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Euphausiids (hereafter “krill”) are one of the main components of the pelagic communities of the Humboldt Current System (HCS). Their community dynamics have been well studied in central-southern Chile where upwelling is strongly seasonal, but little is known about the permanent-upwelling area of the HCS, which yields the largest fishery in the world, the Peruvian anchovy. We applied hierarchical generalized additive models with environmental and biological predictors to determine the main drivers of krill abundance, adjusting species-specific functions. We used a time series of 16 bi-annual surveys to study annual, seasonal, and spatial scales of variability of the four numerically dominant taxa: Euphausia mucronata (Humboldt krill), E. eximia, Stylocheiron affine, and Nematoscelis spp. The spatial pattern of the Humboldt krill (the dominant species) proved it is an upwelling-associated species, with higher abundances within 10 km from the coast. The other 3 taxa showed opposite spatial patterns with higher abundances offshore. The main covariates explaining krill abundances were the depth of the upper limit of the oxygen minimum zone (dOMZ) and the mean temperature of the water column. Humboldt krill was negatively correlated to both drivers, and the opposite effect was observed for the other taxa. Although many krill species are metabolically adapted to cope with the severe hypoxic conditions of this system, the Humboldt krill was the only species with higher modeled abundances when dOMZ was shallower. Chlorophyll-a remained high during all sampling periods, and it was an insignificant predictor for all taxa, suggesting food is not a limitation for krill in this highly productive system. The acoustic biomass of the Peruvian anchovy had a negative non-linear effect on the abundances of the Humboldt krill, and higher Humboldt krill abundances were found in areas with no anchovy hotspots. Our results indicate that krill in this system are susceptible to changes in temperature, oxygen, and upwelling conditions. Extreme events (e.g. heatwaves and ENSO events) are expected to increase in frequency and intensity, while climate change scenarios show a potential intensification of upwelling. These conditions could lead to distribution displacements and alter trophic interactions by modifying the distribution and biomass of the predator.

Abstract Objective To investigate associations between body mass index (BMI), white matter fractional anisotropy (FA), and C-reactive protein (CRP) in a group of individuals with bipolar disorder (BD) during euthymia and compare them with a control group of healthy subjects (CTR). Methods The sample consisted of 101 individuals (BD n = 35 and CTR n = 66). Regions of interest (ROI) were defined using a machine learning approach. For each ROI, a regression model tested the association between FA and BMI, controlling for covariates. Peripheral CRP levels were assayed, correlated with BMI, and included in a mediation analysis. Results BMI predicted the FA of the right cingulate gyrus in BD (AdjR2 = 0.312 F(3) = 5.537 p = 0.004; β = -0.340 p = 0.034), while there was no association in CTR. There was an interaction effect between BMI and BD diagnosis (F(5) = 3.5857 p = 0.012; Fchange = 0.227 AdjR2 = 0.093; β = -1.093, p = 0.048). Furthermore, there was a positive correlation between BMI and CRP in both groups (AdjR2 = 0.170 F(3) = 7.337 p < 0.001; β = 0.364 p = 0.001), but it did not act as a mediator of the effect on FA. Conclusion Higher BMI is associated with right cingulate microstructure in BD, but not in CTR, and this effect could not be explained by inflammatory mediation alone.

Este artículo investiga y comprueba cómo Leonidas Proaño usó la comunicación alternativa orientada al cambio social de las comunidades indígenas de Ecuador en: acciones colectivas; difusión en medios tradicionales (escritos y hablados); educación popular; y, aplicación de métodos rigurosos de recogida de información. Se empleó una metodología mixta, cualitativa y cuantitativa, a través de la revisión documental, análisis crítico del discurso y entrevistas. Se observaron, entre 1938 y 1988, 2.482 contenidos de cinco medios impresos, 389 guiones del programa radiofónico Hoy y mañana, 72 discursos y, cuatro libros. De ellos, 1.295 documentos estuvieron vinculados con el objeto de estudio, en 327 ediciones de impresos, 85 emisiones radiales, 72 discursos y otros textos.

Las democracias en América Latina son objeto de disputa en el marco de la interpretación, análisis y propuestas por parte de diversos actores: intelectuales, partidos políticos, movimientos sociales, iglesias, ONG, agencias multilaterales y en algunos casos actores armados ilegales. En este campo de disputa hemos centrado nuestra atención en los informes diseñados por instituciones como la Organización de las Naciones Unidas (ONU) a través del Programa de Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (Pnud), la Organización de Estados Americanos (OEA), la Agencia Americana para el Desarrollo Internacional (Usaid, por sus siglas en inglés) y el Banco Interamericano para el Desarrollo (BID), que además de responder a los intereses del establecimiento suelen estar acompañados por una serie de recomendaciones que son casi de obligatorio cumplimiento para los Estados miembros so pena de perder el apoyo internacional. A partir de un análisis crítico de estos informes, sustentado en el análisis del discurso, este artículo aborda, principalmente, la articulación de las democracias en América Latina con respecto a la justicia social, la ciudadanía y la relación Estado y soberanía.

La presente investigación se dirige a realizar una identificación detallada de las fuerzas externas (factores de deterioro naturales y humanos) e internas (materiales constructivos) que afectan a los aparejos en los edificios históricos. Desde este punto de vista, la estructura de un edificio puede definirse como una combinación estable de elementos que se conciben como una unidad, para soportar y transmitir al terreno las cargas correspondientes de forma segura y sin exceder los límites de resistencia de cada uno de estos elementos. En concordancia con este enfoque, se estudiarán las relaciones entre ambos tipos de fuerzas, tomando en cuenta que las fuerzas internas poseen la misión de contrarrestar las externas para conservar el equilibrio estructural de un edificio. La adecuada comprensión de estas relaciones permitirá elaborar una aproximación metodológica para intervenir sobre los aparejos en edificios históricos, desde el respeto a su autenticidad como elementos estructurales y formales del patrimonio arquitectónico. En este sentido, el respeto a la autenticidad solamente puede alcanzarse investigando las técnicas y los materiales constructivos que se utilizaron en la época a la que pertenece un edificio histórico determinado, lo cual facilita que el proceso de restauración y reestructuración del patrimonio arquitectónico se lleve a cabo preservando sus valores históricos y artísticos. Abstract The present investigation is directed to carry out a detailed identification of the external forces (natural and human deterioration factors) and internal (constructive materials) that affect the rigging in historical buildings. From this point of view, the structure of a building can be defined as a stable combination of elements that are conceived as a unit, to support and transmit the corresponding loads to the ground safely and without exceeding the resistance limits of each of these. elements. In accordance with this approach, the relationships between both types of forces will be studied, taking into account that internal forces have the mission of counteracting external forces to preserve the structural balance of a building. A proper understanding of these relationships will allow the development of a methodological approach to intervene on the hoists in historical buildings, from the respect to their authenticity as structural and formal elements of the architectural heritage. In this sense, respect for authenticity can only be achieved by investigating the construction techniques and materials that were used at the time to which a certain historical building belongs, which facilitates the process of restoration and restructuring of the architectural heritage out preserving its historical and artistic values.

Phosphorus (P) is a non-renewable resource whose future scarcity will constrain agricultural sustainability. Thus, to ensure this sustainability, a circular economy approach involving the use of recycled P sources is needed. The objective of this study was to assess the fertilizer effect of two recycled P products that can be obtained from water purification: vivianites and struvites. Five vivianites (one synthetic, one obtained from industrial process, and three from water purification) and two struvites (named A and B) from diverse origins were compared with soluble mineral P fertilizer (superphosphate) in a pot experiment using wheat at two P rates (50 and 100 mg P kg−1) in two Mediterranean soils. Struvites performed similarly to superphosphate and outperformed all types of vivianites in terms of dry matter (DM) yield and P uptake. Industrial and synthetic vivianites, led to higher DM yield and P uptake by plants than vivianites from water purification. Synthetic and industrial process vivianites increased Olsen P in soils after harvesting, relative to non-fertilized soils. Differences between vivianites can be explained by the different Fe2+ to Fe3+ ratios, the different crystal sizes, and morphology. Struvite B can replace 65–92% superphosphate on a P uptake basis, and 94–154% on a DM yield basis (the range depends on the P rate). Vivianite from industrial process can replace 54–75% of superphosphate on a DM basis, depending on the P rate. Thus, struvites were as efficient as superphosphate as P fertilizer. However, the results obtained with industrial process vivianite are promising with a view to its potential use in agriculture.

Objetivo: Describir las variables subyacentes de la motivación y estilos atribucionales de los estudiantes de educación básica de un colegio privado en Bogotá-Colombia, cuando estudian la función cuadrática apoyados en el software de Geometría dinámica GeoGebra®. Método: con enfoque metodológico mixto. Se utiliza el inventario CEAP-48, de forma adicional se realiza una entrevista a un grupo focal. Los resultados se analizan bajo el Análisis de componentes principales con la confiabilidad interna de coeficiente global α de Cronbach. Resultados: el examen como motivación y el aprendizaje y su utilidad se mantienen como variables subyacentes a la motivación, en tanto que la calificación como motivación emerge como variable después de la implementación de la Secuencia Didáctica. GeoGebra®, en el decir de los estudiantes, es un elemento de motivación y mediación toda vez que permite experimentar, comprobar y visualizar algunas conjeturas. Discusión y Conclusiones: Las categorías propias del instrumento CEAP-48 muestran los mismos resultados en el pretest y postest de la investigación como en el de los autores del mismo, lo que indica que el instrumento tiene una validez diacrónica en el tiempo. Además, el examen hace parte de la motivación del estudiante, logrando afectar sus emociones en la academia.

Introducción. Nicotiana tabacum L., es un cultivo de importancia económica como producto exportable en Cuba y sus plantaciones pueden ser afectadas significativamente por el fitopatógeno Fusarium spp. Objetivo. El objetivo fue caracterizar cultural y morfométricamente las especies de Fusarium asociadas a N. tabacum. Materiales y métodos. Se colectaron muestras de plantas con afectaciones vasculares, marchitamiento, clorosis y necrosis en tallos y hojas en áreas especializadas en la producción tabacalera en la provincia cubana de Granma. A partir de los tejidos vegetales analizados se obtuvieron 9 aislados en medio Papa Dextrosa Agar (PDA), que se purificaron con cultivos monospóricos. Se utilizaron lo medios PDA, Carnation Leafpiece Agar (CLA), Spezieller Nährstoffarmer Agar (SNA) y Agar Nutriente (AN) para la caracterización cultural-morfométrica sobre la base de caracteres cualitativos y cuantitativos. Se utilizó un diseño completamente aleatorizado y el procesamiento estadístico se realizó mediante un ANOVA factorial y la prueba de Tukey, procesado con InfoStat 2008. Resultados. Los resultados confirmaron la existencia de 9 aislados de Fusarium, de ellos, 5 de F. oxysporum y 4 de F. phyllophylum. La caracterización combinada cultural-morfométrica demostró una mayor variabilidad de la pigmentación en medio PDA en ambas especies de Fusarium y evidenció diferenciación inter e intraespecífica en la formación de estructuras microscópicas, constatándose macroconidios con una talla de 8,17-33,35 x 1,45-6,30 µm en F. oxysporum y de 6,68-20,10 x 1,42-4,67 µm en F. phyllophylum. Conclusiones. Se caracterizan eficazmente por el método combinado cultural-morfométrico 9 aislados de Fusarium spp., (5 de F. oxysporum y 4 de F. phyllophylum) y se pone de manifiesto la selectividad de estas 2 especies por N. tabacum.

Aim of study: Phosphorus (P) is a non-renewable, limited and strategic resource, inefficiently used in agriculture. Organic carbon (C) supply to soil can stimulate microbial activity increasing the mobilization of soil P thus improving its uptake by crops. This work aimed at investigating the effect of different C amendments on P uptake and how may differ depending on soil properties and P fertilization. Area of study: Soils used in this study were collected in SW Spain. Material and methods: An experiment with cucumber was performed involving three factors: (i) C amendment (cellulose, glucose, citric acid and control without amendment), (ii) soil type (Vertisol and Alfisol), and (iii) P supply (unfertilized, and mineral phosphate in form of KH2PO4). Main results: Cellulose or glucose provided the highest P uptake by plants in soils independently of the treatment. Cellulose and glucose addition was effective increasing dry matter (DM) in the Alfisol. Citric acid application decreased the development of aerial parts and roots, and P uptake in soils compared with other sources. In the Alfisol, increased P uptake with cellulose was associated to an increased concentration of low molecular weight organic acids, which seemed to be related to microbial activity. Research highlights: Organic amendments affect microbial activity, and P mobilization mechanisms are associated to microorganisms. This explain the improvement of P supply to plants with amendments; these effects, however, are modulated by soil properties and consequently vary depending on soil type.

El trabajo social, al igual que las demás ciencias sociales, funciona bajo una misma matriz de poder. En esta perspectiva, se busca analizar la intervención profesional, situándola en dos direcciones: los mecanismos de poder disciplinario y las técnicas de gestión y gobierno de la vida. El análisis, lleva a proponer que su prestigio, se centra en la capacidad de vehiculizar los efectos de poder biopolítico, que conjuntamente con la disciplina constituyen su objeto de saber-poder. El mecanismo que va a utilizar es la intervención, con un único propósito, que los fenómenos desbordados vuelvan a sus cursos normales. En esencia intervenir para regular fenómenos de población. El artículo analiza el fenómeno de violencia y muerte hacia las mujeres; pero particularmente se centra en la intervención profesional, al considerar que el trabajo social se introduce como mecanismos de seguridad, para el control y gobierno de los fenómenos que entran en su competencia.

Resumen La Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, a través de su escuela de Arquitectura, plantea la sostenibilidad como uno de los ejes fundamentales del aprendizaje, desde la conciencia de la grave situación ambiental que el excesivo consumo de energía en las edificaciones provoca a nivel global. En este sentido, la iluminación natural (IN) y su aprovechamiento constituyen un aspecto imprescindible para el diseño de espacios interiores, dado que no solo brindan confort y salud, sino que también influyen directamente sobre el comportamiento de las personas y el consumo de energía. El clima y las condiciones físicas de un emplazamiento afectan a la incidencia de la IN, definiendo la forma en que se construye la arquitectura local. La ciudad de Quito, emplazada sobre los 2850 msnm en latitud 0° y encajonada en la cordillera de los Andes, cuenta con unas condiciones de incidencia solar particulares, debido al dinamismo de las condiciones de cobertura y densidad de la nubosidad. Sin embargo, en la actualidad todavía son escasos los diseños arquitectónicos en la ciudad que consideran de forma técnica aspectos de IN. La normativa vigente en materia de arquitectura solo contempla de forma superficial algunos aspectos y recomendaciones para el diseño de espacios arquitectónicos interiores que fomentan y fortalecen la utilización de la IN. En este caso, la metodología aplicada consiste en un trabajo grupal de investigación, en el que los estudiantes adquieren nociones fundamentales de bioclimática aplicada a la arquitectura, climatología local, incidencia e importancia de la luz directa y difusa en la arquitectura, geometría solar y dinamismo de las sombras a través del tiempo. El objetivo es aplicar los conocimientos adquiridos en un caso de estudio, conjugando las siguientes variables: destino de uso del espacio, orientación y tiempo predominante de utilización de este. Estas variables se analizan en un aplicativo modificable simplificado de estudio de IN para Quito, en el que se consideran las características físicas de la ciudad, permitiendo al diseñador determinar el tamaño adecuado de las aperturas verticales acristaladas, adaptándolas a la realidad de las condiciones climáticas de la ciudad, al espacio específico y su uso. De este modo, los estudiantes pueden visualizar de forma clara si las aperturas planteadas generarán en el usuario sensaciones de penumbra, confort o deslumbramiento, así como los períodos horarios en que se dan estas condiciones. Considerando las características climatológicas y físicas de Quito, el predimensionamiento lumínico natural ayuda a arquitectos y diseñadores, inclusive en etapa de pregrado, a generar espacios arquitectónicos coherentes y contextualizados desde el punto de vista de la IN y que permitan maximizar su uso y reducir el consumo de energía. Este proceso refuerza la importancia que tiene el planteamiento de acristalamientos en arquitectura en altura y latitud 0. Se establecen además las orientaciones de aperturas acristaladas más y menos favorables para Quito, así como los rangos horarios de mayor y menor incidencia y variabilidad de radiación solar, todo lo cual podría ser incluido en normas técnicas sobre diseño arquitectónico para la ciudad de Quito. Por último, se determinan los periodos temporales con mayor probabilidad de cielos despejados, semi-cubiertos y cubiertos, los cuales afectan especialmente a la incidencia de luz solar en un espacio interior. Abstract The Pontifical Catholic University of Ecuador, at its School of Architecture, considers sustainability as one of the essential points of learning, in the awareness of the severe environmental crisis which excessive energy consumption in buildings causes worldwide. In this sense, natural illumination (NI) and its use constitute an indispensable aspect in interior design, because it not only provides comfort and welfare, but also influences directly people’s behaviour and energy consumption. The weather and the physical conditions of a location affect the incidence of NI, defining the way which the local architecture is built in. The city of Quito, placed at 2,850 meters above the sea level at 0° latitude and squeezed in the Andes mountain range, shows particular conditions of solar incidence, due the dynamic conditions of sky coverage and cloud density. However, nowadays the architectural designs which consider aspects related to NI on a technical basis are still scarce. The current regulations on architecture only contemplate superficially some features and recommendations for architectural design of interiors which encourage and strengthen the importance of NI. The methodology applied consists in a group of research, where students acquire basic notions related to bioclimatic applied to architecture, local climatology, incidence and importance of direct and diffuse natural lighting, solar geometry and dynamism of shades along the time. The aim is to apply the knowledge acquired in case of study, conjugating the following variables: main use of space, space orientation and predominant schedule of use. These variables are analysed in a simplified modifiable application of a NI study developed for Quito, where the physical characteristics of the city are considered, allowing the designer to determinate the appropriate size of windows, adapting them to the reality of the weather conditions of the city, the specific space and its use. In this way, students are enabled to visualize clearly if the proposed openings will generate sensations of gloom, comfort or glare in the user, as well as the time zones when those lighting conditions affect the space. Considering the physical and climatological characteristics of Quito, natural luminic pre-sizing helps architects and designers, even in the undergraduate stage, to generate architectural spaces coherent and contextualized from the NI perspective, which allow to maximize its use and decrease energy consumption. This process reinforces the importance and implications which has the location of clear openings in highlands located at 0° latitude. Besides, it establishes the most and less favourable orientations for glazed openings in Quito, as well as the time zones with major and minor conditions of solar radiation incidence and variability; which all could be included in technical regulations on architectural design for the city of Quito. Finally, it determines time zones with major and minor probability of clear, semi-covered and covered skies, which specially affect sunlight incidence in an interior space.

Background: Dog ejaculates are produced in three fractions: the first and third fractions contain prostatic fluid, which is harmful for cryopreservation. The second fraction is spermatozoa-rich. Collecting the second fraction of the ejaculate is complex; hence, colloidal centrifugation plus the addition of glycerol at three different concentrations (4, 6, and 8%) as cryoprotectant was evaluated as a method for sperm selection. Methods: In this study, 72 seminal samples from 6 crossbred dogs were evaluated at the University of Cuenca-Ecuador. Two aliquots were made from each sample, one for conventional centrifugation (Group 1), the other for colloidal centrifugation (Group 2). After centrifugation, each aliquot was subdivided into three parts, and 4, 6, and 8% glycerol were added, respectively. Three sperm evaluations were made (initial, pre-thawing, and post-thawing). Results: Sperm concentration was similar between the initial sample (IS) and Group 1 (P>0.05) after centrifugation, whereas fewer spermatozoa where observed in Group 2 (P

The aim of this research consisted in assessing the effect of various kinds of environmental enrichment (EE) on the physiological responses of weaned piglets. The mean age of the 96 piglets that participated was 27 days. The piglets were weaned and then housed under two conditions: with no disruption of the social order (SO), and with disruption of the social order (DSO). After establishing the two experimental conditions, we proceeded to evaluate four different treatments; namely, control (C), suspended ropes (SR), aromatized bottles (AB) and pet toys and balls (PTB). The protocol required drawing three blood samples: at 30 (T30), 60 (T60) and 90 min (T90) after weaning. The DSO piglets had higher pH and haematocrit levels than those weaned in the SO condition (P < 0.05). Also, pCO2, potassium (K+) and base excess (BE) concentrations were higher in the SO animals than in those in the DSO group (P < 0.05). The control piglets, which did not receive any type of EE, showed higher pCO2 levels, but lower glucose and pH (P < 0.05) values, while the ones enriched with SR had increased lactate levels, but lower values for pH and HCO3- compared to the piglets in the other EE treatment regimens (P < 0.05). The SR-enriched piglets had higher lactate and haematocrit levels, but lower values for pH and bicarbonate (HCO3-) than the animals in the other EE groups (P < 0.005). The piglets subjected to sensorial EE with AB had higher plasma glucose than the ones in the other groups (P < 0.005). Finally, the PTB-enriched subjects showed higher Na+ levels than controls (P < 0.005). The alterations that were found to be related to the factor sampling time were more pronounced at T30 (P < 0.05) than T60 and T90. These results indicate that the conditions (SO, DSO) and EE (C, SR, AB, PTB) under which the piglets were weaned influenced the blood variables measured in the study.

Resumen En el marco de la Facultad de Arquitectura, Diseño y Artes de la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, se enfatiza el aprendizaje de proyectos técnico-arquitectónicos, adaptando un enfoque pedagógico desde el área de la fundamentación tecnológica con un conocimiento transversal entre el proyecto arquitectónico y la tectónica del material. La formación de la arquitectura en el aprender-haciendo [1] fortalece la experiencia de los estudiantes, para entender la importancia de la selección de la materialidad desde la conceptualización y forma del proyecto, al mismo tiempo que nos permite profundizar y enriquecer el carácter técnico-constructivo de la arquitectura. El objetivo metodológico de este proceso pretende conjugar el aprendizaje en dos niveles de conocimiento diferenciados. El primer nivel técnico consiste en seleccionar un proyecto conceptual desarrollado en los talleres de diseño arquitectónico y vinculado a los niveles formativos (forma y función), para entender desde el material su influencia en el producto final que integre, en cuanto a la técnica, la adaptabilidad al sitio y la sostenibilidad del material en el tiempo. La metodología aplicada es el trabajo del estudiante como parte de un grupo dinámico en el aula, que le permite integrar el conocimiento, adaptarse al trabajo en equipo para desarrollar una mayor participación y generar el desarrollo de competencias en la aplicación del proyecto arquitectónico. El segundo nivel técnico consiste en el conocimiento específico del material como elemento técnico para poder desarrollar la investigación aplicada sobre cuestiones como el uso, las especificaciones técnicas y los detalles arquitectónico-constructivos. La metodología utilizada se basa en la investigación de materiales y sistemas constructivos relacionados con aspectos fundamentales de sostenibilidad y bioclimática aplicadas en la arquitectura, pre-dimensionamientos de estructuras básicas de hormigón armado y madera, y aspectos técnicos fundamentales de la normativa de construcción nacional e internacional. En consecuencia, el estudiante amplía su conocimiento comprobando la factibilidad económica de la ejecución de un proyecto arquitectónico-constructivo, de modo que el saber técnico se complementa con una relación directa con el “valor y calidad” de los proyectos orientados hacia su construcción. En este proceso, los estudiantes consiguen integrar la práctica de los conocimientos constructivo-arquitectónicos y pueden tomar decisiones en relación al uso del material, la selección del sistema constructivo apropiado, la factibilidad del proyecto y el trabajo en equipo, para el desarrollo de un proyecto de mediana complejidad en el nivel formativo de su carrera Abstract In the Faculty of Architecture, Design and Arts of the Pontifical Catholic University of Ecuador, we emphasize the learning of technical-architectural projects, adapting an educational approach from the field of technological essentials with a transversal knowledge between the architectural project and the tectonics of materials. The training in architecture with learning-by-doing [1] reinforces students’ experience, in order to understand the importance of selecting materials from conceptualization and project’s shape, and at the same time it enables us to deepen and enrich the technical-constructive nature of the architecture. The methodological aim of this process intends to combine learning in two different levels of knowledge. The first technical level consists in selecting a conceptual project, developed in our architectural design workshops and related to training levels (shape and function) to understand its influence on the product from the material, regarding to techniques, adaptability to a certain place and sustainability of material through time. The methodology applied is the student’s work as part of a dynamic group in the classroom, which allows him to integrate the knowledge, adapt to teamwork in order to reach a higher degree of contribution and generate development of competences in the application on the architectural project. The second technical level consists in the specific knowledge of material as a technical element, which allows to develop applied research about subjects such as usage, technical specifications and architectural-constructive detailing. The methodology used is based on research about materials and constructive systems related to essentials of sustainability and bioclimatic applied to architecture, pre-sizing of basic concrete and wood structures, and simple technical aspects of national and international building regulations. As a consequence, the student broadens his knowledge by means of testing economic feasibility in the realisation of an architectonic–constructive project, in a way that technical knowledge is complemented with a direct relation between the “value and quality” of projects aimed to its construction. In this process, students achieve to integrate the practice of constructive–architectural knowledge and they can make decisions related to use of materials, selection of a proper construction system, project feasibility and teamwork skills, in order to develop a medium-complexity project at the training level of their career.

Background: Despite the ubiquity of cognitive assessments using the MMSE, there has been little investigation of currently unscored features of the MMSE sentence item relevant to behavior and language in patients with behavioral variant Frontotemporal Dementia (bvFTD) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD).Objective: To describe and compare the unscored content and grammar elements of the MMSE sentence item in patients with bvFTD and AD.Methods: Categorization of predefined content and grammar elements of the MMSE sentence was performed by two blinded raters in patients with bvFTD (n = 74) and AD (n = 84). Chi-square and ANCOVAs were conducted to identify differences between the diagnostic groups. A multinomial logistic regression analysis was conducted to determine whether these features aid in the prediction of diagnosis of bvFTD or AD.Results: A higher proportion of patients with bvFTD wrote sentences addressed to the examiner (22.7% vs. 4.7%, X2 = 11.272, p = 0.001) and about interpersonal relationships (35.3% vs. 16.0%, X2 = 10.139, p = 0.017) in comparison to those with AD. The number of words written was lower in patients with AD and was positively correlated with lower total MMSE scores in AD but not in bvFTD (AD: r = 0.370, p < 0.001; FTD: r = 0.209, p = 0.07). Assessment of the MMSE sentence content and grammar variables did not add to the prediction bvFTD or AD diagnosis beyond the variance explained by age and total MoCA score.Conclusions: Patients with bvFTD and AD showed differences in aspects of the content of the written MMSE sentence item, though these differences did not aid in the diagnosis prediction.

Supraventricular tachycardias in children are the fastest rhythms most frequently reported (70%). Orthodromic tachycardia is that which usually occurs in newborns, and its treatment with amiodarone together with beta blockers has an effectiveness of 63%. However, the combination of antiarrhythmic drugs in children and infants is not recommended because of the proarrhythmic effects. Electrophysiological study and radiofrequency ablation are reserved for older children, where there is less risk of procedures; besides little risk has been reported in children with accessory pathways. The case of an 11-day-old newborn who presented two electrocardiographically different episodes of tachycardia is reported. Those episodes suggested unequal production mechanisms of the arrhythmia, which was difficult to control and needed the combination of three antiarrhythmic drugs for maintaining sinus rhythm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Good state and wind estimation is a requirement for the development of guidance and control techniques for airships. However, usually this information is not directly available from the airship sensors. The typical solution applies filtering, estimation and sensor fusion methods. This paper presents a comparative study, evaluating three solutions for the state estimation of NOAMAY airship. We also present alternative versions for the crucial estimation of the wind velocity, combining Kalman filters with a data-driven Neural Network. Finally, we present special solutions to usual problems encountered in filtering implementation as the mitigation of delays caused by second-order filters. The sensors set considered is composed of a global positioning system, an inertial measurement unit and a one-dimensional Pitot probe. Comparative simulation results are presented with the use of a realistic nonlinear model of the airship.

5G networks require dynamic network monitoring and advanced security solutions. This work performs the essential steps to implement a basic 5G digital twin (DT) in a warehouse scenario. This study provides a paradigm of end-to-end connection and encryption to internet of things (IoT) devices. Network function virtualization (NFV) technologies are crucial to connecting and encrypting IoT devices. Innovative logistical scenarios are undergoing constant changes in logistics, and higher deployment of IoT devices in logistic scenarios, such as warehouses, demands better communication capabilities. The simulation tools enable digital twin network implementation in planning. Altair Feko (WinProp) simulates the radio behavior of a typical warehouse framework. The radio behavior can be exported as a radio simulation dataset file. This dataset file represents the virtual network’s payload. GNS3, an open-source network simulator, performs data payload transmission among clients to servers using custom NFV components. By transmitting data from client to server, we achieved end-to-end communication. Additionally, custom NFV components enable advanced encryption standard (AES) adoption. In summary, this work analyzes the round-trip time (RTT) and throughput of the payload data packages, in which two data packages, encrypted and non-encrypted, are observed.

Introducción: La evaluación genética de las razas bovinas Siboney de Cuba (5/8 Holstein 3/8 Cebú) y Mambí de Cuba (3/4 Holstein 1/4 Cebú) se realiza considerando la producción lechera mediante un modelo animal unicarácter, para cada raza independientemente. Objetivo: caracterizar los rebaños Siboney de Cuba y Mambí de Cuba, evaluar alternativas de selección combinando varios rasgos, y metodologías para realizar las evaluaciones genéticas con mayor precisión. Métodos: Mediante un modelo unicarácter se realizó la evaluación multirracial y en otro la existencia de interacción genotipo ambiente (IGA). Se estimaron las heredabilidades, repetibilidades y valores genéticos (VG) mediante un modelo unicarácter para producción de leche acumulada hasta 305 días (L305), leche total acumulada por vida (LTV), duración de la lactancia (DL), edad al primer parto (EP1), intervalo parto primer servicio (IPS), intervalo parto gestación (IPG), intervalo entre partos (IPP), vida productiva (VP) y el número de partos por vida (NP). Se estimaron las correlaciones genéticas mediante un modelo multicarácter para estos rasgos y se construyeron índices de selección a partir de los VG en 6 425 vacas Siboney de Cuba y 5 445 Mambí de Cuba, mediante el análisis de componentes principales. Resultados: Las heredabilidades y exactitud de los VG fueron superiores en la evaluación multirracial. En conclusión, en el Mambí de Cuba es más eficiente utilizar un índice que considere como criterios de selección L305, DL y LTV; mientras que en el Siboney de Cuba debe incluir LTV, EP1 e IPG.

Poorly crystalline Fe oxides are sources of Fe to plants. The adsorption of humic substances (HS) on these oxides alters its reactivity and stability in soils, and thus may affect Fe mobilization and uptake by plants from these compounds. This work aimed at studying how the adsorption of HS on Fe oxides affects its use as Fe source by two plant species with different Fe acquisition strategies, white lupin (Strategy I) and wheat (Strategy II). To this end, two completely randomized experiments, one with each plant, were carried out using a calcareous growing media and involving increasing amounts of HS adsorbed on ferrihydrite (0, 16, 60, and 97 mg C g–1) which was used as Fe source. The highest HS rate was the only treatment that significantly increased Fe uptake in wheat relative to control without HS. This was related to a decreased concentration of Fe in poorly crystalline oxides in the growing media. On the contrary, HS did not affect significantly Fe uptake by lupin. However, in this crop, the highest HS rate decreased the concentration of Fe in oxides relative to the lowest HS rate, without significant differences with other treatments. Thus, the effect of adsorbed HS on Fe uptake differed in two plants with different Fe acquisition strategies. The increased Fe uptake in wheat at the highest HS rate can be explained at least in part by an increased Fe mobilization from oxides by plant roots. These findings provide new insights on the role of soil organic matter on plant Fe nutrition.

Abstract Ten-year seasonal climate reforecasts over South America are obtained using the Eta Regional Climate Model at 40 km resolution, driven by the large-scale forcing from the global atmospheric model of the Center for Weather Forecasts and Climate Studies. The objective of this work is to evaluate these regional reforecasts. The dataset is comprised of four-month seasonal forecasts performed on a monthly basis between 2001 and 2010. An ensemble of five members is constructed from five slightly different initial conditions to partially reduce the uncertainty in the seasonal forecasts. The seasonal mean precipitation and 2-meter temperature forecasts are compared with the observations. The comparison shows that, in general, forecasted precipitation is underestimated in the central part of the continent in the austral summer, whereas the forecasted 2 meter temperature is underestimated in most parts of the continent and throughout the year. Skill scores show higher skill in the northern part of the continent and lower skill in the southern part of the continent, but mixed skill signs are seen in the central part of the continent. During the El Niño and La Niña seasons, the forecast skill scores clearly increase. The downscaling of the Eta model seasonal forecasts provides added value over the driver global model forecasts, especially during rainy periods.

La Región china de Xinjiang a fines del siglo XIX estuvo alcanzada por el Gran Juego de las potencias. Luego de la configuración del espacio post-soviético y el vertiginoso crecimiento económico y gravitación global de la República Popular China, vuelve a cobrar importancia en el contexto de la mayor relevancia estratégica que está cobrando el corazón de Eurasia. En este texto, repasamos la importancia de esta Región Autónoma de China.

El artículo aborda el control político en Ecuador desde una perspectiva realista: Ecuador no ha alcanzado la madurez democrática que permita a sus ciudadanos convivir en un Estado de Derecho, de seguridad jurídica y bienestar político. Si bien las diversas Constituciones ecuatorianas han establecido de manera clara los principios de relacionamiento político, entre ellos los del juicio político, estos no se han materializado para el cumplimiento de los fines democráticos debido a que las relaciones de poder no han respetado la normativa constitucional. La historia ecuatoriana ha estado marcada por caudillos, civiles y militares que han accedido al poder sin respetar el Estado de Derecho, y las propias Fuerzas Armadas han desempeñado un rol político y han sido actores clave, visibles o no, en los momentos de desestabilización democrática. Los golpes de Estado y las dictaduras han sido una constante, así como la redacción de nuevas constituciones que, por las mismas razones de quebrantamiento continuo del Estado democrático, nunca terminan de insertarse en la vida política del país.

La poda es un procedimiento que tiene el propósito de estimular el desarrollo de nuevas yemas, incrementar la floración y la producción de frutos. Se evaluó la calidad del grano en árbo- les con diferente intensidad de poda en zona de bosque húmedo tropical (bh-T) en el municipio de Chigorodó región de Urabá en Colombia, a 40 msnm, con temperaturas entre 21 y 34°C, con humedad relativa promedio del 80%. Se cuantificó el contenido de grasa y de minerales en granos de cacao fermentados y secos de los clones universales CCN-51 e ICS-95, los trata- mientos correspondieron a poda de altura (-h) donde se cortó el árbol a 4 m de altura; poda base (b) con corte a 4 m de altura y ramas secas y mal ubicadas, poda base menos 25 por ciento del área foliar (b-25% AF), poda base menos 50 por ciento AF (b-50%) y base menos 75 por ciento (b-75%) del dosel. La colecta de frutos se realizó en 3 épocas, 2, 3, y 8 meses después de la poda El tratamiento de poda no tuvo efecto significati- vo sobre el contenido de minerales en el grano de cacao, solamente la época de cosecha fue el factor que presentó significancia.