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The aim of this paper is to present a comparative approach of the deposit guarantee funds in different European countries for underlying the advantages or disadvantages for the banking systems and the features of these funds so we can conclude which one is better for the deponents and for the banking systems as a whole.

Unfortunately, accidents caused by bad weather have regularly made headlines throughout history. Some of the more catastrophic events to recently make news include a plane crash, ship collision, railway derailment, and several vehicle accidents. The public's attention has been directed to the severe issue of safety and security under extreme weather conditions, and many studies have been conducted to highlight the susceptibility of transportation services to environmental factors. An automated method of determining the weather's state has gained importance with the development of new technologies and the rise of a new industry: intelligent transportation. Humans are well-suited for determining the temperature from a single photograph. Nevertheless, this is a more challenging problem for a fully autonomous system. The objective of this research is developing a good weather classifier that uses only a single image as input. To resolve quality-of-life challenges, we propose a modified deep-learning method to classify the weather condition. The proposed model is based on the Yolov5 model, which has been hyperparameter tuned with the Learning-without-Forgetting (LwF) approach. We took 1499 images from the Roboflow data repository and divided them into training, validation, and testing sets (70%, 20%, and 10%, respectively). The proposed model has gained 99.19% accuracy. The results demonstrated that the proposed model gained a much higher accuracy level in comparison with existing approaches. In the future, this proposed model may be implemented in real-time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A number of reasons have been advanced in order to explain why banks began to expand worldwide. There were several aspects that were aimed such as the client-bank relationship, the need for people to cooperate with these institutions and financial intermediaries in the host country. Mergers seek to improve the revenue derived from services performed later, but the increase is offset by personnel costs increase, while acquisitions are observed in order to restructure the acquired bank's loan portfolio and on the application of the improved lending policies that lead to higher profits. These things were best observed during the current crisis period. Regardless of the negative effects of the crisis, there were some banks which were not impacted. The large banking groups merged and by this means they managed to gain the power to dominate and control the entire activity of the field.

The privatization has as purpose to reestablish the functionality of a type of property under the public agreement. The privatization of banks brings both positive and beneficial aspects, but also some notions with a negative impact that influence the capital markets and banking system. Among the benefits we can include: the increase of the effectiveness and performance of the banking operations, the implementation of some effective structures that lead to the gradual integration of the banking system into the greatly developed economies, the improvement and perfecting of the bank services. In Romania, the privatization of banks started rather late and in some cases it turned up to be very difficult. Romanian banking system is dominated by the Austrian and Greek investors. The Romanian banking system is very concentrated, but the intermediation level is still lower than in other European or Eastern European countries.

The whole process of euro adoption, which requires the strict fulfillment of formal criteria, wasdesigned in order to reduce the risk of weakening or even destabilising the European monetary system byintegrating some serious imbalanced ecomonies, while at the same time safeguarding the economies of thecountries adhering to euro from the possible shocks resulting from any direct confrontation with the euroarea. In this paper I aim to achieving a pragmatic and analytical study on the performance of Europeancountries, as well as the analysis of relevant indicators in order to meet the convergence criteria of the appliedmonetary policy, thus emphasizing Romanian strategy to adopt the euro, in the actual context when Romaniadoesn’t fulfill the nominal convergence criteria ogf the eurozone.Regarding the convergence criteria, Romaniafinds itself last in the Eastern European countries raw, fulfilling only the public debt criteria.

After the year 1990, bashfully at first, but then more and more prominently, the countries of Central andEastern Europe have become major loan recipients from foreign banks, either cross-border, or local through opensubsidiaries in the emerging European countries. The Romanian banking system continues to be among the mostdynamic economic areas in Romania. Further on characterized by a relatively low level of financial intermediation,the Romanian banking market is considered to have potential for the possible buyers, especially in the crisis periodwhen many small banks looked for a merger with another small or medium bank for consolidation reasons. Althoughthe Romanian banking system faced crisis pretty well comparative with the rest of the world countries, if we considerits equity, its profits kept on decreasing every year and the rate of the non-performing loans increased.

As a result of a greater worldwide aspiration for wealth and economic progress, increased use of natural resources for diverse industries resulted in increased pollution emissions, mainly carbon dioxide. Energy security, economic stability, job security, biodiversity loss, climate change, and global warming all require reconciliation and resolution now, more than ever before. This paper explores the causal relationship between CO2 emissions, economic growth, available energy, and employment for a panel of eight South-Eastern European countries from 1995 to 2019. We investigate the relationship using panel unit root tests, panel cointegration methods, and panel causality tests. The results show a short-run bidirectional panel causality between CO2 emissions and employment and between available energy and employment. The results further indicate a unidirectional causality from available energy and employment to GDP. The long-run causal relationship results show that the estimated coefficients of the lagged ECT in the CO2 emissions, GDP, and employment equations are statistically significant, implying that these variables could play a significant role in the system's adjustment process as it departs from long-run equilibrium. We also conducted a variance decomposition analysis, which allowed us to compare the extent of the individual factors' contributions to each other over the next 5 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study aims to explore the role of environmental taxes and regulations for the renewable energy consumption, focusing on reporting policy suggestions to overcome climate change issues and achieve environmental sustainability. The main objective of this paper is to examine the relation between renewable energy, environmental taxes, environmental technologies, and environmental regulations in 29 OECD countries during 1996–2018. More precisely, we inspect the impact of the environmental regulations and environmental technologies on the renewable energy consumption. The authors employ CIPS and CADF unit root tests, panel Westerlund co-integration test, FMOLS, and Quantile regression methods for the econometric analysis. The econometric analysis suggests that the environmental regulations impede the renewable energy consumption in OECD economies. The study suggests that environmental policy initiatives should focus on implementing environmental strategies to inspire cohesiveness between environmental regulations and the development of environmental technologies in order to promote the renewables industry in the developed countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the Covid-19 pandemic, governments across the EU countries had to introduce measures to close the borders, restrict the movement of people, and suspend business activities in nonessential sectors. These restrictions threatened to result in the worst economic shock since the Great Depression of the 1930s. This situation forced the EU leaders to quickly implement urgent measures in the form of stimulating packages in order to avoid a catastrophic economic collapse. The measures, however, have been implemented without coordination and insufficiently considering the solidarity principle among the Member States, which is one of the EU basic principles. In that way, the already existing gap in development among the EU economies has become even more pronounced, which will certainly have an impact on the convergence process in the EU. In that sense, this paper is aimed at analyzing the convergence process among the EU economies during the period from 2004 to 2020 and comparing differences among the EU member states during the pandemic crisis (in 2020) and the global economic crisis (in 2008). To define the policy recommendations for overcoming the crisis and for obtaining a satisfactory level of real convergence and nominal convergence, Hierarchical Agglomerative Clustering (HAC) was performed on the data for 2020 and five clusters were derived. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an analysis of the Romanian card market in the last decade, based on the statistic data, against other Eastern European Countries and its perspectives in the next years. The use of cards is important for banks, due to the significant interests and tax gained this way, but Romanian market is still underdeveloped because of the population behavior in the payment area and due to the lack of the card acceptance infrastructure at the merchants for a long period of time. In Romania, there are still many cards with a cash-withdrawals function, but the Romanian card industry has a great potential, because it was underdeveloped. The crisis was an opportunity on the market cards because the credit products have dropped significantly and banks had to develop other banking products, realized the importance of the cards and began to invest in infrastructure.

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