paclobutrazol concentration.The conclusions in addition of paclobutrazol 40-80 ppm at a decrease in light intensity of 75% and 50% gives the result of anthocyanin content and leaf color equal to 100% intensity and paclobutrazol 0 ppm.

Plant height is a key agronomic trait regulated by several phytohormones such as gibberellins (GAs) and auxin. However, little is known about how cytokinin (CK) participates in this process. Here, we report that SlRR6 , a type-A response regulator in the CK signaling pathway, positively regulates plant height in tomato. SlRR6 was induced by exogenous kinetin and GA3, but inhibited by indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). Knock out of SlRR6 reduced tomato plant height through shortening internode length, while overexpression of SlRR6 caused taller plants due to increased internode number. Cytological observation of longitudinal stems showed that both knock out and overexpression of SlRR6 generated larger cells, but significantly reduced cell numbers in each internode. Further studies demonstrated that overexpression of SlRR6 enhanced GA accumulation and lowered IAA content, along with expression changes in GA- and IAA-related genes. Exogenous paclobutrazol and IAA treatments restored the increased plant height phenotype in SlRR6 -overexpressing lines. Yeast two-hybrid, bimolecular fluorescence complementation, and co-immunoprecipitation assays showed that SlRR6 interacts with a small auxin up RNA protein, SlSAUR58. Moreover, SlSAUR58 -overexpressing plants were dwarf with decreased internode length. Overall, our findings establish SlRR6 as a vital component in the CK signaling, GA, and IAA regulatory network that controls plant height. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant growth regulators (PGRs) are commonly used in horticulture to improve crop quality, save water, and enhance plant resilience to stress. In this study, we examined the effects of two PGRs, paclobutrazol (PBZ) and mepiquat chloride (MC), on the growth and health of Salvia officinalis 'Icterina', a popular ornamental and aromatic plant. Parameters such as growth and development, water status, chlorophyll levels, nutrient content, photosynthetic performance, and gas exchange were evaluated. The study took place in a greenhouse with automatic watering and three plant groups: one treated with PBZ, another with MC, and a control group (untreated). Only one application of growth retardants was made, with 0.1 L per pot of a 100 mg/L solution of PBZ, and 0.1 L per pot of a 2.5 g/L solution of MC. The results showed that both PBZ and MC treatments reduced the plant's water consumption, with PBZ being more effective in limiting leaf growth and promoting the accumulation of substances in the leaves. Both PGRs resulted in smaller plants, reducing the need for soil and potting materials. The MC treatment improved nutrient absorption, reducing the requirement for fertilizers. When subjected to environmental stress from March to June in the greenhouse, Salvia plants benefited from the application of both PGRs, as they helped maintain photosynthetic activity. These findings contribute to improving the sustainability of nursery practices by utilizing PGRs to conserve resources and mitigate the impact of stressful environmental conditions on sage plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• First report on in vitro flower induction in chlorophytum comosum (Thunb.) Jacques var. comosum. • First report on genetic fidelity analysis using RAPD, ISSR and SCoT markers. • First report on 2C nuclear DNA content of micropropagated plants using flow cytometry. • Our study will help to understand the floral organ differentiation and development mechanism. • Current mass propagation protocol will provide genetically stable system for foliage industry. Chlorophytum comosum (Thunb.) Jacques var. comosum belongs to the family Asparagaceae and is unique for phytoremediation of indoor pollutants and tolerant to low light intensity. In the present study, we have taxonomically characterized the species using morphological characteristics and herbarium has been prepared for specimen identification. Further, an efficient in vitro propagation system was established using nodal explants. Maximum shoots were observed in MS medium containing 2 mg/l BAP. Subsequent sub-culturing of shoots in different concentrations of BAP, MT and combinations of BAP/NAA in MS medium resulted in floral induction. Highest rooting percentage was found in MS medium containing 0.5 mg/l PBZ. Well-rooted plants were acclimatized into the mixture of sand: soil: vermiculite::1:1:1 (v/v) ratio with more than 90% success. The in vitro system of propagation established in this plant could be successfully used as a model system to study floral morphogenesis and developmental studies. Moreover, this is the first report on in vitro flowering and genetic fidelity analysis using flow cytometry and molecular markers including RAPD, ISSR and SCoT. All the 8 RAPD markers, 4 ISSR markers, 9 SCoT markers and 2C nuclear DNA content indicates no genetic variation among regenerates with mother plant. The current standardized method of regeneration is not susceptible to genetic alteration and provides an unconventionally steadfast system for mass multiplication of genetically stable plants to meet the demand of foliage plant industry demand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens, is one of the most destructive rice pests in Asia. It has already developed a high level of resistance to many commonly used insecticides including nitenpyram (NIT), which is a main synthetic insecticide that is used to control BPH with a much shorter persistence compared to other neonicotinoid insecticides. Recently, we found that an exogenous supplement of paclobutrazol (PZ) could significantly enhance the efficacy of NIT against BPH, and the molecular mechanism underlying this synergistic effect was explored. The results showed that the addition of a range of 150–300 mg/L PZ increased the toxicity of NIT against BPH with the highest mortalities of 78.0–87.0% on the 16th day after treatments, and PZ could also significantly prolong the persistence of the NIT efficacies. Further investigation suggested that PZ directly increased the content of flavonoids and H2O2 in rice and increased the activity of polyphenol oxidase, which might be involved in the constitutive defense of rice in advance. Additionally, there was an interaction between PZ and BPH infestation, indicating that PZ might activate the host defense responses. Therefore, PZ increased the efficacy of NIT against the brown planthoppers by enhancing the constitutive and inducible defense responses of rice. Our study showed for the first time that PZ could contribute to improving the control effects of insecticides via inducing the defense responses in rice plants against BPH, which provided an important theoretical basis for developing novel pest management strategies in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report the first case of mechanochemical deracemization by using liquid‐assisted abrasive grinding. The target molecule is a precursor of Paclobutrazol, an important fungicide and plant growth inhibitor. Using mechanochemical deracemization, we are even able to transform a 10 % ee scalemic mixture of this latter in an enantioenriched product of 97 % ee in a couple of hours. This is substantially shorter compared to solution‐based deracemization methodologies. The present paper thus introduces an efficient and greener process to enantiopure material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Density functional theory has been used to elucidate the mechanistic underpinnings of the regeneration of ammonia‐borane (H3B−NH3, AB) from polyborazylene (BxNxHx, PBz) in the presence of hydrazine (H2N−NH2, Hz). Herein, borazine (B3N3H6, Bz) is used as the simplest relevant model of PBz for the regeneration process. Digestion of Bz using Hz was found to occur by a string of Lewis acid base adduct (between B atoms of Bz and Hz molecule) formation and Hz assisted proton transfer processes. Later, B−H bonds of HB(NHNH2)2, the Bz digested product, are redistributed to form hydrazine‐borane (H3B−NH2NH2, HzB) and B(NHNH2)3. Redistribution of B−H bonds occurs through hydroboration and concerted proton‐hydride transfer. Another B−H redistributed product, B(NHNH2)3, produces HzB as a result of proton and hydride transfer from cis‐diazene (Dz), the oxidized product of Hz in presence of O2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies on the differences between chiral pesticide enantiomers have caused widespread concern in the last decade. In the current work, the selective behaviors and different biological activities of paclobutrazol enantiomers during Chinese cabbage pickling process were evaluated. Results of degradation kinetics indicated that when paclobutrazol reside in raw material (Chinese cabbage) and was introduced into the pickling process, the degradation rates of the two paclobutrazol enantiomers were significantly different, the half‐lives of (2R, 3R)‐paclobutrazol (R‐paclobutrazol) and (2S, 3S)‐paclobutrazol (S‐paclobutrazol) were 18.24 and 6.19 d, respectively. Besides, the conversion between the two enantiomers could also be observed, and the conversion rate of R‐paclobutrazol to S‐paclobutrazol was slower than that of reverse process. In addition, from the analysis of 16S rRNA and ITS sequencing, we inferred that the degradation of paclobutrazol was probably due to the presence of Pseudomonas and Serratia. Moreover, there has a significant difference in biological activity between R‐paclobutrazol and S‐paclobutrazol and shown an obviously enantiomeric effects on microbial community composition of pickling system. Besides, the analysis of microbial community displayed R‐paclobutrazol might inhibit the growth of Erwinia (a sort of plant pathogens). Results from this study served to enhance our understanding of chiral pesticide residues on food safety and the potential risks to human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flower induction and differentiation are complex phenomenon not fully understood in pear trees. Paclobutrazol (Pbz), Ethephon (Eth), and naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) exogenous applications could be potential tools to increase return bloom and yield, and to manage the alternate bearing in some pear cultivars. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of Eth, Pbz, and NAA on return bloom and yield of 'Rocha' pear trees in different climatic conditions of Southern Brazil. The experiments were performed during 2015/2016–2017/2018 growing seasons, in São Joaquim, Santa Catarina State, and during 2015/2016–2016/2017 growing seasons in Antônio Prado, Rio Grande do Sul State. The pear 'Rocha' were grafted on quince rootstock 'BA29' (experiment 1 and 3) and Pyrus calleryana (experiment 2). Treatments consisted of Eth, Pbz, NAA, and Eth + NAA sprayed at different concentrations and timings. Shoot length, pruning weight, fruit set, number of thinned fruit and total fruit per tree, yield, average fruit weight, flesh firmness, and soluble solids content were assessed. Shoot length decreased, whereas return bloom and yield components increased when using Eth, Pbz, and Eth + NAA in all experiments. However, the positive effect is only in the rate of 10 mg L–1 NAA in experiment 1. Fruit size was reduced in Eth concentrations above 300 mg L–1, as a direct effect of crop load. Our results show that Eth and Pbz increase return bloom and yield of 'Rocha' pear trees being a potential tool to improve flowering in warm winter Regions as Southern Brazil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Growth retardants have been used as an anti-lodging to reduce shoot growth by blocking the gibberellins biosynthesis without decreasing yield. We hypothesized that the type and dosage of growth retardants vary in effectiveness on reducing vegetative growth and increasing seed yield, as well as that prohexadione calcium (Pro-Ca) may also be an effective growth retardant for common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). The goal of this study was to assess the effects of increasing rates of paclobutrazol (PBZ), mepiquat chloride (MC), and Pro-Ca on common bean morphophysiological and yield traits, based on a field experiment carried out in Vitória da Conquista, northeastern Brazil. Morphophysiological traits were assessed 14 and 38 days after application (DAA) of regulators, and yield traits were assessed at the end of the crop cycle. There was a positive relationship between increasing rates of regulators and decrease in stem length mainly up to 14 DAA, and Pro-Ca was more effective than the other regulators. At 38 DAA, increase in shoot dry mass was recorded when PBZ and MC were sprayed at rates from 100 to 400 g a.i. ha−1. Pro-Ca application increased the height of first pod insertion. Low rates of PBZ (25–50 g a.i. ha−1) increased, whereas high rates of Pro-Ca (200 and 400 g a.i. ha−1) tended to decrease the number of pods per plant. MC reduced the number of empty pods and increased the number of seeds per pod. The 100-seed weight increased up to a peak with an estimated rate of 162.5 g a.i. ha−1 for PBZ, 151.0 g a.i. ha−1 for MC, and 211.8 g a.i. ha−1 for Pro-Ca. PBZ and MC marginally increased seed yield with peaks at the estimated rates of 190.8 and 212.4 g a.i. ha−1, respectively, whereas rates of Pro-Ca greater than 50 g a.i. ha−1 decreased seed yield. The regulators were effective in reducing the plant size, thus mitigating lodging risks in common bean crop with highlight on Pro-Ca, but this regulator at high rates tended to reduce common bean yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an export commodity, rubber is a major contributor to Indonesia's foreign exchange. Regarding the increase in rubber production, a study on combinations of growth regulators and rubber clones has been carried out based on plant growth and anatomical characteristics during the immature plant period. This research is conducted for eighteen months at the KSO Karang Inong plantations, PTPN-I, and PTPN-III, East Aceh District, using five clones. This study adopts a nested design with three factors: clones, Growth Regulators (GRs), and paclobutrazol. The clones used are PB 260, IRR 104, IRR 112, IRR 39, and 105. The GRs combination factor between IAA and Kinetin consists of seven levels and three levels of paclobutrazol. The results show that the rubber clones PB260 and IRR105 give higher stem girth and plant height than the other clones when applied with GRs at six different levels. The most expansive leaf area is found in clone IRR 104 compared to other clones. In addition, paclobutrazol affects plant height. Applying paclobutrazol can reduce plant height for all clones but increases stem girth, skin thickness, number and diameter of latex vessels, and total chlorophyll at 46 months after treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In vitro conservation and regeneration of potato germplasm is important in breeding programs. The objective of this study was to assess the combined effect of paclobutrazol (PAC) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) during reduced-growth conservation and their in vitro ability to regenerate S. tuberosum after conservation treatments. For the conservation system, apices were used as explants in Murashige and Skoog culture media with different combinations of PAC (0, 0.5, 1 and 2 mg L−1) and AgNPs (0, 50, 100 and 200 mg L−1). At six months of culture, plant length, number of lateral branches, number of leaves and roots, root length, stomatal density and total chlorophyll content were assessed. For regeneration, explants were internodes cultured in medium with only 2 mg L−1 benzyladenine (BA). At 60 d of culture, the response percentage, number of shoots per explant and shoot length were assessed. For in vitro conservation, the combination of 2 mg L−1 PAC and 50 mg L−1 AgNPs was the best treatment, whereas for in vitro regeneration, the highest number of shoots was in explants that were treated with 1 or 2 mg L−1 PAC with 50 mg L−1 AgNPs. In conclusion, PAC and AgNPs are alternatives for in vitro S. tuberosum conservation, and their evaluation in other species recalcitrant to the effect of ethylene is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In commercial interior green walls, plant trimming and replacement necessitated by stem elongation under low interior light levels is labor intensive and costly. Antigibberellin plant growth regulators (PGRs) may slow stem elongation and thus reduce maintenance costs in this environment. In Expt. 1, two PGRs were applied as foliar spray or drench to three spiderwort selections [two of zebra plant (Tradescantia zebrina) and one of inch plant (Tradescantia fluminensis)] immediately before installation in a green wall, each at three rates: ancymidol (ANC) foliar spray at 25, 100, and 200 mg·L−1; paclobutrazol (PBZ) foliar spray at 20, 80, and 160 mg·L−1; and PBZ drench at 1, 4, and 8 mg·L−1, along with an untreated control. In Expt. 2, 80 mg·L−1 PBZ foliar spray, 1 mg·L−1 PBZ applied via subirrigation four times, and the combination of these two treatments, was evaluated on ‘Burgundy’ zebra plant. In both experiments, plants were placed in a vertical modular tray interior green wall. Change in total stem and specific internode length were measured every 14 days after installation for 3 months to calculate growth per month. Antigibberellin application slowed internode elongation of spiderwort selections during the first month after installation. Antigibberellins were more effective in zebra plant at reducing overall stem growth rate and less so on inch plant. Across the three spiderwort selections, 25 mg·L−1 foliar spray of ANC resulted in no difference in growth rate when compared with the control, although 100 to 200 mg·L−1 foliar spray was effective. Based on the results of both experiments, moderate and high rates of PBZ, applied both as a foliar spray and drench, resulted in similar reduction in stem elongation. PBZ applied as 20 to 80 mg·L−1 foliar spray, 4 mg·L−1 drench before installation in the wall, or a combination of an 80 mg·L−1 PBZ pre-installation foliar spray and recurring 1 mg·L−1 via subirrigation (four times) were effective at growth suppression of spiderworts for at least 3 months. Even rates of PBZ of 160 mg·L−1 foliar spray or 8 mg·L−1 drench did not show phytotoxicity in treated plants and could be considered for use. We recommend a pre-installation application of 80 mg·L−1 foliar spray or 4 mg·L−1 drench for controlling stem growth across spiderwort selections. Application of antigibberellin PGRs to plants before installation in green walls slows stem growth and can contribute to reduced maintenance costs.

Background: Asparagus (Asparagus officinalis) is a perennial vegetable of economic importance for its high nutritional and medicinal value. Male plants are more desirable because of their higher spear yield. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of the gibberellin inhibitors; paclobutrazol (PBZ) and cycocel (CCC) for in vitro preservation by encapsulation of in vitro-derived shoot tips of the superior germplasm of the first generation of asparagus male hybrid; cultivar Mary Washington 500W. Methods: An efficient technique for synthetic seeds production was achieved, consisting of 3% (w/v) Na-alginate dissolved in water, Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium, MS medium with the growth inhibitors; PBZ and CCC at different concentrations, and 0.1 M calcium chloride (CaCl2.2H2O). Synthetic seeds were stored at 4 ℃ and then cultured after different storage durations (0, 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 and 24 weeks) on MS medium supplemented with 1 mg l−1 kinetin, 0.2 mg l−1 naphthalene acetic acid and 0.5 mg l−1 gibberellic acid for shoot tip multiplication; then, recovered shoots were transferred to MS medium supplemented with 1 mg l−1 indole butyric acid and 0.5 mg l−1 PBZ for rooting. Results: The beads containing 1 mg l−1 PBZ considered the optimum for producing complete well-developed plantlets of Asparagus officinalis from recovered shoot tips after 24 weeks of storage that successfully acclimatized in the greenhouse. Conclusions: This protocol is efficient for in vitro preservation by encapsulation of shoot tips and regeneration of Asparagus officinalis F1 male hybrid (Mary Washington 500w), using anti-gibberellin plant growth regulators within the beads to prolong the duration of storage and provide a continuous supply of the plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To reduce the possibility of the TPU 3D‐printed workpiece causing a fire, a flame‐retardant coating containing phosphorus, nitrogen, silicon, and benzene rings was fabricated on the TPU workpiece surface. When the MSDS content in the coating is 30 phr, the coated TPU composites LOL reached 29.5%, achieved V‐0 rating at the UL‐94 test and its peak heat release rate was reduced by 71.3% in the cone calorimeter test. When the MSDS content was increased to 20 phr, a continuous char layer was observed. Moreover, the EP/PBz/PDMS coating improved the thermal stability and tensile strength of TPU 3D‐printed workpiece. When the coating burns, it forms a dense charcoal layer, which isolates oxygen. The substrate wrapped by the charcoal layer undergoes a carbonization reaction when heated, preventing the substrate from burning further, resulting in improved flame retardancy, smoke suppression and dripping resistance of TPU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to explore effective strategies to fabricate main‐chain polybenzoxazine (PBZ) thermosetting resin for structural material applications, here, five PBZ with different molecular structures, that is, poly(Co‐ddm), poly(Co‐BPA‐ddm‐Co)main, poly(Ph‐BPA‐ddm‐Co)main, poly(Ph‐BPA‐ddm‐Ph)main and poly(Ph‐ddm) were designed, synthesized and compared by introducing unsaturated fatty chains through the Mannich reaction with cardanol. The structure and properties of five PBZ with different structure were systematically investigated by using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), NMR, water absorption and mechanical tests. FTIR and NMR tests indicated that five PBZ with different molecular structures were successfully synthesized. The mechanical tests indicated that the impact strength of the double‐capped cardanol‐based main‐chain PBZ was 243% higher than that of the traditional PBZ. The water absorption of main‐chain PBZ was higher than that of diamine PBZ, and the water absorption of poly(Ph‐BPA‐ddm‐Co)main was the lowest in the main‐chain PBZ. Based on the experimental results, five PBZ amorphous cells with different structures were successfully established. It indicated that the main chain PBZ showed better thermomechanical properties than the traditional diamine PBZ due to high crosslinking conversion and hydrogen bond density. Moreover, the modulus and glass transition temperature of the main chain structure containing unsaturated fatty chains did not decrease significantly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Direct-seeded rice has been widely adopted in Asia in recent years. However, its low and unstable yields severely limit the increase in rice production and directly affect food security. The aim of this research was to investigate the effects of different concentrations of paclobutrazol seed soaking on the biomass production and yield formation of direct-seeded rice and to find the optimal concentrations to provide a theoretical basis for the high-yielding cultivation of direct-seeded rice. Two rice varieties, Jiyujing and Jijing305, were used in this experiment, and the seeds were soaked in paclobutrazol at concentrations of 0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 mg L−1. The appropriate concentration of paclobutrazol seed soaking increased the yield of direct-seeded rice; this was attributed to the increase in the spikelet per unit area and the seed setting rate. However, the too-high paclobutrazol concentration was not conducive to a yield increase. Regression analysis showed that the appropriate concentration of paclobutrazol seed soaking was 100–105 mg L−1. The appropriate concentration of paclobutrazol for seed soaking ensured the seedling emergence rate; improved the seedling quality, stem tillers, and productive tillers; increased the efficient leaf area, chlorophyll content, and net photosynthetic rate, resulting in an increase in dry matter accumulation; coordinated the source-sink relationship and dry matter distribution; and promoted the material translocation from the "source" to the "sink". In conclusion, using the appropriate concentration of paclobutrazol for seed soaking is an effective means of obtaining high yields of direct-seeded rice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research was conducted to evaluate Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. (goosegrass) phenotypic diversity in biotypes collected from managed turfgrass, noncrop, and row crop environments. A common‐garden experiment was conducted to quantify morphological characteristics. Biotypes were primarily distinguished along a single principal component that separated taller growing crop types with lower tiller numbers, larger leaves, and more spikelets per seedhead, contrasted with managed turfgrass and noncrop types with shorter height, greater tillering, fewer spikelets per seedhead but more total seedheads. A dwarf phenotype of E. indica (Texas‐GCPG) collected from a golf course putting green having shorter internodes, shorter leaves, and fewer spikelets per seedhead was distinct phenotypically compared with all other biotypes. Plant growth regulators were tested on biotypes collected from a cropping environment (PBU‐crop) and managed turfgrass (RB‐GC and Texas‐GCPG). Gibberellin inhibitors (paclobutrazol, flurprimidol, and trinexapac‐ethyl) had a negative impact on the growth of all three biotypes. Furthermore, the application of GA3 (gibberellin A3) increased Texas‐GCPG height compared with nontreated plants, suggesting it is a GA‐sensitive mutant. Molecular and biochemical research on such biotypes could shed light on pathways and mutations in any causal gene/s that prohibit or reduce active gibberellic acid production. Core Ideas: Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. (goosegrass) adapts to different environmental stress.Phenotypic diversity exists in the common‐garden experiment for goosegrass collected from different environments.Further research is needed to discern the origin and fitness consequences of phenotypic diversity among biotypes.Dwarf E. indica from golf course putting green areas shows adaption by altering gibberellin biosynthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase (NCED) is a key enzyme for the process of ABA synthesis that plays key roles in a variety of biological processes. In the current investigation, genome-wide identification and comprehensive analysis of the NCED gene family in 'Kuerle Xiangli' (Pyrus sinkiangensis Yu) were conducted using the pear genomic sequence. In total, nineteen members of PbNCED genes were identified from the whole genome of pear, which are not evenly distributed over the scaffolds, and most of which were focussed in the chloroplasts. Sequence analysis of promoters showed many cis-regulatory elements, which presumably responded to phytohormones such as abscisic acid, auxin, etc. Synteny block indicated that the PbNCED genes have experienced strong purifying selection. Multiple sequence alignment demonstrated that these members are highly similar and conserved. In addition, we found that PbNCED genes were differentially expressed in various tissues, and three PbNCED genes (PbNCED1, PbNCED2, and PbNCED13) were differentially expressed in response to exogenous Gibberellin (GA3) and Paclobutrazol (PP333). PbNCED1 and PbNCED13 positively promote ABA synthesis in sepals after GA3 and PP333 treatment, whereas PbNCED2 positively regulated ABA synthesis in ovaries after GA3 treatment, and PbNCED13 positively regulated ABA synthesis in the ovaries after PP333 treatment. This study was the first genome-wide report of the pear NCED gene family, which could improve our understanding of pear NCED proteins and provide a solid foundation for future cloning and functional analyses of this gene family. Meanwhile, our results also give a better understanding of the important genes and regulation pathways related to calyx abscission in 'Kuerle Xiangli'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aquatic plant "Red Malang" (Ludwigia sp.) has a fairly high economic value as an ornamental aquatic plant, so it has the potential to be developed. The growth of in vitro cultures in culture bottles is high-speed, so it is necessary to find a formula media to inhibit growth so that the frequency of subcultures is reduced. The current research aims to produce a formula media for shoot multiplication and in vitro culture conservation. The research was carried out at the ICABIOGRAD tissue culture laboratory from April 2020 to June 2021. Research activities included plant propagation, conservation, and regeneration after conservation. Plant material was using in the form of a culture collection in the ICABIOGRAD tissue culture laboratory, treatment media for propagation were BA (0; 0.1; 0.3; 0.5; 0.7 and 0.9 mg/L) + thidiazuron (TDZ) (0 and 0.1mg/L). For conservation were MS + BA medium (0 and 0.1 mg/L) + paclobutrazol (0; 0.1; 0.3; 0.5; 0.7 mg/L) and for shoot regeneration after conservation using MS medium without Plant Growth Regulator (PGR). Data analysis using the Anova SAS version 9.0 test program. Further test using DMRT test with alpha level 5%. There was no difference in the mean value between levels of TDZ treatment on the number of shoots and leaves. The difference in the mean value between levels of TDZ treatment was very significant on shoot height, the number of roots, and root length. BA treatment with a concentration of 0.7 mg/L is better because it gives higher results for each observation variable. For conservation, treatment with paclobutrazol 0.5 mg/L inhibited shoot and leaf count, and 0.3 mg/L inhibited shoot formation. Cultures stored for six months grew normally after being regenerated. The highest shoots and the highest number of leaves were obtained from the treatment of paclobutrazol without BA. This study indicated that the propagation media of aquatic plants Ludwigia sp. did not require high concentrations of BA. Cultures could be stored for over six months using paclobutrazol with 0.3-0.6 mg/L. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Groundnut is one of the most important oilseed crops of Odisha and grown in both in kharif and rabi-summer seasons. Because of excessive vegetative growth in kharif season, the yield potential is lower than rabi-summer resulting in low yield. Keeping this in view, an experiment was set up to investigate the effect of different concentration and time of paclobutrazol application on growth and yield of groundnut. Methods: A field experiment was conducted during kharif 2016 to 2018 at AICRP on Groundnut Research Farm, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, Odisha. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with different concentration of paclobutrazol in main plot and time of application in sub plot and replicated thrice. Recommended dose of 20:40:40 kg of N, P2O5 and K2O entirely applied as basal. Yield and yield attributing characters were taken at the time of harvest. Conclusion: Application of paclobutrazol at different concentration significantly reduced groundnut plant height and significant reduction was observed with application at 30 DAE. Among various yield attributing characters; pod/plant and pod yield increased significantly (24.6% and 27.4%, respectively) with application of paclobutrazol @ 100 ppm with higher benefit cost ratio of 1.97 and upto (8.4% and 17.5%) with application at 30 DAE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within the scope of this study, seeds were collected from Gypsophila bicolor (Freyn&Sint.) Grossh plants in their natural environment and two different locations (Turkey). The research was carried out to determine the effects of paclobutrazol applied at different concentrations (0.6, 0.9, 1.2, 1.5- and 2.0-ml L-1) on the seedling height control in the cotyledon leaf stage of G. bicolor. As a result of the study, it was determined that the decrease in the number of leaves per plant was determined at a dose of 1.2 mg L-1 paclobutrazol. The effect of paclobutrazol treatments on the seedling height control of G. bicolor changed according to the genotype as well as the dose. As the dose of paclobutrazol applied increased, the number of side branches decreased. It was determined that the seedling stem thickness increased in 47.71% with the dose of 2.0 mg L-1 when compared to the control treatment. The application in which the highest chlorophyll (SPAD) value was obtained from the application with a dose of 1.5 mg L-1. The chlorophyll value of G2 (Genotype 2 (ERZ) (G2)) was higher than that of G1 (Genotype 1 (VAN)). Seedling biomass of G1 increased in 15.87% in 1.2 mg L-1 treatment when compared to control. In the present study, darker green leaves were obtained from the highest dose of paclobutrazol, 2.0 mg L-1. As a general result, it was concluded that 1.5 mg L-1 dose of paclobutrazol was sufficient for both genotypes for plant height control in the seedling period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Applications of plant growth regulators such as paclobutrazol (PAC) to grain maize frequently caused depressions in grain yield. This negative impact probably originated from treatments at an early growth stage during plant ontogenesis when the determination of potential kernel number coincided with time of regulator application. However, stability of grain yield itself is of high relevance, and it is also the key determinant for harvest index (HI) and the use efficiencies of water (WUE) and nutrients (NUE). Therefore, in a container experiment, the effect of delayed PAC application at growth stage V8 was tested with the maize (Zea mays L.) cultivars Galactus and Fabregas. Immediately after PAC treatment, differential N fertilization was introduced in order to meet the demand of the control plants (100% N), and with a supply of 75% N. With late PAC application (V8), grain yield depressions could not only successfully be avoided; moreover, in Galactus‐75%N, a significant increase in grain yield was achieved combined with an extended duration of pollen shed by 28%. Straw yield decreased less strongly after late compared with early PAC application, leading to small, but significant increases in HI for the maize plants with 75% N supply. An increase in PAC dosage combined with later application will certainly lead to stronger decreases in straw yield, but it will also enhance the risk for grain yield depressions, and thus, an overall stronger improvement of HI is uncertain. For the time around silking, remarkable improvements of WUEgrain by 18% were achieved after delayed PAC application to Galactus‐75%N. After PAC treatment, significant increases in nitrogen‐harvest index (NHI) and thus N partitioning to grain were achieved for Fabregas and for Galactus‐75%N. Although luxurious N consumption did not occur, late PAC application showed neither an effect on N‐utilization efficiency (NUtEgrain) nor on N‐uptake efficiency (NUpE). It can be concluded that it is a very complex task to achieve the right balance between PAC dosage, stability of grain yield and optimal N supply in order to avoid both, luxurious N consumption and N deficiency, and to achieve an improvement of NUtEgrain of maize plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the uptake and translocation of the fungicide picarbutrazox (PBZ) and its isomer in greenhouse cabbage. Two distinct treatments, including foliar spray and soil application of PBZ, were used in this study. In the foliar application, the fungicide was sprayed thrice at intervals of 7 days from 30, 21, and 14 days before harvest following the OECD guidelines of fungicides in crops, whereas in soil treatment, PBZ was applied for one time at concentrations of 2 and 10 mg/kg, and cabbage was cultivated for 68 days. Additionally, the role of root and translocation factors during residual fungicide distribution was demonstrated. The quality control of the analytical study exhibited excellent linearity (R2 ≥ 0.99), the limit of quantification (LOQ 0.005 mg/kg), accuracy (recovery within the range of 70–120%), and precision (relative coefficient within 0.3–13.8%) for studied PBZ and its metabolites. In the foliar application, initially higher amount of residual PBZ was evident in the outermost leaf of the cabbage, whereas in soil treatment, the highest residual PBZ was observed in the soil and roots. Therefore, the application method of picarbutrazox is a critical factor for defining the initial entry route of pesticides and the subsequent translocations through the investigated crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyzed the fabrication and characterization of polybenzoxazine/polydopamine/ceria as tertiary nanocomposites. To this end, a new benzoxazine monomer (MBZ) was fabricated based on the well-known Mannich reaction of naphthalene-1-amine, 2-tert-butylbenzene-1,4-diol and formaldehyde under ultrasonic-assisted process. Polydopamine (PDA) was used as dispersing polymer nanoparticles and surface modifier for CeO2 by in-situ polymerization of dopamine with the assistance of ultrasonic waves. Then, nanocomposites (NC)s were manufactured by in-situ route under thermal conditions. The FT-IR and 1H-NMR spectra confirmed the preparation of the designed MBZ monomer. The FE-SEM and TEM results showed the morphological aspects of prepared NCs and illustrated the distribution of CeO2 NPs in the polymer matrix. The XRD patterns of NCs showed the presence of crystalline phases of nanoscale CeO2 in an amorphous matrix. The TGA results reveal that the prepared NCs are classified as thermally stable materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seed shattering is a critical challenge that significantly reduces sesame production by 50%. These shattering losses can be reduced by selecting shattering resistant genotypes or by incorporating modern agronomic management such as paclobutrazol, which can boost productivity and prevent seed shattering in sesame. Two-years of field trials were conducted to examine the effect of sesame genotypes, environment, and paclobutrazol (PBZ) concentrations. Twelve sesame genotypes were used in a four-way factorial RCBD with three replications and five PBZ concentrations (T0 = Control; T1 = 150; T2 = 300; T3 = 450; and T4 = 600 mg L− 1) under rainfed conditions of Pothwar. The findings revealed significant variations in the major effects of all examined variables (genotypes, locations, years, and PBZ levels). Sesame genotypes PI-154304 and PI-175907 had the highest plant height, number of capsule plant− 1, seed capsule− 1, 1000 seed weight, biological yield, and seed yield, while also having the lowest seed losses and shattering percentage. Regarding environments, NARC-Islamabad generated the highest plant height, number of capsule plant− 1, shattering percentage, and biological yield; however, the URF-Koont produced the highest seed yield with the lowest shattering percentage. Additionally, plant height, capsules plant− 1, and biological yield were higher in 2021, while seed capsule− 1, 1000 seed weight, seed losses, shattering percentage, and seed yield were higher in 2020. PBZ concentration affected all measured parameters; plant height and number of seed capsule− 1 decreased with increasing PBZ concentrations. 450 mg L− 1 PBZ concentration generated the highest biomass, number of capsules plant− 1, and seed yield. At the same time, PBZ concentration 600 mg L− 1 generated the smallest plant, the lowest seed capsules− 1, the greatest thousand seed weight, and the lowest shattering percentage. The study concluded that paclobutrazol could dramatically reduce shattering percentage and shattering losses while increasing economic returns through better productivity. Based on the findings, the genotypes PI-154304 and PI-175907 with paclobutrazol level 450 mgL− 1 may be suggested for cultivation in Pothwar farming community under rainfed conditions, as they showed promising shattering resistance as well as enhanced growth and yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to check the effects of sugar type on the in vitro shoot multiplication of the tulip cultivar 'Heart of Warsaw' and the effects of paclobutrazol (PBZ) and 1-naphthylacetic acid (NAA) on the bulbing of previously multiplied shoots. In addition, the subsequent effects of previously used sugars on the in vitro bulb formation of this cultivar were checked. First, the optimum supplementation of Murashige and Skoog medium with plant growth regulators (PGRs) was selected for shoot multiplication. Of the six tested, the best results were obtained using a combination of 2iP 0.1 mg·L−1, NAA 0.1 mg·L−1, and mT 5.0 mg·L−1. The effects of different carbohydrates (sucrose, glucose, and fructose at 30 g·L−1 and a mixture of glucose and fructose at 15 g·L−1 each) on multiplication efficiency was then tested on this medium. The microbulb-forming experiment was carried out taking into consideration the effects of previously applied sugars, and at week 6, the agar medium was flooded with liquid medium containing NAA 2 mg·L−1, PBZ 1 mg·L−1, or medium without PGRs; in the first combination, the cultures were left on a single-phase medium, solidified with agar, as a control. After 2 months of treatment at 5 °C, the total number of microbulbs formed and the number and weights of mature microbulbs were assessed. The results obtained indicate the ability of using meta-topolin (mT) in tulip micropropagation and point to sucrose and glucose as the optimal carbohydrates for intensive shoot multiplication. The results lead to the conclusion that it is most advantageous to multiply tulip shoots on glucose medium and then to carry out cultures on a two-phase medium with PBZ, which results in a higher number of microbulbs and their faster maturation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cutting reproduction is the cheapest and most practical method for plants capable of clonal regeneration. However, the difficulties in adventitious root formation in black mulberry cuttings create a disadvantage for mulberry growers. This study aimed to investigate the effect of IBA and Paclobutrazol applications on the rooting ability of black mulberry hardwood cuttings. The experiment was carried out in the polyethylene greenhouse of Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa University Agricultural Research and Application Center in February 2022. As a material, hardwood cuttings prepared from one-year-old branches of breeding black mulberry trees within the body of the directorate were used. The study was set up in a randomized plot design with 3 replications and 15 cuttings in each replication. In the study, pure water as a control group, 6000 ppm IBA and doses of 1000 ppm, 2000 ppm and 3000 ppm Paclobutrazol respectively were applied to black mulberry wood cuttings separately and together. After the application, the cuttings were planted in perlite medium. The cuttings were kept in the rooting medium for 90 days and then removed; rooting rate, root number, root length and root diameter values were recorded. As a result of the study, the effect of the applications on the root number of the cuttings was not observed while the rooting rate, root length and root diameter parameters were observed. In terms of rooting rate, the best result was obtained from IBA+PBZ 1000 application (40.00%) compared to the control group (0.0%). The highest root length was determined in IBA 6000 application, and the thickest root diameter values were determined in PBZ 1000 application.

Onion red is wrong one commodity horticulture which includes plant vegetable and usually used for spice. Increase Request onion red cause needed cultivation plant onion red on condition stress drought for reach production highest . Study this aim for knowing type and dose as well as combination paclobutrazol and sour salicylate on condition stress drought for increase production onion red.Research this held on house glass in the garden test Faculty Agriculture University North Sumatra Muhammadiyah . design experiments that have used in study this is design random factorial group with 3 factors . Factor first level drought with 2 levels treatment ie : 80% capacity roomy and 40% capacity roomy . Factor second paclobutrazol with 4 levels treatment namely 0 mg/l, 15 mg/l, 30 mg/l, 45 mg/l. Factor third Sour salicylate with 3 levels namely 0 mg/l, 50 mg/l, 100 mg/l. Observation parameters observed _ is length plant , number leaf , weight Fresh Bulbs , Weight Bulbs Dry and Bulb Diameter. Results study show gift factor single paclobutrazol and factor single sour salicylate no increase growth and production onion red.. Giving paclobutrazol with level 45 mg/l at 80% capacity roomy have score long plant and amount leaf highest compared to 40% Capacity roomy . Giving sour salicylate on concentration 50 mg/l at condition 80% capacity roomy increase weight tubers fresh , tuber dry and tuber diameter . Interaction treatment paclobutrazole , acid salicylate and stress drought could increase growth and production on K1S1P3 combination.

• PBZ at 46 mg·L⁻¹ enhances ornamental traits of southern highbush blueberries. • Reduced plant height improves adaptability for subtropical container gardening. • High PBZ doses alter fruit morphology, requiring careful application rates. • Findings expand ornamental blueberry options for diverse gardening markets. Interest in ornamental blueberries (Vaccinium spp.) for container gardening is increasing, particularly among home gardeners seeking plants with both aesthetic appeal and edible qualities. However, the adaptability of current ornamental blueberry cultivars in subtropical regions is limited due to their moderate to high chilling requirements. This study aimed to enhance the ornamental qualities of southern highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L. interspecific hybrids) cultivars 'Warm Land' and 'Biloxi', which were not initially bred for ornamental use, through foliar application of paclobutrazol (PBZ). We investigated the effects of PBZ on controlling plant height, canopy spread, and fruit cluster characteristics on whips and laterals. Two field experiments were conducted in central Taiwan during the 2021–2023 season. In mid-September 2021, the first experiment involved treating 'Warm Land' plants with PBZ at 0, 4.6, 46, and 230 mg·L–1. Although PBZ at 4.6 mg·L–1 did not affect the plant height, canopy spread, and plant-to-pot height, PBZ at 46 and 230 mg·L–1 significantly reduced these parameters by 17.1 %–33.6 %, 17.5 %–29.0 %, and 16.3 %–32.7 %, respectively, compared to the untreated control. The highest PBZ concentration also reduced the length of the main inflorescence axis and fruit number per fruit cluster on whips by 49.7 % and 31.5 %, respectively. In contrast, while the length of the main inflorescence axis on laterals was reduced, fruit number was not significantly affected. The second experiment in 2022 included both 'Warm Land' and 'Biloxi' and confirmed that PBZ effectively reduced plant height and altered fruit cluster characteristics without significantly affecting the canopy spread. Compared to the untreated control, higher PBZ concentrations (46 and 230 mg·L–1) significantly reduced the length of the main inflorescence axis on whips and laterals by 38.2 %–48.5 % and 20.0 %–40.0 %, respectively. Notably, at 230 mg·L–1 PBZ, compressed and deformed fruits were observed on whips. Although there was no significant reduction in the fruit number per cluster on whips, the fruit number per fruit cluster on laterals was significantly reduced by 26.2 % and 30.8 % at 46 and 230 mg·L–1 PBZ, respectively. Our results indicate that a single foliar application of 46 mg·L–1 PBZ effectively improves the ornamental qualities of 'Warm Land' and 'Biloxi' without negatively impacting the appearance of the fruits. This approach offers a cost-effective strategy to enhance ornamental traits of existing southern highbush blueberry cultivars and expands the use of ornamental blueberries in subtropical climates, thus diversifying the options available to home gardeners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pharmacological effects of Ophiopogon japonicus are influenced by its active substances like saponins and flavonoids, which are crucial for assessing its quality. An ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method was developed for the qualitative and quantitative assessment of 20 saponins and flavonoids in O. japonicus. The average recovery of these compounds ranged from 70 % to 130 %, with relative standard deviations (RSD) between 0.11 % and 16.46 %. Planting O. japonicus in Santai County (Sichuan, China) and investigated the impact of 0.6, 1.3, 2.8, 5.6, and 11.3 g/L concentrations of paclobutrazol on both root yield and the levels of saponins and flavonoids in O. japonicus. Lower paclobutrazol concentrations (1.3 g/L) led to increased levels of saponins and flavonoids in O. japonicus such as ophiopogonin D′, ruscogenin and ophiopogonanone F, with paclobutrazol residues measuring 77.17 μg/kg DW. This preliminary insight into the influence of paclobutrazol and production of saponin flavonoids in O. japonicus bears significance for its larger industrial production. • Methanol/water extraction yielded higher levels of active compounds from O. japonicus. • UHPLC-MS/MS analysis was used for quantifying saponins and flavonoids in O. japonicus. • Paclobutrazol treatments significantly affected the yield of O. japonicus. • A certain concentration of paclobutrazol can increase the content of saponins and flavonoids in O. japonicus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Embryo rescue technology plays an important role in seedless grape breeding. However, the efficiency of embryo rescue, including the embryo formation, germination, and seedling rates, is closely related to the parental genotypes, degree of abortion, growth medium, and plant growth regulators. In this study, we investigated the effects of different concentrations of paclobutrazol (PAC), a plant growth regulator, and embryo collection times on the embryo formation, germination, and seedling rates for different hybrid combinations of grape breeding varieties used for their aroma and cold-resistance traits. The results showed that the different PAC concentrations had varying impacts on the development of ovules and embryos from the different grape varieties. The embryo formation rates of the ‘Sultanina Rose’בBeibinghong’ and ‘Kunxiang Seedless’בTaishan-2’ crosses were the highest under the 5.1 μmol L−1 PAC treatment. The 1.0 μmol L−1 PAC treatment was optimal for the germination and seedling development of the ‘Sultanina Rose’בBeibinghong’ embryos, whereas the 0.2 μmol L−1 PAC treatment induced the highest germination rate for the ‘Sultanina Rose’בKunxiang Seedless’ cross. The optimal sampling times for each cross varied as 39 d after pollination (DAP) for the ‘Flame Seedless’בMuscat Hamburg’ cross, 46 DAP for the ‘Kunxiang Seedless’בBeibinghong’ cross, and 41 DAP for the ‘Ruby Seedless’בBeibinghong’ and ‘Fantasy Seedless’בShuangyou’ crosses. Moreover, the medium modified with 0.5 g L−1 of indole-3-butyric acid allowed the malformed seedlings to develop into plantlets and achieve larger progenies. This study provides a useful basis for further studies into grape embryo rescue and could improve breeding efforts for new seedless grape varieties.