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This study aimed to compare the intracanal lateral force and cutting efficiency associated with two engine-driven nickel-titanium (NiTi) systems during root canal shaping. Bovine single-rooted teeth models were assembled to a custom-made splitting force measuring platform while being endodontically treated with rotary (ProTaper Gold [PTG]) or reciprocal systems (WaveOne Gold [WOG]) by two clinicians. The cutting efficiency test was run for each group by a free-falling endomotor on dentin discs for 3 min. The resulting force, files, and stroke force peaks were recorded. Data were analyzed by the Shapiro-Wilk test and ANOVA. Statistical significance was set at alpha = 0.05. Intracanal lateral forces (p < 0.01), cutting efficiency (p < 0.01), and time efficiency (p < 0.01) were significantly different between the NiTi groups. The maximum lateral splitting force was detected using the PTG shaping full-length file (S1) and during the WOG final stroke. Thus, caution is advised when reciprocating single-file systems approach the apical third or when using a large taper and wide-diameter rotatory instruments. The WOG had significantly less maximum horizontal splitting force and significantly greater cutting efficiency but less time efficiency than the PTG system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of China University of Petroleum is the property of China University of Petroleum and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Fly ash is an inevitable by-product from the coal-fired power plants in many developing countries including India that needs safe, timely and productive disposal. The addition of fly ash alters physicochemical properties of soil and hence could be used as a soil conditioner or modifier along with the appropriate level of vermicompost to support plant growth. Several studies have focalized sole use of fly ash and vermicompost in agricultural production systems lacking information on combined application effects. This work was carried out at Chiplima in the district of Sambalpur, Odisha, India, to ascertain the best suited combination of native soil, fly ash and vermicompost (from farmyard manure) for rice nursery based on the changing physicochemical properties and seedling growth. The experiment consisting of 21 treatment combinations of soil, fly ash and vermicompost at 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% by weight was laid out in a factorial complete randomized design with three replications. Fly ash and vermicompost at moderate concentrations significantly ameliorated the physical properties, viz., porosity, bulk and particle densities, water holding capacity, infiltration rate and the capillary rise of water in rice nursery soil that ultimately resulted in vigorous rice seedlings at 40 DAS through beneficial soil biota as well as better root and shoot development. The porosity, water holding capacity and infiltration rate significantly increased with the addition of vermicompost while fly ash addition substantially reduced them. Fly ash and vermicompost in moderate quantities smothered soil chemical properties like electrical conductivity and organic carbon that increased the availability of N, P, K, B, S and Zn. The pH did not differ significantly due to treatment effects owing to a marginal difference in pH of the substrates, whereas electrical conductivity increased significantly with only marginal addition of fly ash to vermicompost. Considering the economic feasibility and environmental impacts, 40% soil + 20% fly ash + 40% vermicompost may be recommend to the farmers for wet rice nursery raising and also for remediating the coal fly ash in agricultural production system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To investigate the chemical and physical aspects of Vizag's water quality in a few key regions. Materials and Method: In order to conduct the study, water samples were taken from the Vishakhapatnam neighbourhoods A, B, C, and D, and sent to Spectra Environment Tech Pvt Ltd for analysis. Result: The World Health Organisation standard for drinking water (WHO) and BIS standard were found to be met by the drinking water of the chosen study area from Vishakhapatnam in all physico-chemical parameters in all 4 areas, namely A, B, C, and D drinking water sampling sites. The samples were examined using widely renowned and well-established analytical procedures for the intended water quality indicators. It is clear that all of the chosen parameters were deemed to be within the organization's standards. Conclusion: Conclusion: The water quality in the chosen sites is suitable for human consumption. Dissemination of the water quality status in government reports via social media, print media, and television can increase public satisfaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When studying porous materials, most acoustical and geometrical parameters can be affected by the presence of uncertainties, which can reduce the robustness of models and techniques using these parameters. Hence, there is a need to evaluate the effect of these uncertainties in the case of modeling acoustic problems. Among these evaluation methods, the Monte Carlo simulation is considered a benchmark for studying the propagation of uncertainties in theoretical models. In the present study, this method is applied to a theoretical model predicting the acoustic behavior of a porous material located in a duct element to evaluate the impact of each input error on the computation of the acoustic proprieties such as the reflection and transmission coefficients as well as the acoustic power attenuation and the transmission loss of the studied element. Two analyses are conducted; the first one leads to the evaluation of the impacts of error propagation of each acoustic parameter (resistivity, porosity, tortuosity, and viscous and thermal length) through the model using a Monte Carlo simulation. The second analysis presents the effect of propagating the uncertainties of all parameters together. After the simulation of the uncertainties, the 95% confidence intervals and the maximum and minimum errors of each parameter are computed. The obtained results showed that the resistivity and length of the porous material have a great influence on the acoustic outputs of the studied model (transmission and reflection coefficients, transmission loss, and acoustic power attenuation). At the same time, the other physical parameters have a small impact. In addition, the acoustic power attenuation is the acoustic quantity least impacted by the input uncertainties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Remote sensing makes it possible to identify in real time changes in the earth's surface resulting from various natural phenomena and anthropic processes. The quantification of physical parameters obtained from remote sensing data is of great importance in environmental studies around water dams. Favoring the establishment of sustainable use and occupations, especially in the caatinga biome. This study aims to evaluate the space-time behavior of physical parameters (Normalized Difference Index - NDVI, Surface Albedo and Surface Temperature) in the surroundings of the Barra do Juá Dam/Pernambuco from technical data of remote sensing. Images from the Landsat-8 satellite OLI and TIRS sensors acquired from 2013 to 2021 through the Google Earth Engine cloud platform were used. Analyzes were based on time series interpretation, zonal statistics and linear regression. The spatial dynamics and the dry period influenced the physical parameters. Native vegetation showed the highest NDVI values in relation to exposed soil. Albedo and surface temperature showed inverse values to the NDVI, with lower values for native vegetation. The physical parameters studied showed a seasonal behavior for the years 2013 to 2021, showing an environmental relationship with climate dynamics and vegetative development as a result of water availability in the semi-arid region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The external appearance of the bread is important both for the bread producer and especially for the consumer, it shows that the volume and shape of the bread are the parameters that must be studied with accuracy. Volume changes of bakery products, expansion and contraction occur in the bread making process as a result of transitions and changes that occur over time. The paper aims to determine the volume of three varieties of bread (white bread, black bread, whole meal bread) by the classical (gravimetric) method and the modern photometric method. The results of the determinations show that for white bread a volume difference of 70.34 cm³ minus is obtained with the classic method, for black bread a volume difference of 151.37 cm³ minus with the classic method, and for intermediate bread a difference of 122.93 cm³ in minus with the classic method. From the experimental determinations, a high accuracy is found for the volumes determined by the photometric method compared to the classical method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of our study is to highlight the influence of fasting on the variations of physical, anthropometric and biochemical parameters among young female students of Jeddah University. Method: Twenty-four female students with ages ranging from 20 to 26 years consented to taking part in our study. They were tested on 3 occasions: before, during, and after the month of fasting. To this end, we took blood samples, anthropometric measurements, and an exercise test. Results: The analysis and interpretation of the results showed no significant change in the anthropometric parameters despite the variations observed during the month of fasting (P > 0.05). However, we could mention significant decreases in biochemical and physical parameters to later result in an increase, testifying to a phenomenon of adaptation by the organism after a month of fasting (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Fasting has no negative effects on the different parameters studied. Thus, fasting seems to be a beneficial means for the health of the human organism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Physical parameters (i.e., extraction yield, oil content), chemicals (i.e., fatty acids, phenolics) and oxidative stability associated with virgin olive oil (VOO) from ten varieties in Wudu, China, were analyzed as a function of maturity index and variety by multivariate analysis models. Most of the analytical parameters were significantly affected by the variety and maturity index, and the former was more influential than the latter. Phenolics were the principal factor dividing the ten varieties into four groups. High phenolic levels were observed in the 'Koroneiki' group and 'Manzanilla' group, but the oil extractability index differentiated between them, being the highest and lowest, respectively. The 'Koroneiki' group demonstrated high oil productivity and oil quality, which was worthy of promotion in large-scale cultivation. High amounts of linoleic enhanced the VOO health benefits of 'Ascolana tenera, Arbequina and Zhongshan24' group, but brought the risk of shortening the shelf-life. The 'Ulliri Bardhe, Empeltre, Ezhi8, Yuntai14 and Picual' group clustered for the higher relative value of oleic acid. The maturity index had significant negative effects on the content of total phenolics, oleacein, oleocanthal, and oleic acid, but had a positive effect on the extractability index, which suggested that varieties with low phenolics and oleic acid levels should be harvested early. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) is consumed mainly in its processed form. Therefore, the investigation of the physicochemical properties of its berries is a current task in the aspect of food processing. The aim of this study was to determine the physicochemical parameters (soluble solid content, total titratable acidity, sugar/acid ratio), color characteristics (L*, a*, b*) and fatty acid profile of five varieties ('Askola', 'Clara', 'Habego', 'Leikora', 'Mara') and one Hungarian candidate, R-01, to establish a basis for experiments on the processability of the whole berries (e.g., drying). The weight of the berry of 'Leikora' (0.64 g) was significantly higher than the other investigated fruits. The differences between the values of soluble solid content (6.3–10.84 °Brix) and titratable acid (1.4–3.7%) content of berries were significant. 'Mara' had the highest sugar/acid ratio. Regarding the fatty acid profile, the amount of unsaturated fatty acids was measured between 72.6–83.4%, including polyunsaturated fatty acids, which were between 32.3–58.1%. The seeds of the tested samples contained high concentrations of linoleic acid (17.0–33.2%) and linolenic acid (15.3–24.9%), mainly in the case of the 'Mara', 'Clara' and 'Askola' varieties. Candidate R-01 could be used as a raw material for functional foods due to its significant content of palmitoleic acid and a favourable omega-6/omega-3 ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of natural tannins in laying hens' diets on production parameters and the alterations of eggs' physical properties during storage time and temperature. A six weeks experiment was carried out on 168 Lohmann Brown laying hens, 51 weeks of age, accommodated within digestibility cages, structured on 3 levels. The dietary basic structure was the same for all 3 tested groups. The difference between the experimental and control groups was established by the type of plant additive added E1 (0.5% chestnut flour) vs. E2 (0.5% bark oak). At the end of the experiment, 36 eggs/group were collected to evaluate internal and external quality parameters of eggs during storage. These eggs were divided into two parts: 18 eggs/group were kept at room temperature (22°C) and 18 eggs/group were kept in the refrigerator (4°C) for 42 days and analysed to determine shelf time. The results obtained showed that the physical parameters of eggs laid by hens fed with diets supplemented with natural source of tannins (chestnut powder and oak bark) were improved in terms of Haugh Units, yolk colour and eggshell thickness, but only in refrigeration storage conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Design of an optimal extended surface having functionally graded material is significant in cooling performance of hot attached structures in technological applications. The present endeavor is to search for axially variable thermal conductivity formula for a prescribed longitudinal fin shape of rectangular or triangular cross section. Heat transfer is presumed to take place through conductive, convective and radiative effects. The well-known fact is that it is not possible to solve in closed-form the highly nonlinear heat transfer equation under such considerations in general, unless some effects are ignored. Temperature or spatial dependence of material properties of the fin make the problem even harder to treat without numerical simulations. To help designer to avoid such simulations, prescribed temperature distributions in the form of elementary polynomial functions involving some shape parameters are utilized. Under operative geometric and thermal parameters such as the Biot number and the radiation parameter, exact solution formulae for the pertinent thermal conductivity distribution along the functionally graded extended surface are then obtained. The price to pay is only to work out the domain of definition of physical parameters acting on the loaded temperature profile.Designer can benefit from the advantage of the presented elementary solutions while analyzing the efficiency of convecting-radiating longitudinal fins of rectangular, triangular or a more general tapered longitudinal fin class cross sections and control/adjust the physical parameters to the desired temperature/material conditions. With a preloaded temperature profile to the energy equation, the tip temperature can be adjusted so as to enhance the heat transfer rate by increasing/decreasing the governing fin parameters. Such promising inverse problem of extracting axial thermal conductivity distribution from a prescribed temperature solution can also be utilized in other kinds of fin profiles without resorting to the numerical simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of International Journal of Medicine & Science of Physical Activity & Sport / Revista Internacional de Medicina y Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte is the property of Revista Internacional de Medicina y Ciencias de la Actividad Fisica y del Deporte and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Refrigeration Technology is the property of Shanghai Society of Refrigeration and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The presented research focuses on energy (im)balance on both global and local scale. The main emphasis is placed on microclimatic factors directly affecting public urban spaces and related physical processes regarding the city that are closely linked to energy flows and result in the formation of Urban Heat Islands (UHIs). As they are one of the main adverse effects of human activities, the paper introduces the classification of UHIs by types, describes the basic differences between the surface energy balance of rural and urban areas, and introduces climate-sensitive urban design as one of the possible ways of mitigating the undesirable anthropogenic impact on the climate change. The authors of the article present their own research, which predominantly focuses on the development of an environmental observatory situated on the rooftop of the building of the Faculty of Architecture and Design STU in Bratislava (hereafter referred to as the FAD STU). They interpret the experimental operation of sensing probe 1 and the first results and measurement data on Global Horizontal Solar Irradiation (GHSI) and their post-processing. In addition, they describe the construction of sensing probe 2, which will provide more data on the total atmospheric precipitation, wind speed and its direction, presence of dust particles and carbon dioxide in the air, or spectral characteristics of incident and reflected solar radiation. Finally, the experimental operation of a thermal and micro- camera with fisheye lenses is described. These cameras are essential for measuring the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) as one of the parameters used for the assessment of vegetation vitality, which also plays a key role in the formation of the UHI effect.

[Display omitted] • New analytical expressions for PV module output current in cases of single and multi-diode models have been developed. • A novel approach for extracting multi-diode model physical parameters has been proposed. • A benchmark of current generated by novel expressions against exact numerical solution has been performed. • Agreement between parameter values extracted by proposed approach and those coming from the literature has been evidenced. The current–voltage (I-V) characteristic equation of single-diode or multi-diode models describing photovoltaic (PV) solar cells or modules is traditionally based on exponential functions, which poses challenges in analytical handling. To tackle this issue, a novel approach employing Taylor series expansion to derive explicit analytical expressions of output current in cases of Single-Diode Model (SDM) and, unprecedentedly, for Multi-Diode Models (MDM) including Double-Diode Model (DDM), Three-Diode Model (TDM), and Four-Diode Model (FDM) is proposed. These derived expressions, referred to as Taylor Series Expressions of Current (TSEC), are exclusively formulated as functions of voltage drop between solar device leads and model physical parameters, allowing for precise representation of I-V data of PV solar cells and modules. Moreover, the proposed expressions can be effectively combined with the Statistical Nonlinear Fitting (SNF) technique to extract physical parameters for all models. To assess the accuracy of proposed analytical expressions, generated values of current are compared to current values obtained via Exact Numerical Solution (ENS). Extracted model physical parameters are benchmarked against parameter values reported in the literature. The evaluation is achieved for RTC France Si PV cell and PhotoWatt-PWP201 PV module. The results demonstrate a significant improvement in precision when utilizing TSEC, as indicated by reduced values of error indicators such as Absolute Error (AE) and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE). The achieved enhancement highlights the fact that TSEC are opportune expressions for an efficient search of model parameters and accurate generation of I-V data for single and multi-exponential models of PV solar cells or modules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dating young peatlands using the 210Pb dating procedure is a challenging task. The traditional 210Pb age models assume an exponential decline in radioactivity in line with depth in the peat profile. Lead exhibits considerable migratory capacity in Arctic peatlands; hence, to perform precise peat dating, existing models should be enhanced to remove the effects of migration. Independent isotope chronometers, such as 137Cs, can verify this. The Monte Carlo method and IP-CRS were utilised, together with several CA, CF/CS, PF, and CF models, to analyse the peat core samples acquired in the Arkhangelsk region. Data analysis revealed that the height partitioning of 137Cs and 210Pb is associated with physical characteristics, like the peat ash and the bulk density of the bog. Comparison between the natural activity of 210Pb in the peat and the radioactivity of 137Cs measured at depths of 19–21 cm in relation to the global fallout in 1963 indicated that the CF/CS, CF, and IP-CRS models (1965, 1962 and 1964, respectively) gave the closest age to the reference point given. IP-CRS was found to be the preferred model of these three options, as it gave a rather closer correlation with the 137Cs activity specific to the reference layer, allowing the error. The core dating of 210Pb showed an age of 1963 for a depth of 17–19 cm, which was in agreement with the reference horizon 137Cs and ash content, thus validating the accuracy and sufficiency of the selected model turf profile chronology. The maximum content of man-made radioisotopes in the peatlands corresponded to the formulation of the Partial Test Ban Treaty of 1963. The rates of accumulation of peat and atmospheric flux of 210Pb are in good agreement with the values available for the bogs of Northern Europe and those previously estimated by the authors in the subarctic region of European Russia. Although the problems of the complex migration-related distribution of 210Pb in the peat layer were considered, the dating methods used were effective in our study and can be adapted in following studies to perform the age determination of different peat deposits.

In this article, an artificial algorithm called hummingbirds optimization method, named AHA algorithm, is settled to extract accurately the parameters of PV modules under outdoor operational conditions. AHA is the main contribution in this work, regarding its efficiency and good performance in terms of standard deviation (StD), root mean square error (RMSE), sum of squared error (SSE), maximum number of iterations (MaxIt), particularly, for extracting parameter from modules operating in real conditions, and under different temperature and irradiance levels. The AHA is applied on a Polycrystalline-solar panel module type 320W-72P at real operating conditions and on a PV array of three polycrystalline PV modules connected in series. PV cells of the same modules are assumed operating under the same conditions where they share the same electric current and voltage values. In this last pattern, eight different scenarios are chosen. In the first five scenarios, the temperatures are (46.97, 44.23, 42.87, 40.59 and 30.60°C), and the irradiance varies, such as (910, 800.57, 614.13, 415.1 and 200.87W/m2), respectively. In the other three testing scenarios, the solar irradiance is equal (803 W/ m2), and the temperature differs, such as $\text{T}= 47.93\,\,^{\circ }\text{C}$ , 53.38 °C and 36.62°C. Lower values of root mean square errors (RMSE) are achieved ( $9.8602\times {10}^{-4}$ and $2.572533\times {10}^{-2}$ for RTC France PV cell and the 320W-72P module respectively) with 6000 iterations. Moreover, all the eight scenarios are lower than $7.245916\times {10}^{-2}$ for the last case study. Moreover, results show that we could recommend the AHA algorithm as an advanced and efficient method for dealing with real time parameter optimization of photovoltaic modules. In fact, a high closeness between the simulated and the experimental curves is achieved, which indicates the perfectness of this optimization method. Finally, the proposed AHA algorithm can be engaged as tools for the best designing of PV systems.

The effect of physical parameters such as type of filtration media, solids percent, pressure drop, and pH on resistance to filter cloth (R), specific cake resistance (α), moisture content and cake formation rate were investigated in this paper. Experiments were performed using Vacuum Top-Feed method and during the experiments, no chemicals (flocculants, coagulants, etc.) were used. The optimal response for each factor was considered as the minimum values of the resistance to filter cloth (R), specific cake resistance (α), moisture content and maximum cake formation rate. The results showed that the Cloth A7 (Fiber: Polyester, Weave: Twill) and Cloth A12 (Fiber: Polyester, Weave: Plain) have the best performance among 16 types of filters media. With increasing solid content from 45 to 65%, the resistance to filter cloths of A7 and A12 increase from 26.29 (1/m×〖10〗^10) to 101.39 (1/m×〖10〗^10) and from 25.38(1/m×〖10〗^10) to 245.67 (1/m×〖10〗^10), respectively. The highest rate of cake formation in 65% solids for both cloths was 0.077 (mm/s) for cloth A7 and 0.059 (mm/s) for cloth A12. Also, it was found that the compressibility factor is the same for each cloths, so the difference in the compressibility coefficient of cake depends on the inherent properties of the raw material.

The aim of this research paper is to study two-dimension flow of Casson hybrid nanofluid along with magnetic field, heat generation and absorption, and viscous dissipation on a nonlinear extending surface. The primary goal of this study is to improve the heat transfer relationship, which is in high demand in the manufacturing and engineering industries. The outputs of this study will be used to reduce the energy consumption in industry and other engineering fields,for example, the achievement of energy is not enough, but also to adjust the consumptions of energy and this is possible only to approve the development heat transmission liquids to mechanism the expenditures of energy and to improvement. The described similarity transformation is used to convert the non-dimensionless form of the nonlinear partial differential equation to the dimensionless form of the nonlinear ordinary differential equation. An approximate analytical method is used to solve the derived dimensionless form of nonlinear ordinary differential equations, one for velocity and the other for temperature. Graphs are used to highlight the most relevant results acquired from velocity and temperature. Tables are used to describe the skin friction coefficient and the Nusselt number.

The effect of jute, kenaf, and banana fiber reinforced epoxy hybrid composites with different stacking sequences were fabricated by compression molding techniques. The pure epoxy, pure jute, pure kenaf, pure banana composites are also fabricated for comparison purposes. Tensile, flexural, inter‐laminar shear strengths, and hardness properties of the fabricated composites were investigated. Physical parameters like density, water absorption, and thickness swelling were also examined. From mechanical properties, the results are evident that when compared to hybrid composites pure banana composites have the highest tensile, flexural, interlaminar shear strength and shore D hardness value of 41, 67, 18, and 86 MPa respectively. Also, pure banana composites have better water absorption and thickness swelling percentage of 4% and 1.6%. However, KBJJBK hybrid composites exhibit a maximum tensile strength of 34 MPa, flexural strength of 54 MPa. Further BJKKJB hybrid composites possess the highest hardness value of 87, intralaminar shear strength of 17 MPa and lowest water absorption of 8% and thickness swelling percentage of 2%. Certain pure and hybrid configuration have enhanced mechanical strength, stiffness, and lower water absorption and thickness swelling properties, indicating that they are suitable for automotive structural applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To predict clinical response in locally advanced cervical cancer (LACC) patients by a combination of measures, including clinical and brachytherapy parameters and several machine learning (ML) approaches. Brachytherapy features such as insertion approaches, source metrics, dosimetric, and clinical measures were used for modeling. Four different ML approaches, including LASSO, Ridge, support vector machine (SVM), and Random Forest (RF), were applied to extracted measures for model development alone or in combination. Model performance was evaluated using the area under the curve (AUC) of receiver operating characteristics curve, sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy. Our results were compared with a reference model developed by simple logistic regression applied to three distinct clinical features identified by previous papers. One hundred eleven LACC patients were included. Nine data sets were obtained based on the features, and 36 predictive models were built. In terms of AUC, the model developed using RF applied to dosimetric, physical, and total BT sessions features were found as the most predictive [AUC; 0.82 (0.95 confidence interval (CI); 0.79 –0.93), sensitivity; 0.79, specificity; 0.76, and accuracy; 0.77]. The AUC (0.95 CI), sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy for the reference model were found as 0.56 (0.52...0.68), 0.51, 0.51, and 0.48, respectively. Most RF models had significantly better performance than the reference model (Bonferroni corrected p -value < 0.0014). Brachytherapy response can be predicted using dosimetric and physical parameters extracted from treatment parameters. Machine learning algorithms, including Random Forest, could play a critical role in such predictive modeling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The physical parameters and mechanical properties of the tussah cocoon are of vital importance for the design of a tussah cocoon leaf stripper. In this paper, the freshly harvested tussah cocoons wrapped with fresh leaves (TCFL) and the plucked and dried tussah cocoons (TCDL) were taken as research objects. The physical parameters and mechanical properties of the tussah cocoon with wrapped leaves, leafless tussah cocoons, tussah cocoon shells, tussah pupae, cocoon handle, and oak leaves were measured. The experiment showed that firstly, the radial deformation of the cocoon shell of the tussah cocoon should be controlled to be within 1.05 mm and the axial deformation to be within 1.6 mm. The pressure on the fresh leaf cocoon shell and the dry leaf cocoon shell cannot exceed 14.54 ± 3.16 N and 32.43 ± 7.04 N, respectively. Secondly, when the oak leaves are peeled off, the tensile force on the fresh leaves and dry leaves should be greater than 5.05 ± 3.63 N and 3.35 ± 1.85 N, respectively. Finally, the cocoon stalk can have a negative impact on the leaf-stripping process. These results can provide theoretical support for the design of a tussah leaf stripper to avoid damaging the cocoon shell and tussah pupa during the leaf stripping process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Afghanistan is one of the biggest opium-producing countries in the world. There are more than a million drug addicts in the country, and most of them are living in public places. Stray dogs who live with drug addicts are at the highest risk of inhaling drugs Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate changes in physical and biochemical parameters of stray dogs inhaling drugs. Methods: A total of 12 dogs were assigned into two groups healthy and infected (stray dogs who inhale drugs) dogs. The physical and biochemical parameters of both groups were evaluated. Results: Subjective evaluation showed clinical changes such as congestion of conjunctiva in the infected group. Biochemical examination showed a significantly higher level of glucose (p < 0.05) and total protein (TP) (p < 0.01) in the infected group compared to the healthy group. The ratio of other biochemical parameters was slightly decreased as compared to healthy dogs. Conclusion: Drug inhalation can alter biochemical parameters like glucose and TP in dogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article describes an approach to build a search index for fuzzy objects recognition in scientific and technical papers. A fuzzy object is explained as an entity described by some physical parameters. A physical parameter consists of two parts: a value, represented in various forms of digits, and a physical unit, represented as text with some digits. The approach presented in the article allows users to search not by ordinary substrings, but by physical parameters with range, less than or greater than operators. The current realisation of the approach is a web service that has functionality to perform all stages for extraction of physical parameters of a fuzzy object. These stages are the extraction of sentences, the extraction of physical parameters and the normalisation of physical parameters values. The web service can be exploited in the synchronous and asynchronous modes. The synchronous mode helps to troubleshoot the software. The asynchronous mode is designed to process papers using queues in the distributed computer systems. The current work is aimed to develop a search engine which will address the challenge of structuring information of a continuously growing number of scientific and technical papers. The search index will help to perform robust navigation among a huge number of documents for scientific workers and engineers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Agricultural Science & Technology (1008-0864) is the property of Journal of Agricultural Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Microplastics-induced histopathological changes in gastrointestinal tracts of fish have been widely reported. However, the translation of adverse effects in the gut to impacts on growth are understudied. This study investigated the effect of MP-induced small intestinal histomorphological changes on growth performance of Oreochromis urolepis juveniles. Sixty larvae were exposed in control (0), 1, 10, and 100 polyethylene microplastic particles (PE MPs)/mL treatment groups. On day 65, juveniles were euthanized, dissected, and biometric data were taken. Small intestine histomorphological lesion index (HLI) was calculated following histological preparation using routine hematoxylin and eosin procedure. Results showed increase in HLI proportional to PE MPs exposure dose. These deteriorations equally reduced growth in final weight, weight gain and total length (One-Way ANOVA, p > 0.05), and Specific Growth Rate (SGR) (Kruskal–Wallis Test, p > 0.05), though there were insignificant differences between treatment groups. Condition factors of fishes in control and 1 PE MPs differed significantly and with other treatment groups (Tukey HSD, p < 0.05). Small intestines HLI correlated significantly with growth pattern (Spearman, r = 1.00, p = 0.01), condition factors (Pearson, r = −0.995, p < 0.05), final weight, weight gain, and total length (Spearman, r = −1.00, p = 0.01) but not with SGR. The allometric growth pattern changed towards isometric corresponding to increasing HLI. These findings suggest that MPs damaged small intestine structure and thus impaired digestion and nutrients absorption functions which disrupted growth. Such effects may impair juveniles' ability to escape enemies, find food, and eventually reproduce, and therefore require further study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the influence of physical parameters on the collapse dynamics of a spherical bubble filled with diatomic gas (κ=7/5). The problem is formulated by the Rayleigh–Plesset dynamical equation, whose numerical solutions are carried out by Maple. Our studies show that each physical parameter affects the bubble collapse dynamics in different degree, which reveals that bubble collapse dynamics must considers all the parameters including liquid viscosity, surface tension, etc, else the outcome cannot be trusted.

Huanglongbing (HLB) is one of the world's worst diseases of citrus trees. The research was conducted to characterize positive citrus samples of two local varieties, 'Kinnow' mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) and 'Mosambi' orange (C. sinensis (L.) Osbeck), based on morphological, physical and biochemical characters. Physical and biochemical parameters of greening infected and healthy samples of both the cultivars were significantly different. Citrus fruits were lopsided and half to full green in the HLB infected trees compared to healthy. The HLB infected leaves samples were small and narrow. Fruit diameter, leaf area, and juice weight of HLB infected samples were significantly less than healthy samples. The rind thickness of infected fruits (70% and 80%) was significantly higher than healthy ones (20% and 30%). Starch content of leaves from mandarin (5.54 µg mL-1) and orange (6.12 pg mL-1) were significantly higher in HLB infected plants, while juice percentage of HLB infected fruit samples was lesser in mandarin and orange (22.73%, and 14.70%, respectively) than healthy fruits (38.22% and 31.30%, respectively). Acidity was significantly increased in juice of HLB infected mandarin and orange fruits (0.57%, and 0.53%, respectively). Similarly, there was significant reduction in biochemical parameters; total sugars in mandarin and orange (5.16% and 4.79%), total soluble solids (8.54% and 8.28%), total chlorophyll (13.50 and 14.92 mg mL-1) and ascorbic acid (34.28% and 34.12%) in HLB infected samples of both cultivars. This study determined differences of physical and biochemical parameters of two local citrus varieties, commonly cultivated in the Asian region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In the most industrial process and air conditioning systems, huge amount of heat are generated for better performance. The shower cooling tower (SCT) is used for heat transfer to the environment. In this study, mathematical modeling and tower behavior simulate based on the laws of heat and mass transfer. This is done after reviewing papers and rewriting governing differential equations using a computer program to solve numerical solution and then analyzing tower behavior. Also, the effect of physical parameters (the velocity of water droplet, inlet air velocity and water to air mass flow ratio) on reducing the outlet temperature of the water has been checked and compared with the results of the experiment, which has a great accuracy. Simulated data shows that, as the inlet air velocity increases, the corresponding heat and mass transfer coefficients increase, outlet temperature from tower decreases. Also due to the excessive increase in the droplet velocity, it does not have much effect on reducing the temperature of the outlet. By increasing the water to air mass flow ratio, decreasing of temperature is reduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Milk is a food of high nutritional value, which occupies an undeniable place in the human food ration, but is an ideal medium for microbial growth. This study aims to assess the hygienic quality of local raw and fermented milk from the Liptako-Gourma region in Niger. Materials and Methods: We performed physical and bacteriological analyses on 330 samples of bovine milk from local breeds, including 110 individual milk samples (per cow), 110 fermented milk samples, and 110 blended milk samples. The microbiological parameters were determined using standard methods. Results: The physical analysis revealed temperatures during sample collection for all milk types between 35.2°C and 37.8°C. The average pH of fermented milk varied between 3.16 and 4.92 and those of individual and blended raw milks between 5.42 and 6.98. The titratable acidity varied from 15° to 18.1°D for raw milk and between 59° and 122°D for fermented milk. The average density of individual and blended milks ranged between 1.028 and 1.035. Regionally, milk samples from Tillaberi had a significantly higher aerobic mesophilic germ (GAM) load (7.42 ± 0.53 × 107 Colony-forming unit/mL; p = 0.0025) compared to the Dosso and Niamey regions. The prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella spp. were 86.36%, 12.73%, and 20.91%, respectively, in fermented milk. Phenotypic identification pointed toward three genera: E. coli (30.76% ± 0.25%), S. aureus (20.58% ± 0.14%), and Salmonella spp. (2.74 ± 0.04%). Conclusion: The present data suggest that milk samples collected from three regions in Liptako-Gourma had low quality; further, some of the bacteria identified (E. coli, S. aureus, and Salmonella spp.) could be potential foodborne pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The characteristic of ion-acoustic solitary and shock waves propagating in a non-extensive plasma is analysed using the framework of the modified Korteweg–de Vries–Burgers (MKdVB) equation. Employing reductive perturbation technique (RPT), the MKdVB equation is derived from the basic guiding equations and further, the equation is converted to a dynamic system using travelling wave transformation. Varying different plasma parameters, phase portraits for the MKdV system are drawn and using bifurcation theory of planar dynamical system, it is observed that the MKdV system may contain shock, solitary and periodic solutions. However, it is evident from the phase portrait analysis of the MKdVB equation that due to the impact of Burgers term, the system includes only the shock and solitary solutions. Initially, different patterned solutions of the MKdV equation are directly derived from the corresponding Hamiltonian of the system, and employing the weighted residual method (WRM), the approximate analytical solutions of the MKdVB equation are explored using the solution of MKdV equation as initial solution. These solutions come as a desired pattern that was predicted by the phase portraits. Finally, some graphs are depicted from a numerical standpoint by which the effects of physical parameters on wave propagation are well understood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coral reefs currently are suffered from natural factors along with increasing anthropogenic activity. Panjang Island, a small reef island located in Jepara Regency, may also be experiencing such conditions. Therefore, this work was aimed to observe the condition of the coral cover of Panjang Island. Line intercept transect was applied to survey the coral cover and mortality index from fourteen stations. Insitu data consisted of the bottom substrate composition of the reefs and the physical parameters of the sea. The secondary data, i.e. coral reef area maps from 2001 to 2019 were taken from Landsat Image 7 and 8, data of wind were obtained from www.ogimet.com, while tidal data were collected from BMKG. The bathymetry was determined from the Geospatial Information Agency data, salinity global analysis forecast Phy 001.024 (CMEMS). Sea surface temperature (SST), and chlorophyll-a distribution were analyzed using ENVI software. The result showed that Panjang Island has a poor to the moderate condition of hard coral. Two out of six categories of abiotic and dead coral were found to be high. The mortality index of coral was in the high category (average 0.52). During research periods the sea waters were characterized by high sea surface temperature (29.34-30.94°C), chlorophyll-a was also tended to be high (0-2.65 mg.m-3), and an average of salinity was high 32 ‰. The weak currents came to all sides of the island, therefore the coral reef was not exposed to extreme currents. The waves came from the east, then the energy decreases after being blocked by coral reefs on the eastern side of the island, so that coral reefs in the northeast and south sides were safer to be exposed. The results suggest that hydrodynamic ecology directly or indirectly affected the percentage of coral cover and mortality index at the reefs of Panjang Island.

The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model was tested through 18 different combinations of physics parameters to simulate the regional climate over the Mackenzie River Basin (MRB). The objective was to investigate the response to the physics parameters for dynamic downscaling of climatic variables. The rainfall, temperature, albedo, and surface pressure from the 18 different WRF setups were compared with the reference data and were found sensitive to land surface physics and microphysics and to the radiation physics. The combination of Noah Land Surface Physics with the WRF Single-moment 6-class microphysics and CAM shortwave and longwave schemes produced comparable results for summer 2009. This WRF setup was further tested for summers 1979–1991 and it was found that WRF could simulate air temperature more accurately than the rainfall, since the rainfall over the mountainous regions was over-simulated. Then the selected combinations of WRF parameterizations were used to downscale the CanESM2 historical temperature and rainfall for summers 1979–2005, which showed good agreement with the reference data. The suggested WRF parameters from this study could be utilized for regional climate modeling of MRB. HIGHLIGHTS This study enhances the overall understanding of the hydrology and climatic pattern of a large river basin like the MRB (1.8 million square km).; The sensitivity test with various physics parameters gives an idea of the model behavior under different physics combinations.; Using the fine-tuned WRF setup short-term and long-term climate data (temperature, rainfall, albedo and surface pressure) were simulated.; The combinations of WRF parameterizations from this study could be used for comprehensive climate modeling of this region.;

Reservoir parameter prediction is of significant value to oil and gas exploration and development. Artificial intelligence models are developing rapidly in reservoir parameter prediction. Unfortunately, current research has focused on multi-input single-output prediction models. Meaning, these models use a large amount of logging or seismic data to predict the petrophysical properties of a single reservoir. Another prominent problem is that most mechanistic learning studies have focused on using logging data (e.g., gamma ray and resistivity) to make predictions of reservoir parameters. Although these studies have yielded promising accuracy, a great shortcoming is the inability to obtain such data in logs by seismic inversion. The value of our research work is to achieve a complete description of the reservoir using the elastic parameters from the seismic inversion. We developed a deep learning method based on gated recurrent neural network (GRNN) suitable for simultaneous prediction of porosity, saturation and shale content in the reservoir. GRNN is based on Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU), which can automatically update and reset the hidden state. The input parameters to the model are compressive wave velocity, shear wave velocity and density. The model is trained to fit nonlinear relationships between input parameters and multiple physical parameters. We employed two wells: one for testing and the other for training. 20% of the data in the training wells were used as the validation set. In preprocessing, we performed z-score whitening on the input data. During the training phase, the model hyperparameters were optimized based on the mean absolute error (MAE) box plots of the validation set. Experiments on the test data show that the model has superior robustness and accuracy compared to the conventional recurrent neural network (RNN). In the GRNN prediction results of the test set, the MAE is 0.4889 and the mean squared error (MSE) is 0.5283. Due to the difference in input parameters, our prediction is weaker than the research method using logging data. However, our proposed method has higher practical value in exploration work.

In this article, a new approach to study the fractionalized Maxwell fluid is described by the Prabhakar fractional derivative near an exponentially accelerated vertical plate together with exponentially variable velocity, energy and mass diffusion through a porous media is critically examined. The phenomena has been described in forms of partial differential equations along with heat and mass transportation effect taken into account. The Prabhakar fractional operator which was recently introduced is used in this work together with generalized Fick's and Fourier's law. The fractionalized model is transfromed into non-dimensional form by using some suitable dimensionless quantities. The non-dimensional developed fractional model for momentum, thermal and diffusion equations based on Prabhakar fractional operator has been solved analytically via Laplace transformation method and calculated solutions expressed in terms of Mittag-Leffler special functions. Graphical demonstration are made to characterized the physical behavior of different parameters and significance of such system parameters over the momentum, concentration and energy profiles. Moreover, for results validation, comparative study among limiting models derived from fractionalized Prabhakar Maxwell fluid such as fractional and classical fluid models for Maxwell and Newtonian are performed. Further, it is observed from the graphs the valocity curves for classical fluid models relatively higher as compared to fractional fluid models, and fractional approach is more realistic and convenient as compared to classical approach.

The study focused on investigating the optical absorption properties of bismuth borate glass samples, including characteristics such as Urbach energy, steepness parameter, optical band gap, and refractive index. Bismuth borate glasses were made using the standard melting procedure, with separate doping of cobalt and copper. The optical absorption of the glass samples, both before and after being exposed to gamma-ray radiation, indicates that the doped transition metal ions exist in an octahedral state and function as modifiers by enhancing the level of disorder in the glass matrix where wavelengths of 297 nm and 390 nm, and another peak at 451 nm were detected for Cu+ ions in the glass matrix beside two peaks at 540 nm and 720 nm which are attributed to cupreous ions with octahedral coordination. While wavelengths at 220, 348, and 465 nm were appeared in case of adding cobalt oxide, with the peak at 483 nm indicating an octahedral form of cobalt ions. The investigation of the impact of various gamma-ray dosages on the distinct characteristics of the manufactured glass samples has been examined. The samples exhibit slight variations in absorbance when exposed to varying levels of gamma-ray irradiation, indicating that these glasses are very suitable for immobilizing low levels of radiation. In addition, calculations were performed for the mean free path, effective atomic number, half-value layer, and radiation protection efficiency. The findings demonstrated that glass incorporating Cu exhibited the most effective shielding outcomes within the photon energy range of 1–10 MeV where the linear attenuation coefficient values increased from 0.319 cm2/g for a glass containing CoO to 0.344 cm2/g for a glass containing CuO at an energy of 1.333 MeV. • Optical parameters of bismuth-borate glasses against different doses of gamma rays by different additives (CuO and CoO) have been studied. • By Following exposure to gamma radiation, minor alterations in the strength of the peaks have been observed, particularly in the E g , E u , n, X, R L , ʌ, ɛ values even at high irradiation dose of 120 kGy. • Glass doped CuO has the largest energy band gap and electronegativity, which accounts for its minimal susceptibility to gamma rays. • CuO additives improved the shielding parameters that has the maximum linear attenuation coefficient, while simultanously having the lowest mean free path and half value layer. • Glass, particularly glass containing Cu, effectively provides protection against low-energy gamma rays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The two-dimensional Maccari nonlinear system performs the energy and wave dynamical features in fiber communications and modern physical science as hydrodynamic and space plasma. Several new forms of solutions for the Maccari’s model are constructed by a unified solver method that mainly depends on He’s variations method. The obtained solutions identify new wave stochastic structures with important features in energy physics such as rational explosive, breather, dispersive, explosive dissipated, dark solitons and blow-up (shock structure). It was elucidated that the random effects amend the energy wave strength or the collapsing due to model medium turbulence. Finally, the produced stochastic structures may be vital in some of these relationships between dispersions, nonlinearity and dissipative effects. The predominant energy waves that are collapsing or being forced may be applied to electrostatic auroral Langmuir structures and energy-generating ocean waves.

The study of the evolution law of basic physical parameters and dynamic compression performance of deep granite under the environment of the heating-cooling cycle is of great significance for the stability evaluation of deep underground engineering and the development of deep resources. In this study, heating-cooling cycle tests and dynamic compression tests were conducted on a large number of fine-grained granite specimens with heating temperatures from 200 to 600 °C and times from one to twenty times using a box-type high-temperature muffle furnace and Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) test system, and the evolution law of basic physical parameters and dynamic compression mechanical properties of fine-grained granite were studied using theoretical and fitting analysis. The test results showed that: the changes of the basic physical parameters of granite have obvious temperature effect; 600 °C is a threshold value for the changes of each physical parameter of granite; the sensitivity of each physical parameter to the number of heating and cooling cycles is small before 600 °C; and the sensitivity of each physical parameter to the number of heating and cooling cycles significantly increases at 600 °C. The dynamic compressive strength and elastic modulus of granite decreased with the increase in heating and cooling cycles, and the maximum decrease rate was 89.1% and 85.9%, respectively, and the strain rate linearly increased with the increase in heating and cooling cycles, and the maximum strain rate was 123 s−1. The temperature, the number of heating and cooling cycles, and the impact air pressure, all had significant effects on the damage mode and crushing degree of granite.

The P-wave velocity and physical parameters were measured for core samples taken from Hamra Quartzites reservoir in Hassi Messaoud oil field (Algeria). The Pundit Lab tool was used to measure the P-wave velocity and the optical scanning technology was utilized for thermal conductivity. The permeability and porosity are also executed for cylindrical samples; these measures are taken under room temperature and ambient pressure. The physical and petrophysical measurements were carried out in order to search relationships between P-wave velocity anisotropy, thermal conductivity, grain size, density, P-wave velocity, thermal conductivity anisotropy, and porosity for all samples after their classification in uncemented and cemented sets. The origin of P-wave velocity anisotropy basing on thin section of samples and using microscopy analysis is also investigated. The obtained results show good correlation coefficients (R) between P-wave velocity anisotropy, grain size, P-wave velocity, and thermal conductivity in cemented set. The highest correlation coefficient is found between P-wave velocity anisotropy and thermal conductivity in cemented set (R=0.92). The P-wave velocity anisotropy ranges between 9.93 and 11.14% for anisotropic samples. The microscopy analysis of thin sections for studied samples shows that open and closed microcracks are the origin of P-wave velocity anisotropy in Hamra Quartzites reservoir. The P-wave velocity anisotropy of samples is proportional to the width of parallel microcracks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this manuscript, a new approach to study the fractionalized Oldroyd-B fluid flow based on the fundamental symmetry is described by critically examining the Prabhakar fractional derivative near an infinitely vertical plate, wall slip condition on temperature along with Newtonian heating effects and constant concentration. The phenomenon has been described in forms of partial differential equations along with heat and mass transportation effect taken into account. The Prabhakar fractional operator which was recently introduced is used in this work together with generalized Fick's and Fourier's law. The fractional model is transfromed into a non-dimentional form by using some suitable quantities and the symmetry of fluid flow is analyzed. The non-dimensional developed fractional model for momentum, thermal and diffusion equations based on Prabhakar fractional operator has been solved analytically via Laplace transformation method and calculated solutions expressed in terms of Mittag-Leffler special functions. Graphical demonstrations are made to characterize the physical behavior of different parameters and significance of such system parameters over the momentum, concentration and energy profiles. Moreover, to validate our current results, some limiting models such as fractional and classical fluid models for Maxwell and Newtonian are recovered, in the presence of with/without slip boundary wall conditions. Further, it is observed from the graphs the velocity curves for classical fluid models are relatively higher than fractional fluid models. A comparative analysis between fractional and classical models depicts that the Prabhakar fractional model explains the memory effects more adequately. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we apply the ENVI-met model to evaluate the effects of combinations of morphological and vegetation-related landscape features on urban temperatures and thermal comfort. We simulated the thermal conditions of 126 scenarios, varying the aspect ratios of street canyons, vegetation cover and density, surface materials, and orientations toward the prevalent winds under an extreme heat situation. Our results show how the effects of physical and vegetation parameters interact and moderate each other. We also demonstrate how sensitive thermal comfort indices such as temperature and relative humidity are to the built environment parameters during different hours of a day. This study's findings highlight the necessity of prioritizing heat mitigation interventions based on the site's physical characteristics and landscape features and avoiding generic strategies for all types of urban environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presented research focuses on energy (im)balance on both global and local scale. The main emphasis is placed on microclimatic factors directly affecting public urban spaces and related physical processes regarding the city that are closely linked to energy flows and result in the formation of Urban Heat Islands (UHIs). As they are one of the main adverse effects of human activities, the paper introduces the classification of UHIs by types, describes the basic differences between the surface energy balance of rural and urban areas, and introduces climate-sensitive urban design as one of the possible ways of mitigating the undesirable anthropogenic impact on the climate change. The authors of the article present their own research, which predominantly focuses on the development of an environmental observatory situated on the rooftop of the building of the Faculty of Architecture and Design STU in Bratislava (hereafter referred to as the FAD STU). They interpret the experimental operation of sensing probe 1 and the first results and measurement data on Global Horizontal Solar Irradiation (GHSI) and their post-processing. In addition, they describe the construction of sensing probe 2, which will provide more data on the total atmospheric precipitation, wind speed and its direction, presence of dust particles and carbon dioxide in the air, or spectral characteristics of incident and reflected solar radiation. Finally, the experimental operation of a thermal and micro- camera with fisheye lenses is described. These cameras are essential for measuring the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) as one of the parameters used for the assessment of vegetation vitality, which also plays a key role in the formation of the UHI effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]