Search

Vsaka organizacija, tudi teroristična, mora za lasten obstoj konstantno privabljati in rekrutirati nove člane. Svoj dolgotrajni obstoj sta tako uspeli ohraniti dve izmed najodmevnejših islamističnih terorističnih skupin: Al Kaida in Islamska država. V magistrskem delu je njun proces rekrutiranja analiziran skozi prizmo štirih modelov (model mreže, model lijaka, model okužbe in model ledenega kristala) in štirih pristopov (javni in neposredni pristop, javni in posredni pristop, zasebni in neposredni pristop ter zasebni in posredni pristop), ki sta jih razvila Sara Daly in Scott Gerwehr v svojem delu Al Kaida: Terrorist selection and recruitment. Agenti lahko do potencialnih rekrutov pristopajo na osebni ravni, v večjih skupinah, ali pa preko avdio in video kaset, brošur ter interneta. Podrobneje je analizirano tudi rekrutiranje pripadnikov v Al Kaidino hamburško teroristično celico in v bruseljsko teroristično celico Islamske države. Pripadniki prve so izvedli teroristične napade na Združene države Amerike 11. septembra 2001, pripadniki druge pa teroristične napade v Parizu leta 2015 in v Bruslju leta 2016. Every organization, including a terrorist group, must for its own existence constantly attract and recruit new members. The two most prominent Islamist terrorist groups, al-Qaeda and Islamic State, have thus been able to maintain their long existence. In the master's thesis, their recruitment process is analyzed through the prism of four models (the net model, the funnel model, the infection model, and the seed crystal model) and four approaches (public and proximate, public and mediated, private and proximate, and private and mediated), developed by Sara Daly and Scott Gerwehr in their work, titled Al-Qaeda: Terrorist selection and recruitment. Recruiters approach the potential recruits either in person, in larger groups, or through the video and audio tapes, brochures, and the internet. The master's thesis also includes more in-depth analysis of the recruitment of members to al-Qaeda's Hamburg terrorist cell and to the Islamic State's Brussels terrorist cell. The former was responsible for the 9/11 terrorist attacks on the United States while the latter carried out the 2015 Paris and 2016 Brussels terrorists attacks.

Prosto dostopna narava spletnih vsebin dovoljuje uporabnikom svetovnega spleta, da v vsakem trenutku dostopajo do spletnih vsebin vseh vrst. Spletne vsebine, ki niso moderirane s strani varnostih organov lahko med drugim vsebujejo tudi islamistični propagandni material med katerega spadata tudi spletni reviji Inspire in Dabiq. Prost dostop do teh dveh revij pomeni, da svetovni splet postane platforma posamezniku za vstop v proces radikalizacije preko prebiranja islamistične propagande, ki je v svoji vsebini med drugim tudi radikalizacijsko usmerjena. Varnostni sistemi držav, med njimi tudi varnostni sistem Republike Slovenije, bi morali v svojih varnostnih strategijah prepoznavati tovrsten propagandni material kot varnostni problem. Učinek islamistične propagande na islamistično radikalizacijo pri posamezniku ustvari zavračanje svojih do sedaj znanih moralnih in družbenih prepričanj ter omogoči, da posameznik prevzame moralna prepričanja in ideologijo islamistične teroristične organizacije. Posameznik tako postane radikaliziran. Zaradi prevzetih novih moralnih in ideoloških prepričanj, ki so posledica učinka islamistične propagande na proces islamistične radikalizacije, posameznik postane varnostna grožnja ne samo svoji državi izvora ampak tudi širše, saj varnostna grožnja terorizma ne pozna državnih meja. Republika Slovenija tovrstnim varnostnim grožnjam ni imuna. The freely accessible nature of online content allows users of the World Wide Web to access all kind of content at any given time. Non-moderated content from security perspective, among others also include Islamist propaganda that also includes online magazines Inspire and Dabiq. Free online access to these two magazines means that the World Wide Web becomes a platform for an individual to enter the process of radicalization through reading Islamist propaganda, which is among other everyday related topics, radicalizationally oriented. Security structures of countries, including security structures of Republic of Slovenia, should recognize in their security strategies such propaganda material as a security problem. The effect of Islamist propaganda on Islamist radicalization creates a rejection of individuals previously known moral and societal norms for moral and ideological norms of Islamist terrorist organizations. Therefore, the individual becomes radicalized. Due to new moral and ideological norms that overcame the previously known ones, the individual becomes a security threat not only to its country of origin but also to wider geographical space. The Republic of Slovenia is not immune to such security threats.

Radikalizacija predstavlja enega izmed večjih socialnih in varnostnih izzivov sodobnih družb. Zaradi preprečevanja številnih pojavnih oblik in negativnih posledic se je izoblikovala potreba po preventivnem delovanju in zaščiti najranljivejših družbenih skupin, v katero spadajo tudi mladostniki. V okviru razreševanja omenjene problematike je izpostavljena nujnost izvajanja preventivnih ukrepov in dejavnosti v lokalnem okolju zaradi preprečevanja razvoja negativnih dejavnikov, ki bistveno vplivajo na pojav radikalizacije med mladostniki. V diplomskem delu bom v lokalnem okolju analiziral dejavnosti institucij, ki izvajajo preventivno delovanje na področju radikalizacije mladostnikov. Lokalno okolje se nanaša na področje Mestne občine Velenje, pri čemer bom v obravnavo vključil policijo, center za socialno delo, mladinski center in eno izmed osnovnih šol. Radicalization is one of the major social and security challenges of modern societies. With the aim of preventing its number of manifestations and negative sonsequences, the need for preventive action and protection of the most vulnerable social groups have been created, whicht includes adolescents. In addressing this issue, the need to take preventive measures and activities in the local environment is highlighted in order to prevent the development of negative factors that significantly affect the phenomenon of radicalization among adolescents. In the diploma work, I shall try to analyse the activities of the institutions in the local environment, which are carried out with a view to preventive action in the area of youth radicalization. The local environment refers to the area of the Municipality of Velenje, wherby I shall include the Police, Social Work Centre, Youth Centre and one of the primary schools.

V Evropi danes radikalizacija predstavlja velik problem. Za radikalizacijo so predvsem veliko bolj dovzetni mladi. Radikalizacija lahko seveda vodi v nasilni ekstremizem oz. terorizem, ki je danes ena izmed ključnih varnostnih groženj, saj pogosto terja življenja povsem nedolžnih ljudi. Diplomska naloga se osredotoča predvsem na primere dobrih praks preventivnega delovanja na področju radikalizacije mladostnikov. Kot primer sem si izbrala programe treh držav: Danske, Nizozemske ter Švedske. Glavni cilj bo najti čim več podobnosti in razlik med izbranimi programi naštetih držav. Vsi programi svoje temelje črpajo iz Strategije EU za boj proti terorizmu in imajo skupen cilj – boj proti radikalizaciji. Danska in Nizozemska sta fokusirani na islamistični radikalizem, medtem ko se Švedska bolj osredotoča na desni radikalizem. Radicalization poses a major issue in Europe. Nobody is completely immune. However, youth is extremely more vulnerable. Radicalization can lead to violent extremities or terrorism which is one of today's key security issues. It often results in the loss of lives of innocent people. I will focus primarily on examples of good practices of preventive action in the area of youth radicalization. I will compare good practices (programs) of three countries: Denmark, the Netherlands, and Sweden. The main goal will be finding the similarities and differences between the programs. All of these programs are based on the EU Counter-Terrorism Strategy and share a common goal – the fight against radicalization. Denmark and the Netherlands are focused on Islamist radicalism, while Sweden is more focused on right-wing radicalism.

Za obveščevalno dejavnost velja, da je druga najstarejša obrt, ki ima v današnjem času še vedno zelo pomembno vlogo, saj pomaga pri prepoznavanju groženj nacionalne varnosti. Za današnje grožnje velja, da so kompleksne in večdimenzionalne. Naloga obveščevalne dejavnosti je, da na skrivni način pridobi informacije o nasprotni strani, ne da bi ta izvedela za njihovo aktivnost. Obveščevalna dejavnost je ravno zaradi svoje tajnosti vedno vzbujala zanimanje, saj zaradi svoje skrivnostnosti še vedno prepušča veliko lastni interpretaciji. Kako si določene tematike predstavljamo in dojemamo, je odvisno od okolja, v katerem živimo. Mediji imajo zaradi svoje velike razširjenosti veliko moč vplivanja na javnost in oblikovanje javnega mnenja. V diplomskem delu želim raziskati kakšna je vloga žensk, ki delajo obveščevalni dejavnosti in kako so predstavljene v medijih. Zanima me, kako javnost dojema ženske v obveščevalni dejavnosti, kot tudi, če imajo mediji, kot so knjige in filmi, velik vpliv na našo predstavo o ženskah, ki opravljajo nalogo agentke. It is said that the intelligence operations are the second oldest profession that still play a big part in detecting national security threats. Since today’s threats are complex and multidimensional, the information collection generated by the intelligence about the opposite side has to be done in secret and without their knowledge. The secrecy surrounding intelligence affairs has piqued the curiosity of many, since due to one’s lack of information about the subject much can be left to our own interpretations. Our perceptions of subjects as these are mainly influenced by our surroundings and environment. Much of our perceptions are influenced by the media, which also affect the public opinion. The thesis would like to explore women in intelligence and the portrayal of women in the intelligence service as depicted in the media such as books and movies and to research how they affect our notion of women employed as agents.

Vse večja globalizacija in povezanost sveta, lahka dostopnost do komunikacijskih sistemov predstavljajo tudi lažje povezovanje terorističnih skupin. Terorizem ne pozna meja in tarča smo lahko vsi. Diplomska naloga se osredotoča predvsem na verski samomorilski terorizem, ki ga je najtežje odkriti, zaradi njegove lahke in finančno dostopne izvedbe. Za primer sem si izbrala dva večja napada, ki sta se zgodila na tleh Evropske unije, to sta teroristični napad na podzemni sistem Londona 2005 in pa teroristični napad v Parizu 2015. Glavni cilj bo najti čim več podobnosti in razlik teh dveh napadov ter posledično predstaviti samo težavo terorizma. Oba napada sta izvedena s strani islamističnih pripadnikov, obema je skupen samomorilski napad in oba sta dosegla visoko stopnjo strahu med lokalnimi kot tujimi prebivalci. Prav tako sta si tudi v sami izvedbi zelo podobna, le da je napad v Parizu veliko bolj tehnično dodelan kot napad v Londonu, kjer so uporabljene tudi različne taktike. Oba napada sta pustila globok pečat celotni družbi in prispevala k povečanju rasne nestrpnosti in izgradnji t. i. islamofobije. Increasing globalization and the connection of the world, easy access to communication systems is an easier way to connect different terrorist groups. Terrorism knows no boundaries and we can all be the target of a terrorist attack. I will focus primarily on religious suicidal terrorism, which is most difficult to detect, due to its light and financially accessible implementation. For example, I chose the two major attacks that took place on the European Union's territory, which is terrorist attack on the London Underground System 2005 and the terrorist attack in Paris in 2015. My main goal will be to find as many similarities and differences as possible between these two attacks, and consequently, to present the very problem of terrorism. Both attacks were committed by Islamist members, both of them has in common a suicidal attack, both of them achieved a high level of fear among local and foreign members. They are also very similar in their performance, except that the attack in Paris is much more technically complete than the London attack, where various tactics are also used. Both attacks left a deep impact to the entire society and contributed to racial intolerance and the construction of the so-called islamophobia.

Terorizem danes predstavlja enega izmed glavnih virov ogrožanja držav po celem svetu in Kitajska pri temu ni izjema. Diplomsko delo tako v splošnem predstavi terorizem na Kitajskem in njegovo pojmovanje v očeh kitajske oblasti. Podrobneje pa delo opiše dve manjšinski skupini, in sicer ujgursko in tibetansko manjšino, predstavi njuno zgodovino in njune sodobne probleme. Opisana je tudi kitajska uradna politika in zaščita manjšin ter kako se ta politika uveljavlja v praksi Čeprav je kitajska formalna politika zaščite manjšin osredotočena k ohranjanju zgodovinske kulturne dediščine manjšin, v praksi temu ni tako in sta obe manjšini tarča raznih diskriminacij in zatiranj s strani uradne kitajske oblasti. Z opisom in predstavitvijo napadov določenih pripadnikov obeh manjšin, pa skuša delo raziskati vpliv kitajske manjšinske politike na povzročanje terorističnih oziroma nasilnih napadov s strani določenih pripadnikov obeh manjšin. Takšen vpliv je popolnoma mogoč, saj so tarče napadov storilcev največkrat vladna poslopja in policijske enote, kar bi lahko predpostavljalo boj zoper kitajsko oblast. Nowadays, terrorism represents one of the main reasons why states are being threatened all over the world and China is no exception. This thesis presents terrorism in China in general and its definiton in the eyes of the Chinese government. Specifically, the thesis describes two minority groups, Uygur minority and Tibet, presents their history and current issues. There is also a description of Chinese official policies and protection of minorities and how these policies are implemented in reality. It is true that official Chinese policy when it comes to minority protection is focused on maintaining historical cultural heritage of the minorities, but in practice this is not the case. Both minorities are targets of several discriminations and opressions by the government of China. With describing and presenting the attacks of specific members of both minorities, this thesis researches the influence of Chinese minority policies on causing terrorist or violent attacks by certain members of minorities. This influence is completely possible because the targets of attacks are frequently government buildings and police units which could represent a fight over Chinese government.

V diplomskem delu bomo prikazali, kakšno vlogo ima Krav Maga pri zagotavljanju varnosti, ki je zelo pomembna tako za varnost posameznika kot države. Za uspešno soočanje in obrambo pred viri ogrožanja je potrebno imeti dobro usposobljen kader. V diplomskem delu bomo prikazali, da je v Sloveniji trend usposabljanja policije, podjetij za varovanje, oboroženih sil in drugih, ki se ukvarjajo z varnostjo, zaskrbljujoč. Za kvalitetno znanje se je potrebno usposabljati konstantno, namesto tega je predpisana minimalna količina ur, ki ni zadostna niti za osnovne potrebe samoobrambe, uporabe sredstev prisile ipd. Samoobrambne tehnike, ki jih uporabljajo naše varnostne strukture, izhajajo iz borilnih športov in so že v osnovi neprimerne in zahtevne v primerjavi s sistemom Krav Maga. Na tem področju se nič ne spremeni zaradi okorelega birokratskega aparata in predvsem pomanjkanja politične volje. Slovenija se smatra za varno državo, zaradi česar se na ukrepih in sredstvih za zagotavljanje varnosti države in državljanov konstantno varčuje. Kot smo videli v preteklih letih je varnost relativna in hitro spreminjajoča komponenta. Migrantska kriza je primer kako se lahko praktično čez noč varnostne razmere povsem spremenijo. Za uspešno soočanje s krizami in varnostnimi problemi se je potrebno predhodno primerno pripraviti in za to tudi usposobiti kadre. In this diploma paper, I wil try to explain the role of Krav Maga in ensuring security which is very important to an individual as well as for the state itself. It is important to have well trained human resources, in order to be successful when coping with different sources of threats. In the following, we will realize that in Slovenia training of the police, armed forces, security companies, and others dealing with security, is alarming. In order to reach quality skills, one must train constantly instead minimum amount of training hours is prescribed, which isn't sufficient even for basic self-defense or any means of coercion. Self-defense techniques, which are used in our security structures are based on marshal arts, which are basically unsuitable and demanding in comparison with Krav Maga. There are no changes in this particular area because of the stiff bureaucratic system and especially the lack of political will. Slovenia is considered a safe country, which is why it is constantly saving on measures and means to ensure the security of the state and its citizens. As we have seen over the years, security is a relative and rapidly changing component. The migrant crisis is an example of how security conditions can change completely overnight. In order to be successful in fighting crises and other security problems, it is of a crucial meaning to have well trained human resources.

Družba se v zadnjih letih izjemno hitro spreminja, prav to pa je (tudi) posledica za nastanek zveze držav BRIC. Države zveze BRIC so se povezale v zvezo predvsem zaradi gospodarskih kazalnikov. Danes veljajo za tiste države, katere imajo največji potencial, da bi lahko v prihodnosti “ogrozile” in spremenile trenutno svetovno ureditev, v kateri živimo od konca hladne vojne naprej z ZDA kot hegemonom. Kot sem že omenil, je zveza držav BRIC nastala zaradi povezave ekonomskih kazalnikov, najpomembnejšo vlogo pa je pri tem vsekakor igral kazalnik gospodarske rasti. Pomembno vlogo so pri tem igrale tudi geografske predispozicije držav (predvsem zadostna velikost države in zadostno število prebivalcev). Dejstvo je, da je dobro gospodarstvo neke države, ključ do njene uspešne obrambne politike, saj je slednja močno odvisna od prve. Zato se v tem diplomskem delu posvetim analizi treh izbranih obrambnih kazalnikov, kateri po mojem mnenju najbolje prikažejo celotno sliko in moč vojska po vsem svetu. Te kazalnike nato med vsemi državami BRIC tudi primerjam. V diplomskem delu tako ugotavljam, katera država zveze držav BRIC je trenutno najbolj za petami ZDA kot vojaškemu hegemonu, in kaj pričakovati v naslednjih nekaj letih. Society in today's world is rapidly changing, which is one of the reasons for creating the association of BRIC countries. They are linked into the association becouse of economy indicators, esspecialy the indicator of economic growth. BRIC countries have the potencial for crating the so called “new world order” in which we would not live under the hegemony of the US. As I mentioned before, the BRIC countries arised because of the economy indicators, but geographical indicators, such as the size of a country and number of population, are important too. Good economy of a country is the key to its successful defense policy, since the latter is very depended on the former. Therefore, in this diploma thesis I focused on analysing the three selected – in my opinion the most suitable – defense indicators, which can best illustrate the overall picture of millitary power, and than compered them between BRIC countries. In conclusion of this diploma thesis I am finding out which BRIC country is currently the second (to the US) military superpower, and what is to be expected troughtout the next few years.

V diplomskem delu so obravnavani mučenje, njegova zgodovina in prepoved mučenja ter primeri uporabe mučenja v tajnih zaporih, ustanovljenih po terorističnem napadu na svetovni trgovinski center v New Yorku ter na južno krilo vojaškega centra Pentagon v Washingtonu 11. septembra 2001. Opisano je, kako so se razvijale tehnike mučenja skozi zgodovino, od nastanka prvih visokih civilizacij do danes. Analizirani so tudi primeri tajnih zaporov Guantanamo na Kubi, Abu Ghraib v Iraku in nekateri tajni zapori v Evropi. Mučenje obstaja vse od nastanka prvih visokih civilizacij. Sprva se je najpogosteje uporabljalo za kaznovanje oziroma opozarjanje drugih. Bilo je javno in marsikje del pravosodnega sistema. Danes je mučenje prepovedano s Splošno deklaracijo o človekovih pravicah, ki so jo leta 1948 podpisale države članice Organizacije združenih narodov. Danes se mučenja naj ne bi uporabljalo, vendar obstajajo primeri, ki kažejo drugače. V tajne zapore so po terorističnem napadu 11. septembra 2001 zapirali ljudi, ki naj bi bili povezani s teroristično organizacijo, odgovorno za napad. V teh zaporih so vladale nečloveške razmere, pomanjkanje higiene, hrane in vode, zaporniki so bili mučeni tako med zaslišanji kot pozneje v celicah. Pri tem so imeli glavno vlogo takratni predsednik Združenih držav Amerike, George W. Bush, in njegova administracija, obveščevalna služba CIA, obveščevalne službe držav, v katerih so bili tajni zapori, kot tudi ameriška vojaška obveščevalna služba in pripadniki ameriške vojske. V diplomskem delu so proučevani razvoj tehnik mučenja, njegova uporabo za namene izvabljanja informacij na primerih tajnih zaporov v Guantanamu, Abu Ghraibu in v Evropi. Predstavljena so tudi nekatera grozovita dejanja, ki jih je sposoben človek storiti sočloveku. The main aspect of the diploma is torture, its history and tis prohibition. It also describes the cases of torture in secret prisons, established after the terrorist attack on World trade center in New York and south wing of headquarters of the United States Department of Defense in Washington which occurred on September firs in 2001, commonly known as 9/11 terrorist attack. Diploma describes how torture techniques developed throughout history. It also focuses on cases of secret prisons in Guantanamo in Cuba and Abu Ghraib in Iraq and secret prisons established in European countries. Torture was used since the emergence of first civilizations. It was used as a form of punishment of as a warning for others, so they would not make the same crime as the one who was punished. Usually it was public and a part of judicial system. Today torture is forbidden. In 1948 the Universal Declaration of Human Rights was signed by United nation which stated that torture is prohibited. Today torture should not be used, but there are cases that prove differently. Soon after 9/11 terrorist attack, secret prisons were established. In these prisons were held people who allegedly had a connection with terrorist group who was responsible for the attack. In these prisons were inhumane living conditions, bad hygiene, prisoners did not have enough food or water, they were tortured during the interrogations and after, when they were sent into their cells. The people who were mainly responsible for actions that happened in that prisons were then president of the United States George W. Bush, his administration, CIA, military intelligence, members of the US Armed forces, and foreign intelligence services, mainly from countries that hosted secret prisons. Diploma focuses on evolution of torture techniques and the use of torture for extracting intelligence with the help from cases of secret prisons in Guantanamo and Abu Ghraib. It also enlightens the dreadful actions people can commit.

V tej diplomski nalogi obravnavamo propagando Islamske države. Izhajamo iz temeljev prepričanja, da je propaganda omenjene organizacije nedvomno uspešna in zato eden ključnih faktorjev za njen dosedanji uspeh. Naša naloga je bila preučiti vpliv izbranih dejavnikov, za katere menimo, da so ključni za uspeh propagande Islamske države. V prvem delu je opisana organizacija Islamske države, njen vzpon, cilji in nekatere značilnosti delovanja. V nadaljevanju smo opisali nekatere temeljne značilnosti propagande na splošno, da bi naprej izhajali iz opisane teorije o propagandi. Podrobneje smo opisali teroristično propagando, kot vrsto propagande, ki jo uporablja Islamska država. V drugem, osrednjem delu diplomske naloge je obravnavana sama propaganda Islamske države, najprej so na kratko opisane nekatere njene splošne značilnosti, nato pa smo obravnavali izbrane dejavnike, katerih vpliv na uspeh propagande smo preučevali v nadaljnih poglavjih. Prvi preučevani dejavnik sta vodstvo in organizacijska struktura Islamske države, kot načrtovalca in izvajalca propagande. Drugi dejavnik, ki smo ga preučevali je uporaba spletnih socialnih omrežij, kot eden od komunikacijskih kanalov, ki je uporabljen pri prenašanju propagiranega sporočila. Tretji preučevani dejavnik je sama vsebina propagande, s poudarkom na ideologiji, ki se propagira v kombinaciji z drugo vsebino. Pri tem nas je zanimalo, kakšen vpliv ima omenjena vsebina na pridobivanje novih podpornikov in rekrutov. V zadnjem, sklepnem delu smo še enkrat poudarili bistvene podatke in naredili sklep, na podlagi katerega smo nato potrdili postavljene hipoteze. In this dissertation we deal with the propaganda of the Islamic State. We proceed from the foundations of belief that propaganda of the aforementioned organization is undoubtedly successful and therefore one of the key factor for its so far success achieved. Our task was to examine the effect of selected factors, for which we believe, are key for the success of the Islamic State propaganda. The first part describes the organization of the Islamic State, its ascent, goals and some characteristics of its functioning. In continuation, we describe some of the fundamental characteristics of propaganda in general, in order to result by described theory of it in further discussion. In more details, we describe terrorist propaganda, as a kind of propaganda used by the Islamic State. In the second, central part of the dissertation, we deal with the propaganda of the Islamic State itself. Firstly, we briefly describe some of its general characteristics and in continuation we are studying selected factors, which influenced the success of aforementioned propaganda. The first studied factors are the leadership and organizational structure of the Islamic State, acting as a planner and the performer of propaganda. The second factor, we have studied, is the use of online social networks as one of means for the transmission of propagated messages. The third examined factor is the contents of propaganda alone, with the emphasis on ideology that is propagated in combination with other contents. Through this study we wanted to recognize the impact of the propaganda on gaining new supporters and recruits. Finally, in the concluding part, we emphasized the essential data again and made a conclusion, on the basis of which we than confirmed the hypotheses.

Evropska unija se sooča s hibridno teroristično grožnjo, ki deluje na več nivojih, kakršne do sedaj še ni doživela. Grožnjo povzročajo organizirani teroristi, izurjeni s strani Islamske države kot tudi posamezniki, ki so bili radikalizirani ali pa sami simpatizirajo z ideologijo Islamske države. Od maja 2014 do 14. julija 2016 je bilo na tleh EU izvršenih 13 islamistično motiviranih terorističnih napadov, od teh 9 v Franciji. V napadih je umrlo približno 270 oseb, več kot 900 je bilo poškodovanih. Kot odgovor na grožnjo je EU sprejela vrsto ukrepov na področjih zagotavljanja varnosti državljanov, preprečevanja radikalizacije in zaščite vrednot ter sodelovanja z mednarodnimi partnerji. Ukrepi zajemajo spremembe obstoječih ukrepov in uvedbo novih. Pomembne novosti se navezujejo na nadomestitev okvirnega sklepa sveta 2002/475/PNZ, ustanovitev Europolovega centra za boj proti terorizmu, sprejetje direktive o uporabi podatkov iz evidenc podatkov o potnikih (PNR), uvedbo Evropske mejne in obalne straže in agencije za boj proti spletni radikalizaciji EU IRU. Skozi raziskovalno vprašanje spoznamo način Evropske unije za spoprijemanje z aktualno teroristično grožnjo. V sklopu prve hipoteze ugotovimo, da sta ključna elementa grožnje fenomen tujih borcev in spremenjen »modus operandi«. Skozi drugo hipotezo smo ugotovili, da se večina ukrepov navezuje na področja zagotavljanja varnosti državljanov in področje preprečevanja radikalizacije. Zadnja hipoteza potrjuje uporabo begunskega toka za infiltracijo ekstremistov v Evropsko unijo, vendar v zajetem časovnem obdobju ni dokazov, da je prišlo do sistematičnega izkoriščanja. The European Union is facing a hybrid terrorist threat on an unprecedented scale which operates on multiple levels. The threat is caused by organized terrorists, trained by the Islamic State as well as individuals who have been radicalized or sympathize with the ideology of the Islamic State. 13 Islamist-motivated terrorist attack were carried out in the EU from May 2014 to 14th of July 2016. Nine of those were in France. About 270 people died, more than 900 were injured. As a response to the threat, restrictions and measures adopted by the EU were implemented the areas of ensuring the safety of citizens, the prevention of violent radicalisation and protection of values, and the co-operation with international partners.Important innovations are related to the replacement of the Council framework decision 2002/475/JHA, the establishment of Europol's Counter Terrorism Centre, the adoption of Passenger Name Record (PNR) directive. The introduction of the European Border and Coast Guard, and agencies to combat online radicalisation EU IRU. Through the research question we got to know the way the European Union is dealing with the current terrorist threat. The first hypothesis reveals that the key elements of the threat are the phenomenon of foreign fighters and a changed modus operandi. Through the second hypothesis, we found out that most of new measures were presented in the fields of ensuring the safety of citizens and the prevention of radicalisation. The last hypothesis confirmed the use of the refugee crisis and the flow of refugees in Europe for the purpose of the infiltration of extremists into the EU, but in the covered period there is no evidence that there has been a systematic exploitation.

Diplomsko delo govori o drugi svetovni vojni in delovanju obveščevalnih služb v tem obdobju. Opisuje na kakšen način so obveščevalne službe in njihova uporaba dvojnih vohunov vplivala na izid vojne in kateri so bili najbolj znani primeri dvojnih vohunov. Analizirali smo delovanje najbolj znanih dvojnih vohunov med tem obdobjem in s tem ugotovili pomen njihovega delovanja na končno zmago zaveznikov. Druga svetovna vojna velja za eno najbolj krvavih obdobij v človeški zgodovini. Začela se je leta 1939, ko je Nemčija pod poveljstvom Adolfa Hitlerja napadla najprej Poljsko, nato pa z bliskovito vojno nadaljevala po Evropi. Drugo svetovno vojno lahko označimo kot totalno vojno, saj so se bitke odvijale po celem svetu, vključeno pa je bilo večina svetovnih držav. Vojna se je končala leta 1945 po kapitulaciji Nemčije maja in nato septembra še Japonske. Med drugo svetovno vojno je imela pomembno vlogo obveščevalna dejavnost. Ta ima veliko različnih definicij, v širšem smislu pa pomeni rezultat zbiranja, analiz, združevanja in interpretacije podatkov, ki zadevajo določene vidike v tuji državi in ki so ali bodo pomembni za načrtovanje lastnim politikom. Obveščevalno dejavnost izvajajo obveščevalne službe, ki podatke zbirajo, jih združujejo v analitične izdelke in posredujejo naročnikom. Obveščevalne službe praviloma delujejo pod okriljem politične oblasti na katere tudi vpliva njihovo delovanje. Pomembno vlogo imajo v času kriznih situacij in vojn. Med drugo svetovno vojno so v okviru obveščevalne in protiobveščevalne dejavnosti države uporabljale vohune. Najbolj razvito tehniko vohunstva so imeli v Veliki Britaniji pod vodstvom MI5 in MI6. V sistemu dvojne kombinacije so odkrili in spreobrnili sovražne vohune, kar jim je prineslo veliko prednost pred drugimi državami. Dvojni vohuni so postali pomembno orožje s katerimi so države vplivale na izide bitk, saj so imeli dostop do informacij o oborožitvi in načrtih vojaških operacij. Prav tako so lahko uspešno dezinformirali nasprotnika, kar je veliko pripomoglo k vojaškim uspehom. Pri svojem delu pa so morali biti zelo previdni, saj so delovali pri dveh obveščevalnih službah in niso smeli narediti nobene napake, ki bi njihovo dvojno delovanje lahko razkrila. The main aspect of the diploma is the Second World War and the role of intelligence services during that period. It also describes the way double spies influenced the outcome of the war and highlighted famous examples of double agents. We analysed the work of the most famous double agents during this period, determining the importance of their service in relation to the final victory of the allies. The Second World War is considered one of the bloodiest periods in human history. It started in 1939 when Germany, under the command of Adolf Hitler, first invaded Poland and then continued through Europe with blitzkrieg. The Second World War can be labelled as total war, with battles taking place all over the world, with most countries impacted. It ended in 1945 after the capitulation of Germany in May and Japan in September. Intelligence played an important role in the Second World War. It has many different definitions however, the broader one means the outcome of the data collection, analysis, integration and interpretation of data which relates to certain aspects in the foreign country and which are - or will be - important for planning. Intelligence activity is carried out by intelligence services, who collect data and convert the data into analytical products, which are forwarded to the client. Intelligence services typically run under the auspice of the political authorities, which are effected by their work. Intelligence services have an important role during time of crisis and wars. During the Second World War, in the context of the intelligence and counterintelligence, countries used spies. Great Britain had the most developed technique of espionage under the leadership of MI5 and MI6. In that system, enemy spies were discovered and converted, which provided considerate advantage over other countries. Double agents became an important weapon with which the countries influenced the outcomes of battles - as they had access to information about weaponry and plans of military operations. Double agents were also able to successfully misinform the opponent, which contributed towards military successes. They had to be very careful undertaking their work, as they were working under two intelligence services and every mistake could compromise their double actions.