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Presents a model showing how symptoms differ from other adaptive behaviors by their low productivity. Symptom's paradoxical dual norm structure result from communication patterns and indirect strategies which control the environment. Suggests if such structures are to be removed promptly, different but equally stable dual norm structures are required. (JAC)

Analyzes present transgenerational family therapy theory and discusses the change process. Individuation-relational ethics is presented in a (Hegelian) dialectic with intimacy. Suggests that playfulness, including paradox and absurdity, is an effective intervention into the intense emotionality of intergenerational work. (Author)

Presents a strategy for intervening into rigidly homeostatic family systems. Identifies system rules which reveal "nodal" themes. Describes four types of nodal themes and clues for identifying them within families. Suggests ways of using system rules and nodal themes in developing paradoxical interventions. (Author/RC)

Explored the effects of consistent and inconsistent combinations of paradoxical and nonparadoxical interpretations and directives in brief counseling with moderately depressed college students. Paradoxical interpretations were associated with more symptom remission than were nonparadoxical interpretations. The nature of the directives students received made little difference. (Author)

Explores many facets of paradoxical communication in interpersonal encounters; and presents a structured interpersonal exercise which provides students with experiential learning in how to identify and deal effectively with many subtle manifestations of paradoxical communication. (Author/CMV)

A brief sketch of the development of integral calculus is given, beginning with ancient Greek thought around 500 BC, and ending with Newton and Leibniz. (MP)

Based on assumption that paradox itself is a conceptual and not an empirical phenomenon, study presents an analysis of these situations by analogy. This analysis has implications for psychotherapy which render the use of contralogical techniques of change more easily specifiable. (Author)

Supports marital enrichment as an effective intervention technique with couples. Linear letters can enhance the enrichment process and can be assessed more effectively by the instruments used to measure change in this study than can change induced through the paradoxical letters. (Author)

Presents a brief overview of the many complexities involved in paradox as pseudocommunication, focusing on its possible effects in the school setting. (GT)

Provides three examples of paradoxes from physics and one from astronomy to show how paradoxes may be used in addressing specific deficiencies in understanding. (CS)

Presents a model for strategic, therapeutic interventions to help children stop repetitive behavioral sequences that offer protection from painful losses, but block the grief process. (Author/RH)

Problems surrounding curriculum and curriculum theories are analyzed from two different viewpoints: (1) the search for the identity of curriculum; and (2) the relationship between curriculum theory and practice. The present complexity and paradoxes to be found in curriculum are discussed. (CJ)

Documented relaxation-induced anxiety in 14 subjects suffering from tension who were given training in progressive relaxation and mantra meditation. Four of the subjects displayed clinical evidence of an anxiety reaction during a preliminary practice period. Progressive relaxation produced less evidence of relaxation-induced anxiety. (Author/JAC)

Discusses treatment issues in conjoint marital therapy, currently accepted as the preferred format for treating marital difficulties. Describes the use of linear or paradoxical letters to the nonattending spouse, providing research data regarding potential hazards of one-spouse therapy. Sample letters are included. (JAC)

Describes a technique for systematically teaching family therapy trainees the skill of positively connoting family behavior. The step by step procedure emphasizes the basic theoretical assumption that the definition of reality can be changed. Benevolent descriptions reduce family resistance and set the stage for change to occur. (JAC)

Describes a case study in which a paradoxical intervention was effectively used in treating a vocationally indecisive college student and his overly involved father. The quality of the father-son interaction improved as the student's anxiety decreased. Implications for the use of paradox in other situations are discussed. (Author/JAC)

Discusses the energy flux-density of two beams of light of equal energy that are intersected at a given angle. Examines an apparent contradiction to the physics law of conservation of energy known as Vavilov's paradox. (MDH)

Discusses the counseling use of paradoxical intention, in which clients are told to perform responses that seem incompatible with the goal for which they are seeking help. The use of paradoxical intention in the treatment of panic attacks is described and a case example is included. The nature and implementation of the technique are discussed. (Author/NB)

A seemingly paradoxical situation is explained which tells of one baseball player having a higher batting average than a second player for two seasons, yet having a lower overall average. (MP)

Discussed is the accuracy of three statements commonly used in chemistry books and in teaching chemistry. (HM)

How does embeddedness—spatial and relational—influence interfirm tie reinitiation when trust is violated? The taken-for-granted relationship between prior ties and repeat tie formation becomes complex when trust violations are introduced. Two divergent schools of thought emerge: an “embeddedness as a buffer” logic, wherein embedded partners may be more forgiving, versus an “et tu Brute” logic, wherein embedded partners feel betrayed. We tackle this theoretical tension by examining brokerage relationships. When spatially or relationally embedded, focal firm–broker ties further enhance trust but the ensuing higher expectations also make embedded trust more brittle due to the broker’s divided loyalties, resulting in a steeper decline in trust after a violation. Our central hypotheses thus highlight a paradox of embeddedness: while spatial and relational trust foster repeat ties under normal circumstances, it takes proportionately longer for such embedded ties to be reinitiated when trust is violated. We use a unique hand-collected data set in the global dry cargo shipping industry with voyage-level data on 3,618 exchanges between a Copenhagen-based shipowner–operator (the focal firm) and 235 shipbrokers from 2011 to 2018 and a Weibull hazard rate estimator. We find support for the paradox of embeddedness when trust is violated in brokerage relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Child toy unboxers unintentionally and intentionally participate in paradoxical practices. The child influencer industry, shaped by ideological conflicts, is a foreign topic in the marketing domain despite its popularity. Drawing upon paradox theory, this conceptual article investigates three main paradoxes of child toy unboxers by addressing the following research questions: What are the paradoxical tensions that manifest in child toy unboxing industry? What research directions will prove fruitful for advancing our understanding of these paradoxical tensions and its implications for child toy unboxing marketing? Departing from the traditional perspective that positions opposite elements as separate and exclusive worlds, the disposition of these paradoxes provides new insights into the complex world of child influencers. This paper presents new research prospects and implications that promote socially responsible child influencer marketing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The negative relationship between corporate risk and corporate returns, also known as the "Bowman paradox," has been an important puzzle in strategy research that has motivated dozens of empirical studies. Theoretically, the paradox was explained with an appeal to contingent managerial preferences for risk or to heterogeneous managerial capabilities. A popular alternative view has been that the paradox is merely an empirical artifact and, thus, does not need to be explained with management theories. Furthermore, the view that the negative risk–return relationship does not need to be explained theoretically was reinforced to become a bottom line for nearly five decades of research on diversified firms—that the paradox cannot be explained theoretically based on the context of corporate diversification. This study counters that pessimistic view and develops a formal model to explain theoretically how the negative risk–return relationship exists in diversified firms due to the interplay of two types of economies of scope. Thus, the Bowman paradox is explained in this study parsimoniously, with the fundamental features of the context of corporate diversification that exist regardless of the variation in managerial preferences for risk or in managerial capabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As organizations seek more adaptive workforces, they are increasingly embracing "deconstructed" jobs as an alternative to traditional jobs. In these emerging work structures, jobs are broken down into tasks and projects, and matched with the knowledge, skills, and abilities of workers in the internal labor market. Despite the burgeoning popularity of job deconstruction as a new organizing paradigm—a supposed panacea for rigid organizations and their entrenched employees—our article challenges this oversimplified view. We identify several interdependent, persistent paradoxes inherent in deconstructed jobs, and examine how organizations can navigate their consequences. In balancing the human side of job deconstruction, we propose a way forward that brings workers' experiences into the discussion, advocating guardrails that can shield workers while facilitating productive outcomes and mitigating potential adverse impacts. We conclude by suggesting key directions for future research on job deconstruction as an important new frontier in the study of work and organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Net Promoter Score (NPS) is used by many service organizations as a key customer loyalty metric and driver of growth. Yet, despite its widespread adoption and consequent benchmarking benefits, the methodological soundness and usefulness of NPS has been questioned. Compounding these problems, few guidelines on NPS enhancement strategies exist, since research on antecedents to NPS remains elusive. The combination of (a) questionable research underpinning the original proposal for NPS, and (b) an under-researched nomological net, creates an unfortunate paradox, whereby service organizations strive to raise a score that may or may not lead to organizational success, with little evidence-based knowledge on how to raise this score strategically. To address this, we utilize a guiding framework to interrogate NPS though a services marketing lens. We use this framework to underpin a critical review of NPS as it applies to service organizations, and through the review, identify and discuss ten NPS interrogations. We then propose recommendations that address each of these to enhance further knowledge development and improve ongoing practice of NPS by service organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Despite having higher exposure to stressors, many ethno-racial groups report similar or lower prevalence of clinical depression and anxiety compared to their White counterparts, despite experiencing greater psychosocial risk factors for poor mental health outcomes, thus presenting an epidemiological paradox. Ethno-racial differences in impairment, a diagnostic criterion, may in part explain this paradox. METHODS: We analyzed data from the Healthy Minds Study (2020-2021) and using survey-weighted linear mixed effects models, we tested whether there were ethno-racial differences in impairment across multiple ethno-racial groups at various levels of severity for anxiety and depression. RESULTS: Black students reported lower mean impairment scores relative to White students at moderate and severe anxiety. Hispanic/Latine students only reported lower impairment relative to White students at severe anxiety. Asian students reported relatively lower mean impairment than White students at mild anxiety, and this difference continued to grow as anxiety severity increased. Similar trends were observed for depression. Black and Hispanic/Latino students reported lower mean impairment scores at moderate to severe depression. Asian students reported lower mean impairment scores beginning at mild depression to severe depression. CONCLUSION: Self-reported anxiety and depression related impairment varies by ethno-racial group, with Black, Hispanic/Latinx, and Asian students reporting lower impairment compared to White students at higher levels of symptom severity. These findings open the possibility that racial differences in the impairment criterion of clinical diagnoses may explain some of the racial paradox.

People routinely conceive of themselves in their career in both stable and dynamic ways. Individuals may draw common threads across their various career experiences and aspirations to form a stable anchor for their career identity, yet, at the same time, dynamically adapt their self-concept in the context of their career. In this paper, we call attention to the anchoring and evolving forces that people experience as a paradox for their career identity and theorize "career identifying" as an ongoing process of career identity maintenance and change. As individuals contend with career identity tensions, they make adjustments to maintain a balance of anchoring and evolving forces on their career identity or to make shifts that accumulate into career identity change. The career identifying process accounts for both career identity maintenance and change in a single theoretical model that explains how career identity can change over time while being stable enough to make coherent career choices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Working with a prominent mentor can offer many benefits to one's career: mentors provide skills, resources, and values that leave a lasting imprint. Yet, these promising starting points also present a puzzle as people make sense of their careers further on: they must acknowledge their association with their prominent mentor, without being overshadowed by them. We refer to this tension as the paradox of promise. Through a qualitative study of former employees at the Eames Office, we examine how individuals navigate the paradox of promise as they construct retrospective career narratives. We find that individuals narrate their formative experience as imprints, but with two distinct emphases—values-dominant imprints versus skills-dominant imprints. Individuals then narrate their later career experiences by reprinting, reinforcing the existing meaning or finding new meaning in relation to their imprint; we induced three reprinting practices: (a) embracing values, (b) contrasting values, and (c) supplanting values. Using imprints and reprinting, former Eames employees crafted overarching sources of career meaningfulness: belongingness narratives, emphasizing collaboration and contribution with others; self-expression narratives, emphasizing authenticity and freedom; and achievement narratives, emphasizing expertise and accomplishment. Our study contributes to interpretive perspectives of career success and mentor relationships, and how meaningfulness is constructed over the career. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]