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The purpose of this preliminary study was to examine for a sample of 126 basketball players the psychometric properties of a Greek version of the 1995 Athletic Coping Skills Inventory-28 by Smith, Schutz, Smoll, and Ptacek. A confirmatory factor analysis supported the structural validity of the translated inventory. Moreover, six of the seven subscales showed adequate internal consistency. The discriminant validity of the scores on the inventory was supported by examining mean differences between experienced and inexperienced athletes as well as between athletes of different levels of competition. Further steps for the validation of the inventory in Greek are discussed.

Objective: To construct and validate an instrument that would measure barriers to help-seeking behavior in adolescents. Method: A 37-item questionnaire based on prior help-seeking literature was constructed to yield a total score indicating strength of barriers to help-seeking behavior. The instrument was given to a sample of 280 high school students following a pilot study of 65 students. Results: The instrument was found to have good test-retest and internal reliability and adequate validity in the tested population. It shows promise in helping to identify adolescents who may be amenable to, and opposed to, therapeutic intervention, and may aid in understanding which barriers to help seeking are most significant in any given population.

S. L. Neuberg, T. N. Judice, and S. G. West (1997) faulted our work with the Need for Closure Scale (NFCS) on grounds that the NFCS lacks discriminant validity relative to S. L. Neuberg's and J. T. Newsom's (1993) Personal Need for Structure (PNS) Scale and is multidimensional, which, so they claim, renders the use of its total score inadmissible. By contrast, the present authors show that neither of the above assertions is incompatible with the underlying need for closure theory. Relations between NFCS and the PNS are to be expected, as these were designed to operationalize the very same construct (of need for closure). Furthermore, no unidimensionality of the NFCS has been claimed, and none is required to use its total score for testing various theoretically derived predictions. An instrument's ultimate utility hinges on theoretical considerations and empirical evidence rather than on questionable psychometric dogma unrelated to the substantive matters at hand.

D. M. Webster and A. W. Kruglanski's (1994) Need for Closure Scale (NFCS) confounds multiple dimensions and is redundant with existing instruments (S. L. Neuberg, T. N. Judice, & S. G. West, 1997). A. W. Kruglanski and his colleagues (1997) dismissed these findings as 'psychometric naysaying,' although they presented no data that refute them. Moreover, Kruglanski et al. (1997) suggested that researchers (a) be unconcerned with the NFCS's lack of discriminant validity and (b) use the scale as if it were unidimensional. These recommendations are problematic. Using the NFCS in this manner invites interpretational ambiguity and theoretical confusion. In contrast to the Kruglanski et al. (1997) position, proper psychometric analyses play a critical role in theory testing and in the development of conceptually coherent measures of individual differences.

Recent studies in the West have found that verbal fluency tests are useful in the detection of dementia. In this study, the Fuld Verbal Fluency Test (FVFT) was modified and tested for its usefulness as a screening instrument for differentiating demented from normal elderly Chinese in Hong Kong. Fifty-three normal and 56 demented subjects were administered the FVFT, the Cantonese version of the Mini-Mental State Examination (CMMSE), and the Chinese version of the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. In addition to bearing significant correlation with the CMMSE, the verbal fluency scores for all semantic categories (animals, fruits, vegetables) were found to produce significant differentiation between the normal and demented groups. However, test-retest reliability for the individual verbal fluency scores was shown to be unsatisfactory, and a composite measure was recommended for use in future screening on the grounds of its enhanced reliability.

The Drug-Taking Confidence Questionnaire (DTCQ) is a 50-item self-report questionnaire designed to evaluate situation-specific coping self-efficacy for utilization of a specific substance. Findings from exploratory and confirmatory factor applications of the DTCQ on 713 addiction patients indicated a situation-specificity of efficacy beliefs. All eight subscales of the DTCQ were found to have good reliability.

The Structured Interview for Competency and Incompetency Assessment Testing and Ranking Inventory (SICIATRI) is a structured interview guide to assess the competency for giving informed consent to treatment among psychiatric and medical patients. The competency levels of 48 psychiatric and medical inpatients were assessed by SICIATRI. A relatively high inter-rater reliability of the SICIATRI items (over half of the items had kappa [greater than or equal to] .60) and concurrent validity (sensitivity = .83, specificity = .67 as measured against the global judgement of competency rating by the attending physician) were obtained. In addition to its brevity (it takes about 20 minutes to complete), these findings may warrant application of this instrument in a clinical setting.

This paper discusses the roles of validity, cut score choice, and adverse impact on selection system utility using data from two concurrent validation studies. We contrast an assessment center and published aptitude test on several metrics, including validity, testing costs, adverse impact, and utility. The assessment center produced slightly lower validity than the aptitude test while costing roughly 10 times as much per candidate. In spite of these advantages for the aptitude test, the assessment center produced so much less adverse impact its operational utility would be higher given cut scores likely to be chosen in this organization. Potential concerns with applying net utility models to this type of situation are discussed in comparison to gross utility models. (Reprinted by permission of the publisher.)

The predictive validity of two measurement methods of self-image congruence - traditional versus new - were compared in six studies involving different consumer populations, products, consumption settings, and dependent variables (brand preference, preference for product form, consumer satisfaction/dissatisfaction, brand attitude, and program choice). The traditional method is based on tapping the subject's perception of product-user image and the subject's perception of his/her self-image along a predetermined set of image attributes and adding the self-congruity scores across all image dimensions. Three problems were identified and discussed in relation to the traditional method: (1) the use of discrepancy scores, (2) the possible use of irrelevant images, and (3) the use of the compensatory decision rule. The new method is based on tapping the psychological experience of self-congruity directly and globally. The findings demonstrated the predictive validity of the new method over and beyond the traditional method. (Reprinted by permission of the publisher.)

20 married couples completed the relationship version of the Perceived Understanding Instrument, four face-valid items written to assess perceived understanding, and the Dyadic Adjustment Scale. Pearson correlations indicated that scores on the Perceived Understanding Instrument were as highly related to those on the four subscales of the Dyadic Adjustment Scale as to the sum of the four face-valid items. These findings suggest that the Perceived Understanding Instrument lacks discriminant validity and may be confounded with other factors such as relationship satisfaction. A more thorough review of its validity is thus needed.

The Need for Closure Scale (NFCS; D. M. Webster & A. W. Kruglanski, 1994) was introduced to assess the extent to which a person, faced with a decision or judgment, desires any answer, as compared with confusion and ambiguity. The NFCS was presented as being unidimensional and as having adequate discriminant validity. Our data contradict these conceptual and psychometric claims. As a unidimensional scale, the NFCS is redundant with the Personal Need for Structure Scale (PNS; M. M. Thompson, M. E. Naccarato, & K. E. Parker, 1989). When the NFCS is used more appropriately as a multidimensional instrument, 3 of its facets are redundant with the PNS Scale, and a 4th is redundant with the Personal Fear of Invalidity Scale (M. M. Thompson et al., 1989). It is suggested that the NFCS masks important distinctions between 2 independent epistemic motives: the preference for quick, decisive answers (nonspecific closure) and the need to create and maintain simple structures (one form of specific closure).

This study examines the discriminant validity of the Trauma Symptom Checklist (TSC-40) in a clinical sample. The TSC-40 was developed as a research instrument for assessing the impact of a history of sexual victimization. Previous validity studies used nonclinical samples of women (Elliott & Briere, 1992; Gold, Milan, Myall, & Johnson, 1994). In the present study, the TSC-40 was administered to 103 men and 79 women requesting services at two outpatient clinics. Information about sexual victimization was collected from the client during intake and from the therapist after the client had received 6 months of therapy. A history of CSA was associated both with high symptom levels across symptom dimensions, and, specifically, with elevation on the trauma subscale of the TSC-40. The findings support the view that, in a clinical setting, CSA is associated both with generalized distress and with PTSD symptoms. Key Words - TSC-40, Validity, Victimization.

This paper gives a description of the development and initial empirical testing of the Report Form for Aggressive Episodes, a behavioural rating scale used to measure displayed aggressive behaviour and the situational determinant(s) according to a list of 30 potential precipitants to aggression. Findings from a one-year study in a special secure unit for the long-term treatment of dangerous patients show very high rates of underreporting of aggressive episodes in ward journals and patient files compared to this scale. Illustrations of the clinical use of the scale are provided by scoring examples and two case vignettes.

This study examined the validity of the Academic Locus of Control scale in a nonwestern culture. Subjects were 491 college undergraduate students majoring in education (123 men and 368 women). Rotter's I-E scale and an achievement motivation scale were administered also. Correlation coefficients of .33 and .45 of scores on the Academic Locus of Control Scale match those on the two validating inventories. Predictive validity as measured by the correlation with GPA was only .20. Among the present sample, the Academic Locus of Control Scale was a better predictor of GPA than Rotter's I-E scale (r = .06). Unlike the American sample, Omani women had a significantly higher mean externality score than men which reflects cultural differences. Although Omani subjects did not differ from American subjects in mean externality score, patterns of responses were different. An attempt was made to explain these differences in terms of cultural disparities.

A test measuring the behavioral aspects of the personality trait of persistence, The Persistent Effort Test, was constructed and psychometric properties assessed. The original version consisted of 12 items, each one a nonsense block of six letters. The task of 9 men and 9 women was to construct as many correct Swedish words as possible from letter combinations. The total time spent on this task and the number of correct words constituted the dependent variables. A Persistence Effort Quotient was calculated. The reliability calculated on the quotient for the 12-item version was acceptable (Cronbach alpha = .86) and an item analysis indicated that the test could be shortened by six items with increased reliability (Cronbach alpha= .87). A validity analysis also using the quotient performed with a second sample of subjects using classmates' ratings on two separate rating scales of specific aspects of persistence, yielded acceptable validity (Pearson r = .69 for the first scale and .71 for the second scale). This indicates that the shortened 6-item version is a reliable and valid test of persistence even though it is necessary with more studies to address the issues of predictive validity and norms for different groups of people.

Subjects who were guilty of a mock crime, innocent and informed of the details of the crime or innocent, and uninformed of the details were examined on the polygraph with a modified version of a Control Question Test, which normally contains questions which are incriminating, ambiguous, and likely to be answered with a lie. We challenged the necessity of using incriminating, ambiguous control questions which may demand a lie as an answer. Instead, we created and tested control questions that were unambiguous and answered truthfully. The results, with the modified questions, showed correct identification of 86% of the guilty subjects and 83 to 89% of the innocent subjects.

Diagnostic agreement tests the reliability and concordance of diagnostic systems. The introduction of measures of agreement with reputations for baserate independence (e.g., Yule's Y and Q), and new studies occasioned by the publication of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.; DSM-IV: American Psychiatric Association, 1994) and the International Classification of Diseases - 10 (ICD-10; World Health Organization, 1992) make it necessary to study the relationship of illness baserates to measures of agreement. Testing diagnostic concordance for diagnoses of drug dependence from the third edition of the DSM (American Psychiatric Association, 1980) versus DSM-IV diagnoses of drug dependence under 3 baserate conditions, it was found that Yule's Y and Q proved as vulnerable to differences in baserates as kappa or percent agreement and that specificity covaried with baserate rather than being fixed, as most theoretical discussions assume. The uncritical use of Y and Q, therefore, is likely to lead to optimistic interpretations of agreement. Kappa should be preferred for most purposes, although an adjustment to the computational formulas for Y and Q is presented that can diminish their positive bias.

The Conflicts and Problem-Solving Scales (CPS) validly assesses marital conflict in terms of frequency, severity, resolution and efficacy, and various conflict strategies. Scales for conflict strategies serve as reliable measures of cooperation, avoidance, stalemate, physical and verbal aggression and child involvement. CPS correlates with other measures of marital conflict, such as the Dyadic Adjustment Scale and the Conflict Tactics Scales. Children's descriptions of interparental conflict agree with that of parents.

The palliative effects of exercise on depression are neither generally accepted nor clearly understood. On the contrary, the efficacy of light exposure in the treatment of seasonal depressive symptoms is widely recognized. It is possible that the contradictory findings in the exercise and depression literatures are due to a failure to consider light exposure as a variable. 32 women who regularly exercised were administered a depression inventory and the Seasonal Light Inventory, a new measure composed of two 10-item subscales, Seasonality and Light Exposure. Seasonality assesses fluctuations of mood, appetite, sleep, and other activities occurring at similar times each year, and the Light Exposure subscale measures respondents' estimated exposure to outdoor and bright indoor light. Indeed, those exercisers whose habits exposed them to a relatively large amount of light reported fewer seasonal depressive symptoms than those whose habits exposed them to a relatively small amount of light. The results suggest that the puzzling relationship between exercise and depression might be delineated more clearly by considering light exposure as a confounding variable.

A new instrument assessing risk in substance abuse-affected families is presented. The instrument assesses those dimensions of substance abuse that make it more difficult for parents to meet the basic needs of their children. It also assesses those components of the parent's environment that may increase risk to the family's well-being. Information is presented on the instrument's reliability and validity. The article concludes with a discussion of the issues involved in assessing the risk for child abuse and neglect in families where there is an identified substance abuse problem. Key Words - Risk, Assessment, Substance abuse, Child welfare.

This study examined the differences among social skills and problem behaviors of disabled (n = 22) and nondisabled (n = 27) preschoolers on Social Skills Rating System-Teacher Version. Significant differences were found between the two groups on all measures of social skills and all but one measure (internalizing problems) of problem behaviors. Also, correlations with a measure of social competence and 8 teachers' ratings strongly supported the validity of this measure of social skills for preschool children. Implications for designing early intervention programs are discussed.

This investigation examined the validity of the Borg 15-category Ratings of Perceived Exertion (RPE) scale during semirecumbent exercise in 32 [degrees] C water. 9 men undertook 12 8-min. trials at 3 power outputs and 4 pedal-crank rates. The power output was distributed between the arms (20%) and legs (80%). RPEs were measured for the arms, legs, chest, and over-all body. Correlation coefficients for RPE expressed as a function of power output and gross metabolic efficiency (M[E.sub.G]) ranged from .56 to .83 and .54 to .70, respectively, for each pedal-crank rate. Validity coefficients were greatest at those pedal-crank rates having the highest M[E.sub.G]. The Borg 15-category RPE scale is valid for use during semirecumbent exercise in water.

The aim was to develop and validate a measure of job satisfaction among family physicians. The construct of job satisfaction was developed theoretically, then the semantic network technique was used for the construction of the items. 80 semantic differential items in a random order were related by nine physicians. Four dimensions integrated the construct: 'job satisfaction,' 'health institution where I work,' 'my patients,' and 'myself as a doctor.' The average Cronbach alpha was .81. In the factor analysis, four factors were obtained in each dimension except that of 'my patients,' for which two were obtained. These factors accounted for at least 44% of the construct developed. The semantic network technique may be useful.

Research evaluating the diagnostic value of the MMPI PK scale for determining Posttraumatic Stress Disorder has been consistently positive. Various cutoff points have been suggested, depending on the population studied. The current study, involving a select group of police candidates from middle-sized midwestern towns, suggests that low PK scores may represent robustness. These subjects as a group made low use of health and mental health services and obtained very low PK scores (T = 41), although they made average scores on the clinical scales.

Scales were developed to measure the tendencies to blame AIDS victims or the society in which victims live. Data from a sample of 874 students were used to examine the construct validity and reliability of the scales. The list-wise deletion reduced the sample size to the usable sample size of 824. The data showed satisfactory validity and reliability of the scales so they may be used to study attitudes toward those who are suffering from AIDS and related problems.

The purpose of this study was to provide additional empirical evidence concerning the factor structure of the Ethical Climate Questionnaire. A random sample of 1,000 members of the American Marketing Association were selected and mailed a copy of the survey. Usable responses were received from 207 marketers, representing 207 organizations from various industries across the United States. The results provide relatively strong support for the dimensions of ethical work climate conceptualized by Victor and Cullen (1988). Factor analysis yielded six dimensions of ethical work climate, namely, (1) Team Spirit, (2) Rules and Codes, (3) Social Responsibility, (4) Self-interest, (5) Efficiency, and (6) Personal Morality.

The study examines the factor structure and provides test of the discriminative properties of the 38-item Mattis Dementia Rating Scale (MDRS). The MDRS was designed a priori to measure five broad domains of cognitive abilities: attention, initiation/perseveration, conceptualization, construction, and memory. Complete item level data were collected at the USC Alzheimer Disease Research Center from 19 probable Alzheimer's Disease (AD) patients, 17 cases with dementia of various etiologies (e.g., multiple infarct), and 49 contrast subjects. Factor analyses, with rotation to equamax criterion, were performed on education partialled data. Five and six factor solutions accounted for most of the reliable variance and permitted simple structure theoretical description for separate subscales. These factors, similar to Mattis' design, can be characterized as Memory (Recall)/Verbal Fluency, Construction, Memory (short-term), Initiation/Perseveration, and Simple Commands. Cross-validated discriminant analyses performed on five unit-weighted composite variables derived from factor analysis provided better classification (72% vs 62%) than the 38 Mattis items alone. [C] 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

The Dutch version of the Metamemory in Adulthood (MIA) questionnaire serves as an efficient research and clinical tool to assess subjective memory in relation to subjects' age, sex, and education. Capacity, Change, Anxiety, Achievement, and Strategy subscales bring out age effects on memory functioning. However, it shows only insignificant effects on memory due to sex and education differences. Cross-national use of MIA is possible, as shown by a study with 1,899 subjects aged between 24 and 86 years.

The relationship between the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator and Gregorc Style Delineator, and achievement was examined by administering these instruments to 259 first-year nursing students enrolled in an introductory human anatomy and physiology course. A principal component factor analysis using a varimax rotation of the scores from the two psychometric instruments, achievement examinations, and an over-all grade point average indicated that each learning style from the Gregorc Style Delineator corresponds to certain traits on the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. An individual who had a preference for the learning style of Concrete Sequential tended to have the traits of sensing and judging on the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, while an individual who used the learning style of Concrete Random tended to have the traits of intuition and perceiving on the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. One who had a preference for the learning style of Abstract Sequential tended to use the trait of thinking while another who used the learning style of Abstract Random tended to have the trait of feeling. The factor analysis also indicates no relationship of any scores of the traits on the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator or learning styles of the Gregorc Style Delineator with the examination scores achieved in the human anatomy and physiology course or to the students' over-all grade point average. However, factor analysis indicates that the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator traits of Judging vs Perceiving collapsed into the Sensing vs Intuition scale, and that the Gregorc Style Delineator consists of two bipolar scales that are different from those proposed by Gregorc.

A four-scale questionnaire on self-evaluation of ability was developed, testing 402 pupils. The Differential Aptitude Test was used as the criterion for estimating validity. Values of Cronbach alpha for the Verbal, Reasoning, Spatial, and Numerical Ability scales ranged from .74 to .86. The Reasoning Ability scale lacked validity.

Hirsch in 1987 advanced the thesis that poor readers do not know much about our cultural background and consequently read poorly. He developed a 115-item test to measure this construct. The purpose of the present study was to assess the reliability and validity of Hirsch's Cultural Literacy Test with 42 Caucasian, 63 African American, and 22 Hispanic students of a community college. Scores on the Cultural Literacy Test correlated .28 with GPA, grade in freshman English .27, and Texas Academic Skills Program Reading .33, Mathematics .30, and Writing .40. Regular English students scored significantly higher than Developmental English students. Students who scored low on cultural literacy did poorly in freshman English.

This article describes a revised Conflict Tactics Scales (the CTS2) to measure psychological and physical attacks on a partner in a marital, cohabiting, or dating relationship; and also use of negotiation. The CTS2 has (a) additional items to enhance content validity and reliability; (b) revised wording to increase clarity and specificity; (c) better differentiation between minor and severe levels of each scale; (d) new scales to measure sexual coercion and physical injury; and (e) a new format to simplify administration and reduce response sets. Reliability ranges from .79 to .95. There is preliminary evidence of construct validity.

The development of a self-report measure of acculturation in Greek-Americans began with item construction in three systematic steps. First, four first-generation Greek-American judges who were familiar with both Greek-American and Anglo-American cultures were asked to generate separate lists of cultural beliefs and practices along seven dimensions on which Anglo-Americans and Greek-Americans differ. Second, the most commonly listed beliefs and practices identified by the judges were included in a pilot inventory. Here, three Greek-American judges rated the accuracy of items as measures of Greek-American acculturation. Third, a 44-item revised inventory of items that had the highest mean ratings (content validation) showed good construct and concurrent validity among Greek-Americans.

Single-item measures of employees' attitudes and beliefs are generally discouraged because their (internal consistency) reliability cannot be estimated. This results in the concern that reliability may be unacceptably low, particularly when compared to scales used to measure the same construct. A method for estimating the reliability of a single-item measure is demonstrated on original data that included both a single-item and a multiple-item measure of three constructs, namely, Over-all Job Satisfaction, Perceived Amount of Participation, and Desired Amount of Participation in decision-making. The average minimum estimated reliability for these single-item measures is .57; however, a realistic yet conservative estimate of their likely minimum reliability is at least .70.

The psychometric properties of the 1987 Anderson, Lodish, and Weitz Interorganizational Climate Scale were examined by applying the scale in a different setting. The construct was studied within the context of the relationships between manufacturers and distributors as perceived by the manufacturers. The scale which was described as unidimensional in the original study in presenting relationships of manufacturer and sales agent was observed through application of factor analysis to be multidimensional in this study. Suggestions for research were provided.

In a split-ballot experiment (N = 458) we tested, first, to what extent the logical presentation of the Photo Anxiety Questionnaire forces respondents into the usual response pattern, that is, a higher reported anxiety on items mentioning a time closer to dental treatment. Secondly, we tested whether subjects use the nonverbal response scale or merely use the position of the photographs on the scale when answering the questions. The original questionnaire had the highest reliability and was least influenced by response bias. Changing the order of the photographs on the response scale did not alter the response pattern, implying that subjects do react to the intensity displayed in the photographs and not just to the position of the photograph on the scale. Because changing the order of the items altered the response pattern only marginally, the response pattern usually found does not seem to be the direct consequence of the logical presentation of the Photo Anxiety Questionnaire.

The internal consistencies of three habit-specific locus of control scales measuring drinking, smoking, and eating behavior were evaluated using coefficient alpha. The three scales, along with Rotter's I-E scale; were administered to 202 undergraduate students. Estimates indicated the scales showed reasonably high internal consistency. Scores on the smoking and drinking scales had the lowest correlations with scores on Rotter's generalized measure. Mean drinking scale scores were lower than those for smoking and eating, suggesting that people judge drinking to be under more personal control. The implications of habit-specific expectancies, particularly with regard to habit disorders, are discussed.

The possibility that alexithymia may be a culture-bound construct was evaluated by developing a Hindi version of the Twenty-Item Toronto Alexithymia Scale and assessing its psychometric properties in a sample of 285 normal young adults in India. The Hindi version of the scale (TAS-20-H) showed excellent cross-language equivalence with the English verison. In addition, the TAS-20-H demonstrated adequate internal consistency, good test-retest reliability, and a three-factor structure consistent with the three-factor model of the original scale.

In this study we validated the Spanish version of the Anxiety Sensitivity Index (ASI) in a sample of anxiety disordered patients. The results revealed that: (1) ASI scores were higher for anxiety disordered patients than for normal control subjects, and higher for patients with panic disorder (PD) than for patients with other anxiety disorders (OAD). In contrast, there were no differences among the groups on the Cognitive-Somatic Anxiety Questionnaire (CSAQ). (2) Using discriminant analysis, we were able to differentiate PD patients from patients with OAD on the ASI, but not on the CSAQ. (3) Results supported a unidimensional factor-structure for the ASI. (4) Data provide cross-cultural evidence for construct validity and concurrent validity of the Spanish ASI, and provide further evidence for the usefulness of the concept of anxiety sensitivity.

Defining hope as a cognitive set comprising agency (belief in one's capacity to initiate and sustain actions) and pathways (belief in one's capacity to generate routes) to reach goals, the Hope Scale was developed and validated previously as a dispositional self-report measure of hope (Snyder et al., 1991). The present 4 studies were designed to develop and validate a measure of state hope. The 6-item State Hope Scale is internally consistent and reflects the theorized agency and pathways components. The relationships of the State Hope Scale to other measures demonstrate concurrent and discriminant validity; moreover, the scale is responsive to events in the lives of people as evidenced by data gathered through both correlational and causal designs. The State Hope Scale offers a brief, internally consistent, and valid self-report measure of ongoing goal-directed thinking that may be useful to researchers and applied professionals.

A study was conducted to determine the validity and specificity of the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT) and the Eating Disorders Inventory (EDI). The study used samples from clinical anorectic centers, secondary schools, special secondary schools and sports schools in Bulgaria. The results confirmed that EAT and EDI as well as some of its subscales are applicable in eating disorder studies.

Overt integrity tests used by psychologists appear to be very susceptible to coaching of the patient, but covert tests seem to be less affected by coaching. Faking was not an effective way to bias the results of either cover or over integrity tests. The implications for the debate over the possible prediction of counterproductive behavior are dsicussed.

John E. Exner has inadequately calculated the percentage of agreement for Rorschach in his defense of the Comprehensive System. The reliability figures should be computed for the total number of responses in a protocol and not for a single response. Contrary to his claim that only 4 scores were selected in a study pointing out the weaknesses of the system, 8 scores of validity were used. Finally, there is misunderstanding regarding the number of articles published.

The Comprehensive System for the Rorschach is unreliable, despite its wide acceptance, and its validity has yet to be established. Basic issues related to the validity and interrater reliability of the Comprehensive System needs to be resolved, and there are not published studies on the system to justify its widespread acceptance. Field studies of the administration, scoring and recording practices of psychologists are necessary to validate the Comprehensive System. Existing empirical evidence for the validity of indices that directly influence clinical decision making is negligible.

The purpose of the present study was to examine the differences and similarities in relationship-termination adjustment between divorced and non-marital populations. The two populations have been assumed to be similar, but this assumption has not been investigated formally. The present sample consisted of 90 volunteers from either a divorce support group or the student population at a midwestern university who completed a modified version of the Fisher Divorce Adjustment Scale (FDAS). A MANOVA found a significant difference in the FDAS scores based upon the type of relationship (divorced or ended long-term romantic). Follow-up ANOVAS indicated that the primary difference between the two groups was that the divorced group was more disentangled from the former relationship than the non-marital group. No significant sex differences and no significant relationship x sex interactions were found, which contradicts previous research. Although originally designed for divorced populations, the FDAS appears applicable to separated, non-marital populations.

The Hamilton Depression Inventory (HDI) is a newly developed paper-and-pencil version of the interview measure Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. This new self-report measure of depression severity comprises of a 23-item full form, a 17-item form and a nine-item short form. It is found to have high levels of reliability. Evidence is also found supporting the test's construct, content and criterion-related validity.