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Het aantal cappuccinotenten in Amsterdam groeit explosief. Betekent dit dat Amsterdammers eensklaps veel meer van koffie zijn gaan houden? Feit is dat de snelle verspreiding van wat wordt genoemd ‘specialty coffee bars’ allerminst aan Amsterdam is voorbehouden. In talrijke steden over de hele wereld schieten zulke tenten als paddenstoelen uit de grond, of het nu Vancouver is, Istanbul, Moskou of Kunming. Dit heeft onder andere te maken met de opkomst van creatieve economieën, de daarmee gepaard gaande concentratie van individuen met een hoge opleiding en op culturele consumptie gerichte life style, en de ontwikkeling van nieuwe vormen van moderne stedelijkheid. Maar wat gebeurt er eigenlijk in die koffietenten? Samen met een grote groep studenten uit de BA sociologie zoeken we dat uit.

The economic integration of migrants offers opportunities and poses challenges to host societies all over the world. Migration has diverse and specific characteristics, and constitutes a pool of cheap workers at the lower end of the market, willing to do dirty, dangerous and dull work, as well as a growing pool of f lexible workers at the higher end of the skills set. Indeed, the vast majority of international migrants are economically active as wage earners, but in every country, a relatively small number choose self-employment and become entrepreneurs. This chapter seeks to highlight this particular form of economic integration of migrants for three reasons:(1) First, the economic impact of migrant entrepreneurs is significant, not only in terms of “traditional” micro-economic indicators-such as personal income, number of employees, added value, and so forth-but also in terms of innovation, market change, and larger economic outreach. Migrant entrepreneurs discover, develop, seize, and exploit new markets, with or without ethnically specific products, processes, and ways of doing business. Migrant entrepreneurs also help foster third-party entrepreneurial activitiesethnic and native alike.

We compared surface passivation of c-Si by a-Si:H with and without atomic hydrogen treatment prior to a-Si:H deposition. The atomic hydrogen is produced by hot-wire chemical vapor deposition (HWCVD). For this purpose, we deposited a-Si:H layers onto both sides of n-type FZ c-Si wafers and measured the minority carrier effective lifetime and implied VOC for different H treatment times ranging from 5 s to 30 s prior to a-Si:H deposition. We found that increasing hydrogen treatment times led to lower effective lifetimes and implied VOC values for the used conditions. The treatments have been performed in a new virgin chamber to exclude Si deposition from the chamber walls. Our results show that a short atomic hydrogen pretreatment is already detrimental for the passivation quality which might be due to the creation of defects in the c-Si. AFM measurements do not show any change in the surface roughness of the different samples.

Prepared for San Luis and Delta Mendota Water Authority (Los Banos, CA) and State Water Contractors (Sacramento, CA).

What accounts for the political successes and exclusions of immigrants and their descendants? Does access to the vote automatically translate into political representation and power? If immigrants cannot access electoral politics, what options are open to them? This chapter first discusses the concept of immigrant political incorporation. It then surveys key approaches from both sides of the Atlantic. In the USA, researchers have debated assimilation models, adopted minority politics approaches of incorporated immigrants into general mass behaviour frameworks. In Europe, scholars have debated the relative importance of class versus ethno-racial inequality, compared cross-national political opportunity structures and ideas of nationhood or focused on civic organisations and social capital. Increasingly, cross-Atlantic dialogue is leading to innovative syntheses across these traditions and to new research directions.

In this paper we advocate the study of local street markets to explore fundamental issues about the relationship between economy and society. This relationship evolves over time and we believe that it has been recast in an age of increasing cultural diversity and neoliberal state regulatory structures. In street markets we can see how diversity and the nature of economic transactions become mutually constitutive. We argue that cultural diversity propels local markets, while everyday interactions in markets influence intercultural relationships. These complex processes are affected by the spatiality of markets and the regulatory environments within which they operate. We conclude by framing a research program on street markets and discuss a number of methodological complications that would need to be addressed in this endeavour.

In this paper we advocate the study of local street markets to explore fundamental issues about the relationship between economy and society. This relationship evolves over time and we believe that it has been recast in an age of increasing cultural diversity and neoliberal state regulatory structures. In street markets we can see how diversity and the nature of economic transactions become mutually constitutive. We argue that cultural diversity propels local markets, while everyday interactions in markets influence intercultural relationships. These complex processes are affected by the spatiality of markets and the regulatory environments within which they operate. We conclude by framing a research program on street markets and discuss a number of methodological complications that would need to be addressed in this endeavour.

The influence of thermal annealing on the crystalline silicon surface passivating properties of selected amorphous silicon containing layer stacks (including intrinsic and doped films), as well as the correlation with silicon heterojunction solar cell performance has been investigated. All samples have been isochronally annealed for 1 h in an N 2 ambient at temperatures between 150 °C and 300 °C in incremental steps of 15 °C. For intrinsic films and intrinsic/n-type stacks, an improvement in passivation quality is observed up to 255 °C and 270 °C, respectively, and a deterioration at higher temperatures. For intrinsic/n-type a-Si:H layer stacks, a maximum minority carrier lifetime of 13.3 ms at an injection level of 10 15 cm - 3 has been measured. In contrast, for intrinsic/p-type a-Si:H layer stacks, a deterioration in passivation is observed upon annealing over the whole temperature range. Comparing the lifetime values and trends for the different layer stacks to the performance of the corresponding cells, it is inferred that the intrinsic/p-layer stack is limiting device performance. Furthermore, thermal annealing of p-type layers should be avoided entirely. We therefore propose an adapted processing sequence, leading to a substantial improvement in efficiency to 16.7%, well above the efficiency of 15.8% obtained with the 'standard' processing sequence.

No country in Europe is unaffected by migration, although its impact varies from place to place. Immigration is often associated with undermined social cohesion, urban crime, domestic insecurity and public health issues. Immigrants are increasingly regarded as a liability for the welfare state, for the educational system and for economic prosperity. But while Europe is preoccupied with immigration, isn’t it once again becoming a continent of emigration? Are we not already seeing the first signs of a new European exodus as a response to the economic crisis affecting Europe at all levels? What is the situation in Europe today? What theoretical perspectives are now at the fore in international debates; and what concepts and controversies have emerged? In fact, Europe needs new immigrants to contribute to economic development and to support national welfare and pension systems. This chapter’s authors consider these issues, attempting to describe, analyse, understand and explain them.

LGEP 2011 ID = 789; International audience

European cities are increasingly faced with the challenge of integrating people from very diverse backgrounds. As migrant populations increase, so do the opportunities for new business, job creation and international competitiveness. This report shows that ethnic entrepreneurs, however small their venture, contribute to the economic growth of their local area, often rejuvenate neglected crafts and trades, and participate increasingly in the provision of higher value-added services. They can help to promote stronger trading links with their home countries and foster social cohesion in their host communities. The report examines what city authorities are doing to attract ethnic entrepreneurs into their established business communities, and to facilitate the business environment - from the purely financial to providing training and advice.