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Wound rotor synchronous condensers (WRSCs) are DC-excited rotor machines that utilize rotor winding instead of permanent magnets. Their voltage regulator controls the rotor field to generate or absorb reactive power, thereby regulating grid voltage or improving power factor. A key characteristic of a WRSC is the compounding curve, which shows the required rotor current under specific stator current and voltage conditions. This paper presents an approach for quickly calculating the electromagnetic parameters of a WRSC using a mathematical method. After determining magnetic flux density, induced voltage, and inductance through analytical methods, the Park and Clarke transformations are applied to derive the dq-frame quantities, enabling prediction of active and reactive powers and compounding curve characteristics. The 60 Hz model was evaluated through comparison with finite element method (FEM) simulations. Results of flux density, induced voltage, and the compounding curve under varying rotor and stator current conditions showed that the proposed method achieved comparable performance to FEM simulation while reducing computational time by half. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Power management (PM) is cumbersome for today's computing systems. Attainable performance is bounded by the architecture's computing efficiency and capped in temperature, current, and power. PM is composed of multiple interacting layers. High-level controllers (HLCs) involve application-level policies, operating system agents (OSPMs), and PM governors and interfaces. The application of high-level control decisions is currently delegated to an on-chip power management unit executing tailored PM firmware routines. The complexity of this structure arises from the scale of the interaction, which pervades the whole system architecture. This paper aims to characterize the cost of the communication backbone between high-level OSPM agents and the on-chip power management unit (PMU) in high performance computing (HPC) processors. For this purpose, we target the System Control and Management Interface (SCMI), which is an open standard proposed by Arm. We enhance a fully open-source, end-to-end FPGA-based HW/SW framework to simulate the interaction between a HLC, a HPC system, and a PMU. This includes the application-level PM policies, the drivers of the operating system-directed configuration and power management (OSPM) governor, and the hardware and firmware of the PMU, allowing us to evaluate the impact of the communication backbone on the overall control scheme. With this framework, we first conduct an in-depth latency study of the communication interface across the whole PM hardware (HW) and software (SW) stack. Finally, we studied the impact of latency in terms of the quality of the end-to-end control, showing that the SCMI protocol can sustain reactive power management policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Detecting faulty lines in small-current, grounded systems is a crucial yet challenging task in power system protection. Existing methods often struggle with the accurate identification of faults due to the complex and dynamic nature of current and voltage signals in these systems. This gap in reliable fault detection necessitates more advanced methodologies to improve system stability and safety. Here, a novel approach, using learning spiking neural P systems combined with a normalized least mean squares (NLMS) algorithm to enhance faulty line detection in small-current, grounded systems, is proposed. The proposed method analyzes the features of current and voltage signals, as well as active and reactive power, by separately considering their transient and steady-state components. To improve fault detection accuracy, we quantified the likelihood of a fault occurrence based on feature changes and expanded the feature space to higher dimensions using an ascending dimension structure. An adaptive learning mechanism was introduced to optimize the convergence and precision of the detection model. Simulation scheduling datasets and real-world data were used to validate the effectiveness of the proposed approach, demonstrating significant improvements over traditional methods. These findings provide a robust framework for faulty-line detection in small-current, grounded systems, contributing to enhanced reliability and safety in power system operations. This approach has the potential to be widely applied in power system protection and maintenance, advancing the broader field of intelligent fault diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents information about harmonic distortion and resonance in distribution networks. The theory behind harmonics and resonance is presented. Examples from the literature and the results of power quality measurements, as well as the authors' experiences connected with significant changes in harmonic distortions, are presented. The harmonic resonance phenomenon is explained, and the risk of resonance in a distribution system network is highlighted. Attention is paid to the connection of a new power plant to the network; however, other risks, e.g., those connected to network reconfiguration, are also highlighted. Further simulation case studies are presented to show interactions between volt/VAR control and harmonic distortion. Simulations consider a few scenarios: impact of voltage change on impedance characteristics and resulting harmonics amplitudes, the impact of a capacitor on impedance characteristics, and the impact of network expansion on harmonic distortion. The final part presents alternative, low-cost harmonics mitigation methods. The concept of the utilization of phase-shifting transformers for two twin-type 1 MW plants located next to each other is verified by on-site measurement. The concept of adapting the harmonics spectrum of new devices to impedance characteristics is presented. Finally, an alternative concept for active mitigation of harmonics under resonance conditions is provided. The concept is based on the reactive power correction in order to change the harmonics phase shift. A comparison of harmonic mitigation methods and general recommendations are provided. Further research is outlined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a methodology to calculate the neutral unbalanced current in C-type filters with an ungrounded double Wye topology; this equipment is widely used in the steel sector to mitigate the harmonic content in electrical installations caused by electric furnaces used in metal smelting processes. A common failure in these filters is the current unbalance caused by the degradation of the capacitor and inductor modules, leading to dangerous surges that affect these components, possible harmonic resonances, and deficient filtering by the equipment. Currently, there are no documented strategies for calculating the neutral current that allow for the proper adjustment of neutral protection in this type of equipment, resulting in catastrophic failures, costly unscheduled shutdowns, and potential harm to plant personnel. In this paper, we propose a methodology for calculating the unbalanced current in double Wye C-type harmonic filters, considering the natural degradation of capacitor and inductor modules and based on on-site measurements of the impedances for each element of the equipment. This allows for the predictive maintenance of these devices and the precise adjustment of neutral overcurrent protection. First, we review the operating principle of C-type harmonic filters and the neutral protection scheme. Then, the calculation methodology is proposed and validated in two practical case studies. In the first case, a 45 Mvar C-type second harmonic filter connected to a 34.5 kV bus is analyzed. In the second case, an 18.5 Mvar C-type second harmonic filter, part of a ±80 Mvar STATCOM system, connected to a 34.5 kV bus is examined. In both cases, these filters reduce the harmonic content in two steel plants: the first connected to a 400 kV bus and the second to a 230 kV bus. The results obtained with the proposed methodology were implemented in the protection device for a neutral current imbalance, considering different degradation values of the capacitors, and compared with the manufacturer's suggested settings. The discussion highlights the good performance of the proposed methodology, particularly in terms of the protection device's response speed to a risky unbalanced current. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of distributed energy technology, the establishment of the energy internet has become a general trend, and relevant research about the core component, energy router, has also become a hotspot. Therefore, the bidirectional isolated DC–DC converter (BIDC) is widely used in AC–DC–AC energy router systems, because it can flexibly support the DC bus voltage ratio and achieve bidirectional power flow. This paper proposes a novel vector reconfiguration on a bidirectional multilevel LCL-T resonant converter in which an NPC (neutral-point clamped) multilevel structure with a flying capacitor is introduced to form a novel active bridge, and a coupling transformer is specially added into the active bridge to achieve multilevel voltage output under hybrid modulation. In addition, an LCL-T two-port vector analysis is adopted to elaborate bidirectional power flow which can generate some reactive power to realize zero-voltage switching (ZVS) on active bridges to improve the efficiency of the converter. Meanwhile, due to the symmetry of the LCL-T structure, the difficulty of the bidirectional operation analysis of the power flow is reduced. Finally, a simulation study is designed with a rated voltage of 200 V on front and rear input sources which has a rated power of 450 W with an operational efficiency of 93.8%. Then, the feasibility of the proposed converter is verified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phenomenon of frequency coupling is widely observed in grid-forming (GFM) converters due to the presence of asymmetrical controls and nonlinear blocks. However, the factors influencing frequency coupling have not been thoroughly explored. This paper introduces a systematic small-signal impedance model of GFM converters that intuitively reflects the factors affecting frequency coupling and provides a detailed analysis of how coupling impedance affects stability. It is demonstrated that the influencing factors of coupling impedance are an active power loop and reactive power loop. Specifically, the active power loop influences coupling impedance characteristics near the fundamental frequency, while the reactive power loop impacts the entire frequency range. This paper first reveals that the reactive power loop has a more pronounced effect on frequency coupling than the active power loop. Additionally, the variation in the steady-state operating points also affects the degree of frequency coupling of the GFM converters, primarily affecting the coupling impedance characteristics beyond the fundamental frequency, and the low operating points tend to affect system stability adversely. Finally, simulation results validate the accuracy of the mathematical model and theoretical analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Featured Application: Radial electrical power network optimizations through reconfigurations including generation and demand flexibility. The increasing integration of distributed generation (DG) and the rise of microgrids have reshaped the operation of distribution systems, introducing both challenges and opportunities for optimization. This study presents a methodology that combines network reconfiguration with the integration of buses with flexible power in order to improve the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of distribution networks. Flexible buses, which aggregate multiple microgrids or controllable distributed resources, function as control points that can dynamically adjust active and reactive power within predefined limits. This capability allows for more precise management of power flows, enabling the system to respond to fluctuations in generation and demand. The proposed optimization framework aims to minimize the total operational costs, including power losses and the use of flexible power, while adhering to system constraints. The methodology is evaluated through case studies on two distribution systems: the Kumamoto and IEEE-33 systems. The results indicate a 43.9% reduction in power losses for the Kumamoto system and a 66.6% reduction for the IEEE-33 system, along with notable cost savings in both cases. These outcomes demonstrate the potential benefits of incorporating flexible power buses in modern radial distribution networks, showing their role in adapting to various operational scenarios and supporting the integration of distributed generation and microgrids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cascaded H‐bridge multi‐level converter is the main topology of high‐voltage and high‐capacity converter in renewable energy power generation, energy storage system and reactive power compensation equipment. The parameter design of cascaded H‐bridge multi‐level converters directly determines the material cost and performance. Taking the output current distortion rate and the ripple voltage of the capacitor of the cascaded H‐bridge multi‐level converter as the constraint conditions, this paper proposes an overall parameter optimal design method of the cascaded H‐bridge multi‐level converter based on the optimization of the total material cost. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed parameter design method is verified by the simulation result. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to solve the problem of voltage fluctuation caused by the grid integration of wind power cluster, a multitime scale reactive power and voltage optimal regulation method based on model predictive control (MPC) is proposed in this paper. In the day‐ahead stage, the reduction of network active power loss is mainly achieved through the regulation of discrete reactive power compensation devices and generator units, focusing on the economic operation of the power system. In the intraday stage, considering the rapid response characteristics of continuous reactive power compensation devices, the optimal regulation aiming to minimize voltage control deviation is carried out under 15‐ and 5‐min time scale based on the MPC algorithm with the adjustment of continuous reactive power compensation devices. In the feedback correction stage, a fast calculation method considering reactive power partitioning is adopted instead of solving the 5‐min optimization model for 288 periods, avoiding excessive adjustment of reactive compensation devices. While effectively improving voltage fluctuations caused by wind power prediction deviation, it also alleviated the computational and communication burden on the system. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed regulation method in this paper is verified with the improved IEEE‐39 test case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the aim of developing sustainable energy systems, promoting the large‐scale accommodation of distributed renewable energy sources (DRESs) and flexible loads in DC distribution networks (DCDNs) is significant. The uncertainty of DRESs and the insufficient use of flexible loads pose a considerable challenge to the economical and safe operation of DCDNs. To address the challenge, this paper puts forward a two‐stage optimal scheduling model for the DCDNs considering flexible load response. The proposed model realises joint economic optimisation and reactive power optimisation, which is solved by the hybrid NSGAII‐MOPSO algorithm and the CPLEX. The performance of the proposed model in the modified Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 33‐node system with the DCDNs is validated under different scenarios. The hybrid NSGAII‐MOPSO performs better in obtaining the Pareto front than the NSGA‐II and MOPSO individually. Compared to the traditional scheduling model, the proposed model can realise the power coordination of the flexible loads and energy storage systems to reduce the negative impact of uncertainty of DRESs while decreasing operating costs and carbon emissions by 3.94% and 36.4%. In addition, the proposed model can alleviate the network losses and ensure the node voltage for the DCDNs. Hence, the efficiency of the proposed model has been confirmed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Distributed power supply access to the distribution network, although it can effectively support the band voltage, will also cause problems such as voltage overruns at the point of grid connection and large network losses, so this paper establishes a reactive power optimization model containing three objectives: network loss, voltage fluctuation rate, and static reactive power generator (SVG) installation capacity in distributed photovoltaic power generation scenarios by taking advantage of the characteristics of SVG that both absorb and send out reactive power. A multiobjective particle swarm algorithm with an adaptive grid and roulette mechanism is introduced to ensure the uniformity and diversity of the Pareto boundaries under the constraint that the output of each device does not exceed the constraints, and to obtain the optimal set of solutions capable of coping with the stochastic fluctuations of distributed power sources. When the algorithm is compared with three other algorithms, such as nondominated sorting genetic algorithm‐II, the results show that it reduces the network loss by about 25% and significantly improves the voltage fluctuation rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To enhance the performance of resonant DC–DC converters, particularly under low-load conditions, a semi-series-resonant dual-active-bridge (Semi-SRDAB) converter with a hybrid optimization strategy is proposed. This strategy aims to reduce conduction-related losses and is designed for applications requiring a wide voltage range. The proposed Semi-SRDAB converter comprises a full-bridge inverter on the primary side and a hybrid-output bridge rectifier on the secondary side. It adopts phase-shift modulation combined with frequency modulation for power control. The hybrid optimization strategy for the Semi-SRDAB converter is investigated, beginning with the deduction of resonant current minimization using phasor analysis. Based on these analysis results, zero reactive power operation and soft-switching operation are achieved for both buck and boost modes. Successful validation has been demonstrated through experimental testing on a 300 W laboratory prototype. Enhanced conversion performance is confirmed by comparing the results with those from previous works. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compared with traditional power transformers, Hybrid Distribution Transformers (HDTs) generate higher power losses due to the application of power electronic converters. However, HDTs can apply reactive power compensation as well as three-phase load current unbalance compensation, which leads to line loss reduction of the distribution power grid. When comparing the power losses of HDTs and traditional transformers, it is necessary to comprehensively consider the operational power loss of HDTs and line losses of the distribution network reduced by its converter. This article proposes a comprehensive loss model for the application of HDTs in distribution networks and conducts theoretical calculations on HDT self-losses and distribution network line losses caused by reactive power and three-phase asymmetric load currents. The power losses on the transmission wire of the distribution power grid with the application of HDTs instead of traditional transformers are analyzed. The calculation and simulation results based on parameters such as reactive power, three-phase unbalanced current, and HDT comprehensive loss have verified the correctness of the theoretical analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the proposed "double carbon" target for the power system, large-scale distributed energy access poses a major challenge to the way the distribution grid operates. The rural distribution network (DN) will transform into a new local power system primarily driven by distributed renewable energy sources and energy storage, while also being interconnected with the larger power grid. The development of the rural DN will heavily rely on the construction and efficient planning of the microgrid (MG) within the agricultural park. Based on this, this paper proposes a two-stage optimal scheduling model and solution strategy for the microgrid distribution network with multi-source agricultural load aggregation. First, in the first stage, considering the flexible agricultural load and the market time-of-use electricity price, the economic optimization is realized by optimizing the operation of the schedulable resources of the park. The linear model in this stage is solved by the Lingo algorithm with fast solution speed and high accuracy. In the second stage, the power interaction between the MG and the DN in the agricultural park is considered. By optimising the output of the reactive power compensation device, the operating state of the DN is optimised. At this stage, the non-linear and convex optimization problems are solved by the particle swarm optimization algorithm. Finally, the example analysis shows that the proposed method can effectively improve the feasible region of safe operation of the distribution network in rural areas and improve the operating income of a multi-source agricultural load aggregation agricultural park. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes an adaptive complex coefficient filtered (CCF) full order extended state observer (ESO) type three phase enhanced phase locked loop (EPLL), which is employed in matrix reactance frequency converter (MRFC) for rotating vectors measurement estimation. EPLL phase detector was analysed first to track not only the rad frequency and transient phase, but also the amplitude of the rotating vectors. Full order ESO can filter out more high frequency disturbance, so it can track frequency and phase more accurately than proportion and integration algorithm. CCF modules were analysed in theory to attenuate the disturbance within two times of the EPLL's cut‐off frequency. The whole adaptive CCF‐ESO‐EPLL design, including stability and parameter tuning were then interpreted. The proposed CCF‐ESO‐EPLL adapts the estimated frequency with CCF to attenuate the MRFC switching non‐linear disturbance as well as unknown disturbance by the full order ESO. The MRFC topology necessary measured vectors, as well as the input side reactive power adjustment capacity, were discussed. The theoretical conclusion has been verified on a MRFC prototype. The proposed CCF‐ESO‐EPLL has less parameter tuning, less computation resource requirement, better steady and dynamic performance, and outstanding disturbance robustness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing demand for power has caused distortions in Nigeria's 330 kV transmission network. This is a result of the bulk of the lines being heavily loaded at the moment, which leads to voltage drops and inconsistent electrical delivery. To ensure system reliability, it is therefore crucial to make sure that the system maintains a constant state under specific conditions. This research presents the use of static synchronous compensators (STATCOM) in the Nigerian 330 kV transmission network to reduce power loss and improve the voltage profile. To solve the problem of insufficient voltage and power losses, a three-phase network is simulated using the MATLAB/Simulink software. A three-level, 48- pulse STATCOM was employed to rectify the problem after weak buses were identified through load flow analysis. A 48- pulse converter that handled the STATCOM was used to control harmonic distortions in the system. The outcomes show how crucial the reactive power control mechanism is for regulating the system's harmonics. However, the method was able to achieve real and reactive power losses of 12.5%. The STATCOM's 3-level 48- pulse converter also resulted in a total 4.64% reduction in total harmonic distortion (THD). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose. Justification of the fallacy of using the concept of “apparent power” for quadripole circuits in alternating sinusoidal current circuits on the basis of the instantaneous power balance. Methodology. The apparent power in electric power is a generalizing value of energy processes that researchers use provided that other power components are determined. Based on the analysis of known studies, some were found, in which the authors question such a role in apparent parent. The wellknown provisions of the electrical engineering theory are used with the application of mathematical methods, in particular trigonometry, the Euler transformation and the complex numbers theory to determine the instantaneous power components of sinusoidal current and voltage. Findings. The instantaneous power components of sinusoidal current and voltage are analytically determined in trigonometric and complex form. The corresponding vectors are represented graphically on complex planes of zero and doubled frequency. Accordingly, it is indicated which components of the instantaneous power correspond to the apparent power; in addition, the phase shifts of the latter on the corresponding complex planes are determined. For an elementary electrical circuit, they are defined for all elements of the circuit provided that the balance of instantaneous power (Tellejen’s theorem), active power, reactive power (Boucherot’s theorem) is observed. Originality. It has been proven that the order of determining the active power as the difference between the maximum value of the instantaneous power and apparent power determined by the effective values of voltage and current in sinusoidal current circuits cannot be accepted as general. Using the example of a sinusoidal current an elementary electrical circuit, it was found that for an element of electric energy transmission, the amplitude of power fluctuations, which in certain cases is called “apparent power” in general, can be less than the instantaneous power average value – active power. Practical value. The obtained results can be used to improve the power component compensation algorithms for series and parallel power active filters [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the large-scale development of wind farms (WFs) progresses, the connection of WFs to the regional power grid is evolving from the conventional receiving power grid to the sending power grid with a high proportion of wind power (WP). Due to the randomness of WP output, higher requirements are put forward for the voltage stability of each node of the regional power grid, and various reactive power compensation devices (RPCDs) need to be rationally configured to meet the stable operation requirements of the system. This paper proposes an optimal configuration method for multi-type RPCDs in regional power grids with a high proportion of WP. The RPCDs are located according to the proposed static voltage stability index (VSI) and dynamic VSI based on dynamic voltage drop area, and the optimal configuration model of RPCDs is constructed with the lowest construction cost as the objective function to determine the installed capacity of various RPCDs. Finally, the corresponding regional power grid model for intensive access to WFs is constructed on the simulation platform to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, the dependency on renewable energy sources (RES) has increased. This is due to several reasons, including reducing environmental harm and lowering production costs. The RES in nature is variable and intermittent, such as the wind turbine (WT), which depends on the wind speed, so several challenges are faced in integrating (RES) with power systems. This article used the optimal power flow (OPF) to solve these challenges with a hybrid optimization algorithm, combining the conventional differential evolution (DE) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) this hybrid method called differential evaluation-particle swarm optimization (DEPSO), with thyristor-controlled series compensators (TCSC). This approach gives better results than conventional algorithms such as particle swarm optimization (PSO), differential evaluation (DE), and artificial bee colony (ABC). The constraints of the power system such as the reactive power of the generator or voltage of the load bus are retained in their limits. The objective functions (OF) discussed here are active power losses (MW), voltage deviation (VD) (p.u.), and thermal generation fuel cost ($/h). The DEPSO reduced the active power losses by 49.98%, voltage deviation by 91.02%, and generation cost by 11.36%. This article uses the reactance of the TCSC and the wind turbine bus magnitude voltage as control variables in OPF. This paper has tested the approach with an IEEE 30 bus with two WT farms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the principles of reinjection converter technology and submodule operation, a novel topology for a reinjection multilevel voltage source converter (RMVSC) is proposed. In this topology, submodules are dynamically connected in series as the reinjection circuit. This new topology retains all the functions of the RMVSC while offering flexible control of the reinjection circuit and ease of modularization, making it highly suitable for high-voltage, high-power applications. A circulating drive pulse sequence was developed for the 7-level serial submodule RMVSC, ensuring dynamic stability of the submodule voltage and maintaining low harmonic distortion when interfaced with the grid. Building on this, a double-loop control strategy—comprising an outer power loop and an inner current loop—was proposed for the static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) of RMVSC. A simulation model was constructed in PSCAD/EMTDC, and the simulation results confirm the excellent performance of the proposed topology and the effectiveness of both the modulation strategy and the double-loop control strategy. The RMVSC-STATCOM demonstrates continuous and bidirectional reactive power regulation, with high control accuracy and superior compensation current quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Zhejiang Electric Power is the property of Zhejiang Electric Power Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of South-Central Minzu University (Natural Science Edition) is the property of Journal of South-Central Minzu University (Natural Science Edition) Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Shunt capacitor banks are essential for reactive power compensation, ensuring voltage stability, and reducing system losses. These banks consist of multiple units with components in series and parallel. A few component failures do not immediately affect the safe operation of the capacitor bank, but component breakdown can lead to voltage redistribution. Under combined factors such as system overvoltage and equipment aging, and others can trigger an avalanche effect causing capacitor breakdown, resulting in significant safety accident risks. Practical operation experience shows that partial component breakdown generates many transient disturbance signals. Quantitative analysis of these signals can detect capacitor bank anomalies early. This paper proposes the quantitative extraction of transient disturbance characteristics using the Prony algorithm and estimates the phase and number of capacitors that break down to judge capacitor anomalies. The simulation part verifies the theoretical analysis and detection algorithm's correctness through numerical simulations and PSCAD (Power Systems Computer Aided Design) electromagnetic transient simulations. The numerical simulations consider different signal lengths, noise levels, attenuation coefficients, and oscillation frequencies. In the PSCAD simulation environment, verification models are built under varying sampling frequencies, numbers of breakdown components, signal lengths, and signal-to-noise ratios. These simulation results verify the accuracy of the detection algorithm under different conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. To enhance the quality of power and ensure a consistent electricity supply, this study proposes the utilization of a unified power quality conditioner (UPQC) system integrated with solar photovoltaic (PV) technology. The innovation involves single DC-link connecting back-to-back voltage-compensating components arranged in series and shunt, forming the PV-UPQC. The shunt compensator utilizes energy from a PV array to address harmonics in the load current. The objective is to mitigate voltage dips and spikes by injecting voltage that is either in phase with or out of phase with the common coupling point through a series compensator. The method combines the benefits of generating renewable energy to enhance electrical quality. The goal of the paper is the power quality enhancement of grid-integrated solar PV system. The novelty of the proposed work consists of enhancement of grid-integrated solar PV system with UPQC. The purpose of integrating a UPQC into a grid-connected solar PV system is to enhance power quality by mitigating issues such as voltage fluctuations, harmonics and reactive power imbalance. Methods. The proposed topology is implemented in MATLAB/Simulink with grid-integrated solar PV system with UPQC. Results. Integrating UPQC with a grid-connected solar PV system yields substantial improvements in power quality. This includes effectively mitigating voltage fluctuations and harmonics, resulting in smoother operation and reduced disturbances on the grid. Practical value. The proposed topology has proven to be extremely useful for grid-integrated solar PV system with UPQC applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. Recently, photovoltaic (PV) systems are increasingly favored for converting solar energy into electricity. PV power systems have successfully evolved from small, standalone installations to large-scale, grid-connected systems. When the nonlinear loads are connected to a grid-tied PV system, the power quality can deteriorate due to the active power supplied by the PV array, there’s a noticeable decline in the quality of power delivered to consumers. Its combination with the shunt active power filter (SAPF) enhances system efficiency. Consequently, this integrated system is adept at not only powering local loads but also at compensating for reactive power and filtering out harmonic currents from the main grid. The novelty of the work describes how an operation of a small scale PV system connected to the low voltage distribution system, and nonlinear load can be achieved, the investigation aims to analyze the system’s behavior and elucidate the advantages of employing various control algorithms. These proposed algorithms are designed to ensure a unity power factor for the utility grid while prioritizing high convergence speed and robustness against load power fluctuations across different levels of solar irradiation affecting the PV modules. The purpose of this work is to enhance the dynamic performance of the SAPF by cooperatively using a self-tuning filter (STF) based instantaneous active and reactive power method (PQ) with a novel predictive current control, enhance the system resilience, ensure optimal management of the total active power between the PV system, the electrical network and the non-linear load by integrating the functionalities of the SAPF under different levels of solar irradiation and maintain the DC-link capacitor voltage constant. Methods. A novel predictive current controller is designed to generate the switching signals piloted the three phase source voltage inverter, also a novel algorithm of instantaneous active and reactive power is developed, based on STF, to extract accurately the harmonic reference under non ideal grid voltage, also the perturb and observe algorithm is used to extract, under step change of solar irradiation, the maximum power point tracking of the PV module and the PI controller is used to maintain constant the DC-link capacitor voltage of the SAPF. Results. The efficacy of the proposed system is primarily centered on the grid side, and the performance evaluation of the control system is conducted using the STF based PQ algorithm and predictive current control. In addition, comprehensive testing encompasses all modes of operation, including scenarios involving distorted voltage sources, step changes in solar radiation, and variations in nonlinear loads. Results highlight superior performance in both transient and stable states, affirming the robustness and effectiveness of the proposed controllers. Practical value. The total harmonic distortion value of the grid current for all tests respects the IEEE Standard 519-1992. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The principles of multi-level output voltage control of an autonomous power supply system implemented on the basis of a three-phase constant speed self-excited induction generator with a regulated source of reactive power connected to the stator terminals and containing both a multi-modular electronic power converter and excitation capacitors are proposed. To regulate the voltage of the specified system, a stator voltage oriented vector control algorithm has been developed. Using the developed dynamic simulation model, numerical investigations of electromechanical processes in the system supplying RL-load of the local consumers were carried out to verify the effectiveness of the proposed principles of voltage control and the proposed vector control algorithm of the generator. The main advantages of applying multi-module electronic power converters in autonomous power supply systems using a self-excited induction generator with a short circuited rotor winding and an electronic power converter connected to the stator terminals for reactive power control are noted. References 10, figures 3, table 1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This manuscript investigates the transformative shift in electricity generation and distribution towards distributed power networks, particularly microgrids, amid escalating energy demand and environmental concerns. Emphasizing a pioneering technoeconomic conservation voltage reduction–based demand response approach, the study integrates conservation voltage reduction as a controllable demand response method within distributed power networks, highlighting the developed droop control method for effective regulation. Conservation voltage reduction, a no‐cost procedure for minimizing loss, is applied to reduce voltage during peak periods to conserve power, decrease active and reactive power losses through precise load modeling, and enhance consumption efficiency. The most significant challenge of this project is the simultaneous use of conservation voltage reduction with the uncertainties of distributed generation sources, resulting to reduce losses and ultimately lower operating costs, a topic not previously studied in existing literature. The contributions include introducing a novel approach based on droop control to manage resources and presenting a detailed control strategy tailored to distributed power networks for improving voltage stability with minimal costs. Importantly, the proposed method demonstrates superior accuracy, achieving up to an 18% improvement over existing methods. This research contributes to comprehensive solutions for optimizing energy consumption, enhancing grid stability, and adapting to the evolving distributed power systems landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unlike the inverters in the traditional alternating‐current (AC) microgrid, those in a microgrid with series microsource inverters (SMSI‐MG) are connected to the power grid after being cascaded. The authors of this study first divide the control sections according to the degree of grid voltage dips and formulate a coordinated scheme to suppress fluctuations in the output powers of the SMSI‐MG. For the section in which the degree of unbalanced grid voltage dips is relatively low, a current‐limiting strategy that reduces the output power of the SMSI‐MG through the coordinated control of the generator subunits (CCGU) is proposed. More active power can be provided by the SMSI‐MG when the proposed strategy is used, than in the strategy that is based on changing the reference power, and the output reactive power of the SMSI‐MG can be automatically changed with the degrees of dip and unbalance of the grid voltage. The Light Gradient‐Boosting Machine (LightGBM) is used to establish a mapping relationship between the parameters characterizing overcurrent and the reduction quantity in output active power of the SMSI‐MG to implement the CCGU‐based current‐limiting strategy. The complex collaborative control is simplified to improve the low‐voltage ride through (LVRT) capability of the SMSI‐MG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a modular resonant inverter is proposed for high frequency industrial heating applications. To maintain a uniform heating profile, the inverter is operated in constant power mode. A hybrid voltage and frequency control is proposed. Voltage control is used for active power tracking while frequency control is used to minimise circulating current due to reactive power and to achieve soft switching for the inverter switches. Analytical and test results are shown to verify the proposed approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Commercial off‐the‐shelf (OTS) photovoltaic systems coupled with battery energy storage units (PV‐BES) are typically designed to increase household self‐consumption, neglecting their potential for voltage regulation in low voltage distribution networks (LVDNs). This work proposes an enhanced sensitivity‐based combined (ESC) control method for voltage regulation, using BES control as level 1 and reactive power compensation as level 2. A centralized controller manages charging/discharging intervals, while local inverters handle real‐time power rates and reactive power, ensuring effective LVDN voltage regulation. The BES set points are obtained concerning the measured local bus voltage and according to enhanced sensitivity coefficients. The enhancement algorithm ensures that the full capacity of BES is utilized and that there is adequate capacity during charging and discharging time intervals. The proposed method, tested on 8‐bus and 116‐bus LV test feeders, outperforms OTS and an adaptive decentralized (AD) control method by completely preventing overvoltage issues, minimizing various changes in the direction of BES power, and reducing voltage deviation without significantly affecting consumers' grid dependency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high penetration of renewable energy sources (RES) results in a low‐inertia, weak power grid. To mitigate this and restore system inertia, it has been widely proposed to operate the inverters of RES units to mimic synchronous generators; this technology is known as a virtual synchronous generator (VSG). In weak grids there is, however, strong coupling between active power (P$P$) and reactive power (Q$Q$), and any VSG technique therefore requires PQ$PQ$ decoupling in order to operate effectively. This article proposes a new PQ$PQ$ decoupling technique based on the transformation of the PQ$PQ$ power circle of a VSG connected to a weak grid: first, the power circle is translated from its designed position to that of a conventional synchronous generator (SG) connected to a strong grid, achieving partialPQ$PQ$ decoupling. Then, to achieve full PQ$PQ$ decoupling, the authors propose further to modulate the radius of the translated PQ$PQ$ power circle; this is achieved using a series resistance‐capacitance–inductance (RCL$RCL$) circuit which is virtually implemented in the VSG controller. The efficacy of the proposed scheme is validated using a modified synchronverter connected to the weak grid in representative loading scenarios. It is demonstrated that the technique achieves a decoupled PQ$PQ$ control for the synchronverter connected in a weak grid. Moreover, the modified synchronverter is capable of supporting frequency and voltage regulation in the grid without inducing large transient grid currents during mild frequency and voltage variations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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ABSTRACT The objective of this submission is to provide flexible reactive power regulation of a photovoltaic (PV)‐driven grid‐connected inverter. Here, inverter is realized as a synchronverter by employing frequency regulation using well‐established swing equation. However, reactive power regulation is accomplished by employing combined AC–DC voltage control in addition to traditional synchronverter control for ensuring smooth tracking of reactive power. Thus, the PV‐driven voltage source converter (VSC) will be injecting available active power as per the prevailing irradiation, temperature, and operator defined reactive power by employing proposed control. The performance of suggested control is evaluated and compared against existing control by considering realistic operational scenarios through a case study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high penetration of renewable energy sources (RESs) and power electronics devices has led to a continuous decline in power system stability. Due to the instability of grid-following converters (GFLCs) in weak grids, the grid-forming converters (GFMCs) have gained widespread attention featuring their flexible frequency and voltage regulation capabilities, as well as the satisfactory grid-supporting services, such as inertia and damping, et al. Notably, the risk of wideband oscillations in modern power grids is increasingly exacerbated by the reduced number of synchronous generators (SGs). Thus, the wideband oscillation suppression method based on adaptive active power droop control of GFMCs is presented in this paper. First, the stability of the hybrid grid-forming and grid-following system is obtained according to the improved short circuit ratio (ISCR), where the GFMC is in parallel at the point of common coupling (PCC) of the GFLC. Then, an adaptive adjustment strategy of the active power droop control is proposed to enhance the oscillation suppression capability across the full frequency range, thereby mitigating the wideband oscillation caused by phase-locked loop (PLL) synchronization in the GFLCs. Additionally, a first-order inertia control unit is added to the active and reactive power droop controllers to mitigate frequency and voltage variations as well as suppress potential mid-to-high frequency resonance. Finally, the wideband oscillation suppression strategy is validated by the simulation and experimental results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces a novel finite control set predictive direct power control method for grid‐connected converters without cost function evaluations. Unlike conventional predictive direct power control, since the proposed method does not use the model parameters, their uncertainties do not cause prediction error and inappropriate voltage vector selection. The method employs a new form of voltage vector selection based on the slopes of active and reactive powers. The slopes are predicted in a manner with a low sensitivity to sampling noise, without updating a look‐up table, and recursive methods. Hence, there are no stagnation and convergence issues. Also, the proposed method avoids startup problems caused by data‐lacking due to directly regulating the active and reactive power by a switching logic. Flexible power oscillations control with balanced sinusoidal grid currents without any signal sequence extraction can also be achieved under this method in unbalanced grid conditions. The proposed method is assessed by both simulation and experimental studies, and its performance is compared with existing robust combined and model predictive control methods. The outcomes highlight the influence of the proposed approach and establish its superiority over the other considered methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The purpose was to examine the prevalence of low energy availability (LEA), explore dietary behaviors in men collegiate gymnasts (n = 14), and investigate the relationships between energy availability (EA), body composition, and plyometric performance. Methods: Body composition was measured using air displacement plethysmography. Lower- and upper-body peak power (PWRpeak) and modified reactive strength index (RSImod) were calculated from countermovement jump (CMJ) and plyometric push-up (PP) assessments. Energy expenditure was tracked over 3 days, while daily energy and macronutrient intake were recorded. EA was calculated and used to categorize athletes into LEA and non-LEA groups. Pearson correlation coefficients were used to examine relationships between EA, body composition, and performance metrics. Results: 85.7% of athletes (n = 12) exhibited LEA (20.98 ± 5.2 kcals/kg FFM), with non-LEA athletes (n = 2) marginally surpassing the <30 kcal/kg of fat-free mass (FFM) threshold (30.58 ± 0.2 kcals/kg FFM). The cohort (n = 14) consumed insufficient energy (30.5 ± 4.5 kcal/kg/day) and carbohydrates (3.7 ± 1.1 g/kg/day), resulting in LEA (22.36 ± 5.9 kcal/kg/FFM). EA was not correlated with body composition or performance metrics. Discussion: A high prevalence of LEA may exist in men gymnasts, largely due to a low relative energy and carbohydrate intake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar photovoltaic (PV) energy is one of the most prominent topics that have attracted the attention of researchers in recent years. The use of solar energy is increasing rapidly in the world. Although using PV energy has various advantages, it has some disadvantages. Among these disadvantages, power factor (PF) and total harmonic distortion (THD) issues are discussed in this article. When solar PV systems are integrated into the grid, various power quality problems arise. In addition, due to low power quality and high harmonics, power system components overheat and start operating in undesirable regions; causes great damage. The magnitude of PF and THD is dependent on solar irradiation values. In order to determine how the power quality in the grid-connected solar system is affected by changes in solar irradiation (G), results for various irradiation situations are presented and analyzed. In addition, at low irradiance values, the amplitude of harmonic components and reactive power increases, whereas the power factor of the PV system decreases. Low power factor and high amplitude of harmonics cause the efficiency of the solar system to decrease. In this study, PF and THDI values were measured on a particular cloudy day for analysis. An analysis of the solar PV system was conducted using Matlab/simulation program to model the grid-connected PV system. Thus, the analytical expression of the PF and THDI, which are dependent on irradiation, was found with a new method by using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) program and the curve fitting method. Obtaining the analytical expressions for both solar irradiation (G) and power factor (PF) used the SPSS program and also solar irradiation (G) and total harmonic distortion (THDI) used the MATLAB curve fitting method which contributed to the science comparing to the existing literature. It can be prevented the low power quality by using such these expressions at low solar irradiation cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fault-induced delayed voltage recovery (FIDVR) and short-term voltage instability are increasing, especially due to the widespread implementation of residential air conditioners (RACs) in modern power systems. Single-phase induction motors in RACs have a high potential to stall in less than two to three cycles following a voltage dip in transmission or distribution systems. Using Shunt-FACTS devices, such as SVC and STATCOM, is a suitable solution for mitigating FIDVR events. In this paper, the Bayesian regularized artificial neural networks technique is employed to solve multidimensional mapping problems, taking into account the reactive powers injected into Busses. Following this, a multi-objective dynamic VAR programming is proposed to identify the optimal size of STATCOM for short-term voltage instability using trajectory sensitivities and heuristic optimization. This method is subject to complying with the criteria for dynamic and transient performance during FIDVR events. Dynamic VAR planning is carried out with assistance of the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-ӀӀ). The proposed multi-objective approach has been tested on the IEEE 39-bus system, taking into account time-varying practical load models. The results illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach in solving reactive power optimization problems while moderating the consequences of FIDVR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Five-level converters have a wide range of applications in the fields of locomotive traction, photovoltaic power generation and reactive power compensation. The problem of poor dynamic performance of a five-level rectifier with coupled inductor using traditional integer-order sliding mode control is investigated. Firstly, the mathematical model of the single-phase rectifier is established on the basis of the analysis of the mechanism of five-level generation. Secondly, a fractional-order sliding mode control (FOSMC) strategy with fast convergence is proposed to address the problems of slow response and large start-up overshoot of the traditional integer-order sliding mode control (IOSMC). The fractional-order calculus is introduced into the sliding mode control to improve the dynamic performance and convergence of the control system by increasing the degrees of freedom of the fractional-order calculus operator. Finally, the stability and convergence of the fractional-order sliding mode control system are demonstrated using Lyapunov theory, and the difference in convergence speed between the integer-order and fractional-order sliding mode systems is analyzed theoretically. Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed fractional-order sliding mode control has the advantages of faster convergence speed, shorter response time and stronger robustness compared with the traditional integer-order sliding mode control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a single-stage, 5-L common-ground-based inverter for grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) applications. The suggested design is able to enhance the PV input voltage by charging and discharging the capacitors in sequence. In order to achieve this, a peak current controller-based method that controls both the active and reactive powers that are injected into the grid is employed to create the pulses that are used to activate the power switches. The injected current dynamics are controlled using a phase-locked loop system. The performance of the suggested topology is evaluated using the MATLAB/Simulink software. The simulation results indicate that the proposed topology outperforms the other topologies in terms of component count, total standing voltage, and cost factor as well as the removal of leakage current. In addition, the performance of a prototype designed out of scaled-down hardware is also tested in the testing facility. This suggests that the utilization of proposed MLI and its corresponding control techniques exhibit efficacy in attaining the intended performance goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing penetration of the distributed energy resources (DER) in the power grid, which, while having significant advantages, also pose significant challenges. The behaviors of DERs differ from those of synchronous generators, particularly in abnormal conditions. For this reason, the power grid enforces grid codes to ensure that DERs perform properly in different conditions. For instance, short circuit faults and unbalanced grid voltage are severe transient events that inverters need to be able to pass through without disconnecting from the grid. Furthermore, the inverters are required to support the grid voltage by regulating the active and reactive power injections. This article proposes a voltage support control scheme to support grid voltage during asymmetrical voltage drop by utilizing an optimization problem. In this optimization problem, the active and reactive powers injected into the grid will be obtained optimally by considering constraints such as instantaneous active and reactive power oscillation magnitudes and peak current limitation. To aid in this purpose, the corresponding mathematical formulations such as instantaneous active and reactive power oscillation magnitudes will be obtained by using the currents and voltages in stationary reference frame. The proposed scheme will be verified by simulating it in MATLAB/Simulink under three different scenarios and tested on a real‐time experimental Opal‐RT platform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the cascaded H - bridge multilevel SVG (Static Var Generator), the inherent structural characteristics of the H - bridge lead to the presence of secondary ripple in the DC side capacitor voltage of the angular cascaded SVG, and the voltage ripple affect the degree of compensation of power quality and even lead to system dysregulation. In order to suppress the secondary ripple of the voltage on the H - bridge DC side of the angular cascaded SVG, this study proposes a design solution for the angular cascaded H - bridge multilevel SVG based on Boost type active power decoupling. The APD (Active Power Decoupling) circuit separates fluctuating power and stable power from each other and uses energy storage elements to absorb fluctuating power, which weakens the voltage ripple on the DC side of the H-bridge. The simulation platform was built and simulated using MATLAB/Simulink software. The simulation results show that the angular cascaded H - bridge multilevel SVG based on Boost type active power decoupling can effectively suppress the secondary ripple of the voltage of the DC side capacitor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The diode-rectifier unit (DRU)-based high-voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission system offers an economical solution for offshore wind power transmission. However, this approach requires offshore wind farms to establish a strong grid voltage. To meet this requirement while fulfilling the dynamic characteristics of the DRU, this paper proposes an advanced grid-forming (GFM) control strategy for offshore wind turbines connected to DRU-HVDC. The strategy incorporates a P-U controller and a Q- ω controller based on reactive power synchronization. Furthermore, a novel virtual power-based pre-synchronization method and an adaptive virtual impedance technique are integrated into the proposed GFM control to improve system performance during wind turbine (WT) integration and low-voltage ride-through (LVRT) scenarios. The virtual power-based pre-synchronization method reduces voltage spikes during the integration of new wind turbines, while the adaptive virtual impedance technique effectively suppresses fault currents during low-voltage faults, enabling faster recovery. Simulation results validate the effectiveness of the proposed GFM control strategy, demonstrating improved start-up and LVRT performance through the pre-synchronization and adaptive virtual impedance methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increasing integration of stochastic sources and loads, ensuring the flexibility of AC/DC hybrid distribution networks has become a pressing challenge. This paper aims to enhance the operational flexibility of AC/DC hybrid distribution networks by proposing a flexibility-oriented optimization framework that addresses the growing uncertainties. Notably, a comprehensive evaluation method for operational flexibility assessment is first established. Based on this, this paper further proposes a flexibility-oriented operation optimization model using the distributionally robust chance-constrained (DRCC) method. A customized solution method utilizing second-order cone relaxation and sample average approximation (SAA) is also introduced. The results of case studies indicate that the flexibility of AC/DC hybrid distribution networks is enhanced through sharing energy storage among multiple feeders, adaptive reactive power regulation using soft open points (SOPs) and static var compensators (SVCs), and power transfer between feeders via SOPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flexible user-side resources are of great potential in providing power regulation so as to effectively address the challenges of reverse power flow and overvoltage issues in distribution networks characterized by high photovoltaic (PV) penetration. However, existing distributed algorithms typically implement control signals after the convergence of the algorithms, making it difficult to track frequent and rapid fluctuations in PV power outputs in real time. Given this background, an online-distributed control algorithm for the real-time power regulation of flexible user-side resources is proposed in this paper. The objective of the established control model is to minimize network losses by dynamically adjusting active power outputs of flexible user-side resources and reactive power outputs of PV inverters while respecting branch power flow and voltage magnitude constraints. Furthermore, by deconstructing the centralized problem into a primal–dual one, a distributed control strategy based on the dual ascent method is implemented. With the proposed method, agents can achieve global optimality by exchanging limited information with their neighbors. The simulation results verify the good balance between economic efficiency and voltage control performance of the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Worldwide, photovoltaic installations are making an increasing contribution to electric energy generation. These are power-unstable sources due to the rapid and frequent change in insolation. As a result, a common problem noted in low-voltage power grids is that the permitted voltage values at the source connection point are exceeded. There are several methods of limiting the voltage values present at the inverter. One of them is the generation of reactive power in a photovoltaic installation. In the literature, one can find many relationships that allow one to determine the increase in voltage caused by the change in reactive power, where the imaginary part of the voltage loss is omitted as insignificant. The authors' research has shown that this can lead to significant errors. Omitting the imaginary value causes the determined values to be even more than 4.5 times smaller—these differences increase with the length of the line. The analyses carried out by the authors show that the determination of voltage increments with and without taking into account the imaginary part of the voltage loss in the calculations differs from the values determined via computer simulation (failure to take into account the imaginary part results in calculated values of voltage increase being lower than the values determined via a computer by about 40% on average). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The large-scale integration of wind power significantly alters the voltage dynamic characteristics of power systems. Wind turbines have a weak ability to withstand grid disturbances and have difficulty in providing effective reactive power support during transient periods. The sensitivity of wind turbines to the grid voltage significantly increases the probability of large-scale, cascading off-grid events. This paper proposes a coordinated control strategy to enhance the transient reactive power support capability of doubly fed wind farms. The additional stator current demagnetization control reduces the risk of a crowbar protection action after a fault and ensures that the unit power is controllable. Based on the voltage–reactive power coupling relationship, each unit can produce reactive power according to the voltage–reactive power sensitivity matrix during the transient period. After the reactive power output of the unit reaches the limit, transient active and reactive combined control is further adopted to reduce the active power output of the unit to a certain extent and improve the reactive power support capability. Finally, two cases are built in the PSCAD to verify the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy. The results show that the proposed control strategy can enable the wind farm to output more reactive power to the grid during the transient period, effectively supporting the system voltage during the transient process and avoiding further deterioration of the fault. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces a novel droop-based decentralized control scheme to address the power-sharing challenges within a PV-fed islanded AC microgrid. This novel approach integrates both conventional (P-f/Q-V) and virtual impedance concepts to optimize and manage the precise distribution of active and reactive power among parallel operating inverters posing a significant research challenge. The conventional droop control methods encounter limitations such as voltage and frequency deviations and inaccuracies in power-sharing due to line impedance disparities. To overcome these limitations, the proposed solution integrates an enhanced virtual impedance control loop alongside the conventional control loop (P-f/Q-V). The efficacy of this approach is showcased through simulations conducted using the OPAL-RT OP4510 simulator within the MATLAB/Simulink platform. The Real-time simulation outcomes confirm the efficiency of the suggested control strategy, guaranteeing precise distribution of both active and reactive power while upholding stable voltage and frequency profiles within the system. • A novel virtual impedance structure for improved power sharing capability among parallel inverters. • PCC voltage stability under load change and line impedance mismatch scenarios. • Restoration of AC MG frequency under load transient condition. • An analytical solution for choosing the equivalent output virtual impedance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]