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Collecting data using an appropriate sampling technique is a challenging task for a researcher to do. The researchers will be unable to collect data from all possible situations, which will preclude them from answering the study’s research questions in their current form. In light of the enormous number and variety of sampling techniques/methods available, the researcher must be knowledgeable about the differences to select the most appropriate sampling technique/method for the specific study under consideration. In this context, this study also looks into the basic concepts in probability sampling, kinds of probability sampling techniques with their advantages and disadvantages. Social science researchers will benefit from this study since it will assist them in choosing the most suitable probability sampling technique(s) for completing their research smoothly and successfully.

A comprehensive study of a novel structure for In2S3 based CIGS solar cell has been observed. The effects of the absorber layer and temperature with various back surface field (BSF) layers (SnS/SnTe/MoTe2/GeTe) are analyzed with the SCAPS‐1D simulator. Performances of the ultrathin CIGS solar cell enhanced with the proposed structure of ZnO:Al/i‐ZnO/In2S3/CIGS/BSF/Mo and efficiency reached over 24% with 1000 nm CIGS absorber layer. The cell with SnS BSF layer has obtained 24.41% efficiency but shows less stability with temperature variation. On the other hand, the cell with MoTe2 BSF shows better stability at a higher temperature and reached an efficiency of 24.14%. Besides, the cell with SnTe BSF also suitable for ultrathin In2S3/CIGS, which results in an efficiency of 23.27%. However, the cell with GeTe BSF can give just over 18% efficiency, but it shows greater stability with temperature changes. This study highlights the potential of BSF layer in In2S3/CIGS solar cell enhancing the performance and stability of cells by reducing recombination losses. The incorporation of a 50 nm BSF layer allows further thinning of the absorber layer, reducing material consumption in the fabrication process without sacrificing overall efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Maternal and child health, which is integral to public health, depends on maintaining a healthy diet during pregnancy and lactation to achieve optimal outcomes. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and determinants of minimum dietary diversity (MDD) among pregnant and lactating women (PLW) in this particular context. Methods: A stratified cluster sampling approach was employed, encompassing intervention areas (Rangpur and Nilphamari in Bangladesh) as strata, with 30 clusters. The study included 631 pregnant and lactating women (PLW) aged 15 to 49 years, focusing on their consumption of a minimally diverse diet. The outcome variable was binary: MDD (1 = if they consumed ≥ 5 food items from a basket of 10 food groups, indicating they met the MDD; 0 = if they consumed < 5 items, indicating they did not meet the MDD), assessed based on ten food groups over a 24-hour period. The data were analyzed using a binary logistic regression model. Results: The study found that 51.19% of PLW met MDD criteria, indicating positive dietary practices. Those aged 21–49 years had significantly lower odds of meeting MDD than those aged 15–20 years. Education played a key role, with completion of primary (p = 0.029) and secondary incomplete education (p = 0.055) associated with higher odds of meeting MDD. Other identified predictors included climate-smart techniques for agriculture, women's empowerment, food security, producing legume, nut and seeds and negative impact on family expenditure due to increase in commodity prices, especially food prices. Employing climate-smart agriculture increased odds by 1.58 times (p = 0.028), empowered women had 2.31 times higher odds (p < 0.001), and food security played a crucial role (p = 0.006). Moreover, producing legumes, nuts, or seeds was significantly associated with higher odds of meeting MDD (OR = 1.55, p = 0.039), while experiencing negative economic impacts lowered the odds (OR = 0.63, p = 0.034). Conclusion: The study provides insights into factors influencing MDD among PLW in northern Bangladesh. Empowering women and promoting climate-smart techniques for agriculture emerged as pivotal determinants, alongside enhancing education levels, increasing food security, and addressing economic barriers. Implementing multifaceted interventions that consider socio-demographic diversity, economic disparities, and dietary preferences is crucial for enhancing dietary diversity and improving health outcomes in this vulnerable population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs, n-3 PUFAs), including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), are essential polyunsaturated fats primarily obtained from fatty fish and plant-based sources. Compelling evidence from preclinical and epidemiological studies consistently suggests beneficial effects of ω-3 PUFAs on bone health and healthy aging processes. However, clinical trials have yielded mixed results, with some failing to replicate these benefits seen in preclinical models. This contraindication is mainly due to challenges such as low bioavailability, potential adverse effects with higher doses, and susceptibility to oxidation of ω-3 fatty acids, hindering their clinical effectiveness. This review comprehensively discusses recent findings from a clinical perspective, along with preclinical and epidemiological studies, emphasizing the role of ω-3 PUFAs in promoting bone health and supporting healthy aging. Additionally, it explores strategies to improve ω-3 PUFA efficacy, including nanoparticle encapsulation and incorporation of specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPM) derived from DHA and EPA, to mitigate oxidation and enhance solubility, thereby improving therapeutic potential. By consolidating evidence from various studies, this review underscores current insights and future directions in leveraging ω-3 PUFAs for therapeutic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]