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The definition of language and its relation to objects is a persistent problem of contemporary philosophical thought. This paper is an attempt to single out and to reconstruct the linguistical and semiological concepts from the rich body of work of modern French philosopher Jean Baudrillard. Given topic of study is relevant due to lack of research in J. Baudrillard’s linguistic philosophy, and such research can be further used as an effective model of the analysis of social and linguistic phenomena in modern society. J. Baudrillard’s theory of simulation originates from observation of changes to linguistic signs that keep their referentiality but at the same time lose their connection to referent. The exclusion of referent from the relations of signifier and signified within the linguistic theory of value marks the loss of ontological basis for signification. For Baudrillard, two main reasons of this change are forgery of reference and European poetic language as the beginning of the symbolic exchange revolution. The code becomes the dominant mode of relationship between the sign and the object, subordinating the sphere of signifiers to itself. Symbolic exchange mutates the sign so it becomes dual with its referent on the basis of the logic of difference as radical otherness. In Baudrillard’s philosophical system, code appears as one of the most important features of simulation, a substantial basis for difference and a unified correlation of its elements which allows the system to develop. The opposite to differential relations is a framework of impossible exchange, which main feature is singularity of signs as inconceivable and untranslatable origin. The singularity becomes its own event and does not enter into a relationship of difference, it becomes a unique sign, or a sign without content.

Resumen: El objetivo de este trabajo es enfocar nuestra atencion en las propiedades pragmaticas y semanticas relacionadas con el cambio de referente y significado al usar el pronombre de segunda persona singular en determinadas situaciones comunicativas, es decir, en su caracterizacion impersonal y no personal. Para conseguir los objetivos deseados, basamos nuestra hipotesis en que el pronombre de segunda persona singular no apunta siempre al receptor del acto de habla, sino que sus connotaciones pragmaticas dan matices muy generalizados o vagos en muchos casos. En este trabajo contamos con la metodologia analitico-descriptiva. El corpus en el que se basa el trabajo se extrae de los dialogos grabados por el grupo Val.Es.Co (Briz et. al. 2002). Abstract: Impersonal uses of the second person singular pronoun "tu" in Spanish The aim of this work is to focus our attention on the pragmatic and semantic properties related to the change of referent and meaning when using the second person singular pronoun in Spanish in certain communicative situations, that is, in its impersonal and non-personal characterization. We base our hypothesis on the fact that the second person singular pronoun does not always point to the addressee of the speech act, but rather that its pragmatic connotations give a very generalized meaning in many cases. In this paper we use the analytical-descriptive methodology. The corpus on which the work is based is extracted from the dialogues recorded by the group Val.Es.Co (Briz et. al.: 2002).

This article, from a conversation analytic perspective, explores the functions of the Korean ‘subject’ particle ka, ‘topic’ particle nun, and zero particle, as used by children for formulating WH-questions (e.g., ‘What is this-ka/nun/o?’). Using video-recorded adult-child interactions, it describes how the three particles are deployed for organizing the information-seeking action as different types of stance-taking actions. The ka-marked WH-question is shown to be embedded in contexts where the target referent is oriented to as a ‘problem’, as revealed by the way a child speaker disjunctively solicits an adult recipient's assistance, often displaying a negatively valenced affective stance. Zero-marking, by contrast, embodies the child speaker's stance towards being congruent with the terms of the current activity, with the inquiry being made about the ‘situated relevance’ of the target referent therein. The use of the nun-marked WH-question is remedially motivated, with the child speaker's stance displayed towards enlivening/sustaining the sequence, and keeping an adult recipient involved as the interlocutor. The findings indicate that children's competence matches that of adults not only in implementing an information-seeking action, but also in organizing distinct types of stance and recipiency, through managing the three particles as interactional resources.

En esta investigación, se presenta el análisis lingüístico y pragmático de los adverbios deícticos dimensionales que se emplean en la lengua ashéninka del Alto Perené. Los datos fueron recogidos entre 2014 y 2018 en tres comunidades nativas ashéninka ubicadas en la provincia de Chanchamayo (Junín). Entre las manifestaciones gramaticales de la deixis espacial en la lengua ashéninka, se tiene aquella que se expresa a través de adverbios que describen situaciones orientadas hacia la posición del emisor y del referente. Con este fin, en esta lengua, se emplean adverbios que sistematizan las nociones posicionales de superioridad-inferioridad a través de tonkari y otapina, en lo que se refiere a posición, y mediante jenoki y osabiki, en lo que se refiere a dirección. Asimismo, se sistematiza la noción de posterioridad a través de otapiki y de lateralidad a través de akopero y ampate. En la mayoría de contextos, estos adverbios anexan el sufijo locativo -ki para obtener la categoría de deíctico.

Este artigo é resultado de pesquisa bibliográfica, de colheita e tratamento de dados, e de estudo de casos em que se buscou tratar os dados e as informações identificados nas literaturas histórica, sociológica, política e jurídica local, nacional e internacional, bem como em indicadores e informações oficiais, tendo como Norte a participação da mulher no processo eleitoral, e a dimensão da impor- tância das instituições, enquanto movimentos de renovação política, especialmente a RAPS, a Fundação Lemann e o RenovaBR, na promoção de tal participação, do que se concluiu que é preciso estimular tais movimentos suprapartidários que já alcançam resultados re- levantes. Utilizou-se, para tanto, da técnica do referente e aplicou-se o método indutivo.

This study formalizes and compares two major hypotheses in speakers’ choices of referring expressions: the topicality model that chooses a form based on the topicality of the referent, and the rati...

A range of studies investigating how overspecified referring expressions (e.g., the stripy cup to describe a single cup) affect referent identification have found it to slow identification, speed it up, or yield no effect on processing speed. To date, these studies have all used adjectives that are semantically arbitrary within the sentential context. In addition to the standard ‘informativeness’ design that manipulates the presence of contrast sets, we controlled the semantic relevance of adjectives in discourse to reveal whether overspecifying adjectives would affect processing when relevant to the context (fed the hungry rabbit) compared to when they are not (tickled the hungry rabbit). Using a self-paced reading paradigm with a sample of adult participants (N = 31), we found that overspecified noun phrases were read more slowly than those that distinguished a member of a contrast set. Importantly, this penalty was mitigated when adjectives were semantically relevant. Contrary to classical approaches, we show that modifiers do not necessarily presuppose a set, and that referential and semantic information is integrated rapidly in pragmatic processing. Our data support Fukumura and van Gompel's (2017) meaning-based redundancy hypothesis, which predicts that it is the specific semantic representation of the overspecifying adjective that determines whether a penalty is incurred, rather than generic Gricean expectations. We extend this account using a novel experimental design.

National Innovation Systems are found to be impacted by different cultural facets of the referent ecosystem; yet the findings are conflicting. This study undertakes a cross-country comparison to de...

The article analyses the loss of agreement between the dative clitic and its plural nominal referent in indirect object clitic-doubling in Spanish spoken in Galicia. On the basis of the previously defended hypothesis that number disagreement makes part of a grammaticalisation process whereby the clitic becomes a case affix, the paper examines some internal factors which lack consensus in previous studies, such as the relation between (in)transitivity and position of the clitic or animacity of nominal referents of the IO, and other external factors. Data analysis reveals that the percentage of disagreement in this area is much higher than in other Spanish speaking areas. This fact might be a consequence of language contact with Galician, a language where number inflection in the dative clitic is neutralised. To verify this hypothesis, the paper explores the relation between the number of occurrences of disagreement and the level of bilingualism of the speakers.

This study examines, from a conversation-analytic perspective, the use of [NP+wa?] format turns ([NP+wa?] turns) by young Japanese children aged 23–33 months, who have started using the so-called topic marker wa. Most of their [NP+wa?] turns are used in one of the following environments: 1) the NP in an [NP+wa?] turn refers to a person or object absent from the scene, 2) the NP refers to an object of noticing that is present at the scene, and 3) [NP+wa?] turns are used repeatedly. I will show that each of these situations provides co-participants with guidance to determine how the NP referent is relevant to the here-and-now and what kind of response is expected. I will then claim that [NP+wa?] turns provide these children with a convenient and powerful tool to engage with the everyday social world around them; that is, to explore how the life-world is organized and ordered. Furthermore, I will propose that wa can be seen as marking the speaker's claim that the recipient should be able to detect the preceding NP referent's relevance to the here-and-now. I claim that this is what is fundamentally involved in the “topic-marking” function that is conventionally associated with the particle wa.

The growing awareness of environmental issues can be linked to the demand for green transport innovations. Consumer behavior studies have pointed to the importance of consumer innovativeness (CI) and green perceptions in the adoption of green innovations. The purpose of this paper is to identify how users and nonusers of shared micromobility perceive the greenness of shared e-bikes and e-scooters and how CI affects shared microvehicle adoption. The paper also analyses the relationships between green perceptions and environmental referent cognitions—biospheric values, environmental knowledge, ascription of responsibility, and environmental attitudes. Shared e-bike and e-scooter users and nonusers in Copenhagen and Stockholm were surveyed using an online questionnaire. Results revealed that users consider themselves innovative and perceive the shared microvehicles as relatively green, while nonusers do not. When comparing users, CI and green perceptions relate to shared e-bike use, but notably, only CI is linked to shared e-scooter use. The results also show that environmental knowledge and environmental attitudes are related to green perceptions. The practical and theoretical implications of the results are discussed. (Less)

Often, political theories of the subject detach the subject from nature or else reduce the subject to a mere aggregate of natural features. Consequently, many attempts to articulate theories of the subject purport to preserve political theoretical concepts such as freedom, normativity, or responsibility by means of disjoining the subject from its environment. This article proposes a new theory of the ecologically conditioned subject. Developing the concept of companion ecologies, the article employs three examples – architecture, the human microbiome, and indigenous Amazonian ontologies – to show how theorizing the subject at all necessitates theorizing her ecological conditions, as well. Companion ecologies do not refer merely to our environmental conditions, then. The term also functions as a referent. Ultimately, companion ecologies reveal that the individuation and formation of the subject is a process that takes place, paradoxically, only because of the ecological plurality underlying it. From this, I derive a minimalist theory of the subject for which subjects are materially and temporally extended and causally distributed morphogenetic sites, which emerge only in the context of interactive, multiscalar, and overlapping companion ecologies.

This paper analyzes pronominal competition and its pragmatic consequences in Scottish Gaelic (Celtic). In cases of competition cross-linguistically, use of a particular pronoun can trigger pragmatic effects like negative appraisal (N-effects). Although Scottish Gaelic exhibits a superficially similar pattern of competition and negative appraisal, I show that existing accounts based on referential potential (Sichel and Wiltschko 2020) and structure (Patel-Grosz and Grosz 2017) are unable to capture the Scottish Gaelic pattern. Instead, I argue that negative appraisal in Scottish Gaelic stems from the absence of positive appraisal, signaled via use of exempt anaphors. Following Charnavel (2020), I propose that exempt anaphors are anteceded by a null prolog introduced by a logophoric operator, which requires its complement to be evaluated from the perspective of prolog’s antecedent. By using an exempt anaphor, a speaker adopts the perspective of the pronoun’s referent, indicating positive appraisal since they are willing to take the referent’s point of view. Yet when a speaker chooses not to use an exempt anaphor, they refuse to make this perspective shift, which translates as negative appraisal. Apparent N-effects in Scottish Gaelic are, then, better characterized as not-P-effects.

This paper explores the extent to which L1-Korean L2-English speakers’ L1 influences the computation of conversational implicatures for the definite and demonstrative determiners the and that in English. Both the and that denote unique referents, but that carries implication of contrast (Roberts, 2002). Following Submaxim 2 of the Gricean Quantity Maxim, using that instead of unmarked the implicates that the referent is being implicitly contrasted with other members of the same noun. Korean has no equivalent for the and the demonstrative ku ‘that’ is situated on the semantic scale between the and that. This partial overlap could influence L1-Korean L2-English speakers’ implicature computation even though ku also carries implication of contrast. Acceptability judgment data indicate that unlike native speakers, L2 speakers did not show sensitivity to infelicitous use of that, indicating difficulty computing implicatures. Results are discussed in terms of crosslinguistic influence at the semantics-pragmatics interface in L2 acquisition.

This study intended to identify which referent features are more frequently selected in the naming of the concept class of places and, in turn, determine which are the preferred conceptualizations in Mapudungun. This language is mainly spoken by Mapuche people in central and southern areas of Chile and in the Central-West area of Argentina. To identify the features of this conceptualization, a cognitive-semantic analysis of the conceptual patterns of 112 nominal compounds pertaining to the concept subclasses of natural places (intervened and non-intervened) and non-natural places (installations and territorial divisions) was conducted. Results show that, for non-intervened natural places, an entity present in the natural place is preferably selected in the name, whereas for intervened places, an agricultural activity or an animal associated to the place is preferably chosen. Concerning installations, the preferred conceptual pattern specifies, by means of the constituent ruka ‘house’, the man-made nature of the place. Regarding territorial divisions, the preferred naming pattern combines two place concepts. This information is crucial for the creation of neologisms in Mapudungun because it guarantees that newly formed lexical units are coherent with the Mapuche worldview and do not import foreign models. Resumen El presente estudio se propuso identificar qué aspectos del referente son seleccionados con mayor frecuencia en la denominación de los conceptos de lugar y, a su vez, determinar cuáles son las conceptualizaciones preferidas en mapudungún, lengua del pueblo mapuche, hablada principalmente en el centro y sur de Chile y en el centro-oeste de Argentina. Para lograr esto, se realizó un análisis cognitivo-semántico de los patrones conceptuales de 112 compuestos nominales relativos a las subclases conceptuales de lugares naturales (no intervenidos e intervenidos) y no naturales (instalaciones y divisiones territoriales). Los resultados muestran que en la denominación de los lugares naturales no intervenidos se selecciona preferentemente una entidad presente en el lugar natural; mientras que, en los intervenidos, lo es una actividad agrícola o un animal asociado al lugar. En las instalaciones, el patrón conceptual preferente especifica, mediante el constituyente ruka 'casa', la naturaleza artificial del lugar; mientras que en las divisiones territoriales, el patrón conceptual preferente combina dos conceptos de lugar. Esta información es crucial para la creación de neologismos en mapudungún, pues garantiza que las unidades léxicas recién formadas sean coherentes con la visión del mundo de los mapuches y no importen modelos ajenos. Résumé Cette étude vise à identifier quels aspects du référent sont choisis plus fréquemment pour nommer des concepts de lieu et, au même temps, à décrire les conceptualisations préférées en langue Mapudungun, langue du peuple Mapuche qui est parlée surtout dans le centre et sud du Chili et dans le centre-ouest de l’Argentine. Dans ce but, nous avons mené une analyse sémantique-cognitive des patrons conceptuels reflétés dans les dénominations de 112 noms composés appartenant aux classes conceptuelles de lieux naturels (exploités et non exploités) et lieux non naturels (installations et répartitions territoriales). Les résultats montrent que pour les lieux naturels non exploités, une entité présente dans le lieu est choisie de préférence ; tandis que pour les lieux exploités, c’est une activité agricole ou un animal associé au lieu qui est choisi le plus souvent. Pour les installations, le patron conceptuel préferentiel souligne le caractère artificiel du lieu au moyen du formant ruka ‘maison’ ; alors que les répartitions territoriales combinent deux concepts de lieu. Cettes données sont très utiles pour informer la création de néologismes en mapudungun, car elles permettent d’assurer que les nouvelles unités sont formées de façon cohérente avec la vision du monde du peuple mapuche et on n’importe pas de modèles étrangers.

Jerome Kern's “All the Things You Are” has enjoyed a lengthy and varied history as a jazz standard. Like many other standards, hundreds of recordings of the tune exist, each rendition different fro...

Toddlers learn more about the world from picture books with photographs instead of drawings, but commercial books often have tactile features such as flaps that may counterintuitively hinder learning. This study tested how lift-the-flap features in a commercial picture book of first words affected 2-year-olds’ (N = 32) learning of a new word for an unfamiliar food. Sixteen children saw the original lift-the-flap book, which depicted photos, and 16 saw the same book except that it was modified to have no flaps. The researcher went through the book with the child, labeling each fruit and vegetable six times. All children were unfamiliar with starfruit and were taught that it was called “carambola.” After they saw the book, children’s learning was tested by asking them to choose the target (i.e., “Show me carambola”) from an array of 3 photos and then from an array of 3 fake food objects. Children who saw the lift-the-flap book chose the carambola target significantly less often than those who saw the modified no-flap book, and only those who saw the no-flap book performed above chance. However, the 2 groups did not differ in recognizing six higher frequency food words that were also presented in the book. Thus, 2-year-olds’ word learning was hindered when taught using a book with tactile features versus one without. This finding supports dual representation accounts arguing that a symbol’s concreteness interferes with representation of its abstract referent, and cognitive load accounts suggesting that tactile features distract attention from the book’s content. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved)

El presente artículo hace un análisis de los aspectos fenomenológicos y semiológicos inherentes en la Arquitectura computacional. Primeramente, desarrolla un estudio descriptivo y comparativo de los aspectos fenomenológicos y semiológicos en la metodología de diseño arquitectónico, a través de las teorías de los principales arquitectos referentes en el tema. Analiza la implementación de estos aspectos en la Arquitectura Algorítmica-Paramétrica (AAP). Finalmente, propone un diagrama metodológico con su implementación. El estudio realizado distingue cualidades de mayor compatibilidad que fricción en los aspectos analizados. Ejemplifica a través de los productos arquitectónicos de Kengo Kuma y las manifestaciones vanguardistas de diseño computacional llamado Discretismo, la afinidad latente entre estos enfoques. La metodología propuesta, muestra herramientas algorítmicas para generar producciones similares a través del entorno de programación visual llamado Grasshopper.

The Map Task (Anderson et al., 1991) and Tangram Task (Clark & Wilkes-Gibbs, 1986) are traditional referential communication tasks that are used in psycholinguistics research to demonstrate how conversational partners mutually agree on descriptions (or referring expressions) for landmarks or unusual target objects. These highly-controlled, laboratory-based tasks take place under conditions that are relatively unusual for naturally-occurring conversations (Speed, Wnuk, & Majid, 2016). In this study, we used the Artwalk Task (Liu, Fox Tree, & Walker, 2016) – a real world-situated blend of the Map Task and Tangram Task – to demonstrate that the process of negotiating referring expressions ‘in the wild’ is similar to the process that takes place in a laboratory. In Artwalk, participant pairs communicated via a Skype-to-mobile phone connection. One participant guided the other through a small downtown area with the goal of identifying public art objects, finding objects twice during two rounds. In addition to replicating laboratory results, we also found that acquaintanceship and extraversion influenced the number of unique descriptors used by dyads in this task. In Round 1, introverts in stranger dyads used fewer descriptors but introverts in friend dyads were indistinguishable from extraverts. The influence of extraversion declined by Round 2. This study suggests that referent negotiation observed in labs is generalizable but that naturalistic communication is subject to social and personality factors that may not be as influential in laboratory conditions.

The article is devoted to the analysis of a sarcastic evaluation of a person, which leads to their discrediting in media texts. Sarcastic evaluation is considered in terms of linguistic praxeology: the language and compositional means of nomination, description, and actions are analyzed. In a media text, these means interact with the means of expressing the category of deviance and forming semantic nodes. The category of deviance can manifest itself, on the one hand, in exuberance or the absurd, while on the other, in simplification or insufficiency of the sign revelation. Also, specific sarcastic speech techniques are identified. They are based on the discrepancy of referent and illocutionary meanings in the person’s speech portrait. The study of Russian media discourse about Swedish eco-activist Greta Thunberg revealed the active use of linguistic means expressing sarcastic evaluation to demonstrate the opposing viewpoint in relation to the transmitted semantic position of “Other”. When the media represents Greta in the totality of her disadvantages, this enters into a polemic against those who support the ideas of this person. With the help of sarcasm, the media shows the absurdness and failure of these ideas. In this case, a sarcastic evaluation becomes an instrument of discrediting not only the person him/herself, but also his/her views and associates. Linguistic means of sarcastic evaluation are widely represented in discrediting media texts. The most important of them are means such as absurdity, hyperbole, alogism, simplification, etc.

Conceptual critique of the concept of myth should be a priority for anyone using the word in scholarship. A critical attitude to "myth," first, consists in becoming aware that the term trades on the Greek, "mythos." Second, a critical approach recognizes the great range of uses of the term, from its hypothesized, upper-case form-"Myth"- to a variety of less exalted uses in lower case-"myth" or "myths." No common referent necessarily exists of the diverse uses of these terms. Each use will tend to have its own rationale for faithfully representing how one should use the term. After one submits a given use of "myth" to critical chastening, the term can then be used in cultural and social research. For example, one recommended use of "myth" might be "important story."

This study illustrates Korean speakers' routine practice of deploying the so-called subject particle ka in negatively valenced questions that display incipient disagreement, express disbelief, or make a challenge or complaint. An examination of 18 naturally occurring face-to-face conversations shows that a speaker's selection of the particle in such questions is contingent on neither the grammatical role of the referent (subject) nor the referent's information state (new vs. old). It is instead consistently contingent on the interactional job being done by the question (action formation) and the question's position in the sequential and interactional environment: the speaker questions how a referent is represented or understood in a prior turn, or notes a problem with the current state of the referent, as departing from the speaker's knowledge, understanding, or expectations. The particle serves to bring the target referent to the fore as the object of trouble at that moment of the interaction while leaving other possible candidates behind. This study illuminates the interactional import of the particle ka by demonstrating how it contributes to speakers' practices for managing discrepancies in their knowledge, understanding, or expectations regarding objects or matters in the material and social world with other participants of the talk-in-interaction.

The results of a comprehensive study of color names derived from the names of colored stones in the system of color names of the modern Russian language are presented in the article. The research was conducted in 2018-2020 in two stages using the methods of content analysis and an online psycholinguistic experiment. At the first stage, the state of the semantic group of names of colored stones, potential objects-referents of color names, was assessed by analyzing four different groups of sources: specialized dictionaries of colored stones, dictionaries of color, individual author's dictionaries of color names and explanatory dictionaries of the modern Russian language. At the second stage, the state of the color terms formed from the names of colored stones in the active vocabulary of modern Russian speakers was investigated on the basis of data from an online psycholinguistic experiment, in which 2,457 people aged 16 to 95 took part. The results of a comparative analysis of the lists of colored stones-prototypes of color names in the passive and active dictionaries of the speakers of the modern Russian language are presented. The scope of denotation and the function of color names derived from the names of colored stones are considered. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the derivative productivity of the names of referent objects of the studied class and the frequency of use of individual color names in the responses of Russian speakers with different socio-demographic characteristics (gender, age, professional experience).

In this paper I explain the difference between the notions possessive dative and possessive accusative as used by me and other linguists like Vandeweghe (e.g. 1986 and 1987) and the notions dative and accusative inalienable possessors as used in Broekhuis et al. (2015). It is not so much the difference in the descriptive system I want to focus on, but the difference in aim. Broekhuis et al. want to specify the syntactic encoding of ‘inalienable possession’ and come to the conclusion that the possessor of the inalienable possession is always the referent of an indirect object, be it on different syntactic levels. I want to explain why this is the case. This can be done by showing that the complex predicates in inalienable possession constructions are comparable to the dative verbs in constructions with a regular indirect object, due to the fact that they contain a constituent referring to inalienable possession. Our descriptions have much in common and if we see them as complementary, they can profit from each other.

The specialty of hybrid nouns is their different agreement according to certain features of the agreement target. They result from a conflict within in the gender assignment system. For example, the German noun Mädchen (semi-transparent diminutive for denoting a girl) is grammatical neuter but it refers to a female person. In German, nouns denoting females are feminine but diminutives are neuter. Since both rules apply, you can refer to Mädchen with a neuter (es) but also with a feminine pronoun (sie). There are different factors which influence the agreement pattern: the linear distance between noun and pronoun and the type of agreement target. So far there are only few studies on the influence of possible non-grammatical factors such as the age of the referent. In this paper, I elaborate on those factors and present the results of a discourse completion task focusing on the influence of a sexualized context.

In Swiss German dialects first names are commonly used with a preceding article. Historically, the function of these so-called onymic articles was to show the name’s case. They first arose when inflection of first names had been omitted and case was thus no longer expressed in suffixes. The data gathered in 2016 in an online survey for the research project “Das Anna und ihr Hund” indicate that today the function of reflecting the case is hardly relevant. However, it is important to the speakers to emphasize the nameʼs grammatical gender. The three grammatical genders in (Swiss) German are feminine, masculine, and neuter. Typically, the ono­nymic articles’ grammatical gender corresponds to their referents’ biological gender, i. e. feminine articles for women’s names, masculine articles for men’s names. But sometimes neuter articles are used with female or, less often, with male names. Therefore, the same first name can have different grammatical genders that are indicated with an onymic article, e. g. d Anna (f.) or s Anna (n.). The choice of the article depends on the speaker, the situation, the referent, and other factors. Based on these observations, it is argued that marking grammatical gender is the onymic article’s main function and marking case is secondary.

In rural speech communities, when speakers refer to persons, their family of origin is omnipresent, not only by passing on the name of the family patriarch, but also in the serialization of surname and first name and in the grammatical structures of reference forms (der Müller Peter, s Müllers Peter). This paper portrays the diachronic development of reference forms and elaborates on their preservation in synchronic reference systems. Furthermore, it explores a referent’s linguistic categorization into social groups and shows that different grammatical structures foreground certain distinctions, which can also overlap. In rural villages, inofficial house names, derived from the patriarch’s first name or profession, are still in use. When an individual marries into another house, the reference to this person can change accordingly.

In this study, stress diacritics were used to investigate the processing of stress information in lexical decision. We ran two experiments in Italian, a language in which stress position is not predictable by rule and only final stress—that is, the less common pattern—is orthographically marked with a diacritic. In Experiment 1, a lexical decision task, two factors were manipulated: the stress pattern of words—antepenultimate (nondominant) and penultimate (dominant)—and the presence/absence of the diacritics, signalling the stress position. Participants were faster to categorise stimuli as words when they bear dominant than nondominant stress. However, the advantage disappeared when the diacritic was used. In Experiment 2, a same-different verification task was used in which participants had to decide if a referent word and a target were same (carota-CAROTA, /ka’rɔta/; tavolo-TAVOLO, /’tavolo/) or different. We compared two conditions requiring a “different” response, in which referent and target with dominant and nondominant stress were congruent (caròta-CAROTA; tàvolo-TAVOLO) or incongruent (càrota-CAROTA; tavòlo-TAVOLO) with the word’s stress. For words with dominant stress, “different” responses were faster in the incongruent condition than the congruent condition. This congruency effect was not observed for words with nondominant stress pattern. Overall, the data suggest that stress information is based on lexical phonology, and the stress dominance effect has a lexical base in word recognition.

The book of Gold leaves by Mirza Waheed aims to present the interconnectedness of memory and trauma in making the survival of an individual complicated. Memory of any incident makes it traumatic when it returns with haunted effects. Remembrance of traumatic incidents makes survival complicated by creating a distressing situation for the devastated self by switching the timeless past into the present through Bakhtin's chronotopic images of time and place. Struggle to re-memorize the event through narration is like denying the traditional concept of indescribability of trauma and narration is equal to re-live that moment and be at that place again in the memory when places turned into traumatic sites and time ceased. Time becomes circular and these sites become a referent of that devastating time according to Caruth, it is the trauma of survival rather than the death that pinches most. Waheed's book of Gold leaves is a part of Kashmiri literature, explores the struggle to gain freedom and identity through collective losses. Intriguing situations of lockdown and bombings are enough to create hollow identities. Thus Words, being semantically analyzed, heighten the trauma of survival through the Spatio-temporal spectrum.

Introduction. Objectives. The paper discusses functioning of Russian pronominal lexemes kakoj ‘which’ and kak ‘how’ in the speech of children, separating them from other interrogative/relative wh-words. It also questions to what extent children’s speech behavior in this field is different from adults’ behavior. Material and Methods. To analyse children’s speech we have used transcripts of audio and video recordings provided by the Children’s speech data foundation of Herzen Russian State Pedagogical University and Institute of Linguistic Studies RAS (5 children aged 1,5 to 6 years); to analyse adults’ speech we have used the data of the spoken subcorpus of the Russian National Corpus. We have extracted 925 utterances with kakoj and kak from the children’s corpora and, for comparison, 1040 utterances from the Russian National Corpus, and run the functional-semantic analysis of the utterances. Results. The main functions characteristic for kakoj and kak are: relative, interrogative, deictic, emphatic and indefinite. In the children’s speech the first place is given to the types connected with the idea of the deictic reference point: demonstrative phrases like vot kakoj ‘that’s what/which’, demonstrative-relative constructions like smotri, kakoj ‘look, what/which’, emphatic, and such interrogative types, where the referent is present within the communicative situation. The adults’ speech primarily features the interrogative function (the referent is outside of the communicative situation) and relative constructions with the verbs of speech and thought. Moreover, only adults use the indefinite function. Conclusions. "Kakoj" and "kak" in the speech of children tend to be more deictic than quantifying (interrogative) and closer to their demonstrative counterparts takoj ‘such’ and tak ‘in a such manner’ that to other wh-words. When children grow older, their pronominal system becomes more adult-like: the number of demonstrative utterances decreases, while the questions on the objects and actions excluded from the communicative situation get more frequent; relative constructions with the verbs of speech and thought and with coreferent nouns and pronouns develop.

International audience; Our interest is in the development of modeling activities that link knowledge in various mathematical fields and other scientific disciplines. Looking at mathematics education research we highlight the benefits and limitations of "problem-solving" and of approaches that involve translation between the real world and mathematics. Science education seldom takes mathematics into account. Its contribution is the conception of an "empirical referent". Using epistemological studies, we highlight examples of modeling situations supported by a plurality of models and an organization of work that allows students to engage with them. To do this we adopt the theoretical framework of connected workingspaces. A case study shows how students create linkages between the workspaces and the benefits of the connections on their understanding of concepts at stake.; Nous nous intéressons à la conception d’activités de modélisation pour la mise en relation de connaissances dans divers champs des mathématiques et d’autres disciplines scientifiques. En didactique des mathématiques, nous soulignons les apports, mais aussi les limites des approches "problem solving" et "translation entre réalité et mathématiques". La didactique des sciences prend quant à elle peu en compte les mathématiques. Son apport est dans la conception d’un "référent empirique". A partir d’études épistémologiques, nous privilégions des situations de modélisation s’appuyant sur une pluralité de modèles et une organisation du travail des élèves qui leur permette de confronter ces modèles. Nous adoptons pour cela le cadre théorique des espaces de travail connectés. Un exemple de situation montre comment les élèves créent des connexions entre espaces de travail et les apports de ces connexions à leur compréhension des concepts en jeu.

Since May 2020, BLT DD has been implemented in Jember Regency, including Bangsalsari Village. However, in fact it’s couldn’t avoid a pros and cons, especially to recipients. So, it’s mean Bangsalsari must be respons and give right information public. Every regulation must referent to hierarchy of legislation, same as the BLT DD rules. However, we know law have the legal principles "lex specialis derogat legi generalis", Then regulation of Jember regency Number 8 of 2016 about Public Information Openness must be a reference to do programs of Jember regency. There are three elements that must be fulfilled in the implementation of BLT DD in Bangsalsari Village, in order to realize information transparency, namely publication, participation and reporting. Bangsalsari Village has fulfilled these three elements in the implementation of BLT DD.

This paper presents an original semantic theory of proper names that aims to cover both non-empty and empty proper names. According to the theory, proper names have simple assignable hyperintensions as their content. This content provides the referent (if there is one) for which the proper name stands. The paper further describes the role of the proposed content of (empty) proper names within the compositional semantics of problematic sentences. I stress the difference between the content of a sentence (i.e. its hyperintension) and the proposition (i.e. a mapping from possible worlds to truth values) denoted by that sentence.

En este artículo se rescata un ciclo de cinco conferencias sobre “El ultra proteccionismo” dictadas por el abogado y filósofo uruguayo Carlos Vaz Ferreira en la Universidad de la República a mediados de 1932. El valor de sus apreciaciones sobre este “mal” que afectaba a la humanidad lo mantiene vigente en 1944 cuando volvió a disertar sobre este tema, una vez más en el marco universitario. Vaz Ferreira se hizo eco de la gravedad de la crisis del capitalismo, como voz referente en el Uruguay del centenario. Aportó una mirada defensora del liberalismo comercial. No obstante, dada la imposibilidad de su práctica generalizada en ese tiempo, se presentó como un “proteccionista racional”.

Previous work from our lab has shown that event structure can influence memory performance. Our work in prospective memory has shown that, consistent with an event model view, performance is better when multiple encoding events refer to a common retrieval event. The aim of this study was to assess the generality of this influence of event model structure on memory by using two retrospective memory tasks. This was done using lists of sentences (Experiment 1) and narrative texts (Experiment 2). The results of these retrospective memory tasks replicated that of the prospective memory task and are most consistent with an event cognition account. These results also suggest that encoding and referent event structures may affect some levels of representation (e.g., the surface form) more than others (e.g., the textbase and event model). Overall, we demonstrate that event structure has principled influences on memory apart from the nature of the materials or the task. Moreover, we discuss how these findings are inconsistent with more traditional theories of memory processing, such as associative interference and spreading activation accounts.

Objective: Consistently strong negative associations have been found between self-compassion and depressive symptoms, but less is known about mechanisms that underlie this relationship. This study ...

This paper explores the functions of the prepositional phrase consisting of the preposition u ‘at’ and the genitive with human referent (henceforth indicated as u + GEN) in the history of Russian. ...

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of referent power, expert power, legitimate power, reward power, and coercive power as independent variables on performance improvement and impression management as the dependent variable. This study aims to answer exploratory, descriptive, explanatory, and predictive research using a survey method in the form of a questionnaire containing a list of statements that will be given to respondents to be filled in to obtain information from respondents and data processing using the WarpPLS 5.0 application. The results showed that referent power, reward power, and coercive power affected performance improvement and impression management, while expert power and legitimate power did not affect performance improvement and impression management.

How do Brazil’s defence documents incorporate natural resources and critical infrastructure as political and strategic components of the national energy security framework? After presenting the contemporary international landscape on the subject, which is marked by rising powers and geopolitics, the paper explains the theory and the conceptual foundations that support the claim of a securitization movement on natural resources and critical infrastructure that relates to energy security in response to the absence of existential threats to Brazil. Following this effort, the text reflects upon and analyses how the matter has developed from 2005 to 2016 in Brazilian defence policies and in national defence strategies. By applying securitization theory to the case study, the final remarks imply the need for a reflection on the importance of incorporating the geopolitics of natural resources and critical infrastructure related to energy security in defence thinking.

Los medios de reproducción técnica: tanto la fotografía como el cine, se han caracterizado por su superioridad mimética a la hora de capturar la realidad. Sin embargo, eso ha hecho que muchas de las teorías de dichos medios se hayan abocado a una suerte de dialéctica sobre la vericidad o no de la representación fotográfica. Desde una perspectiva fenomenológica intentaremos rescatar un concepto de verdad del registro fotográfico que no se vincule necesariamente con su dimensión empírica, es decir, con su pura positividad en la captación de su referente. Con ello, la reproducción fotográfica nos permitirá reflexionar sobre nuestro propio acceso a la realidad en la que los vacíos y las ausencias son igualmente constitutivos de la misma. El film de Marguerite Duras L’homme atlantique, nos proporcionará un caso de estudio para reflexionar sobre esta importancia

We present a review of action and perception stability within the theoretical framework based on the idea of control with spatial referent coordinates for the effectors at a number of hierarchical levels. Stability of salient variables is ensured by synergies, neurophysiological structures that act in multi-dimensional spaces of elemental variables and limit variance to the uncontrolled manifold during action and iso-perceptual manifold during perception. Patients with Parkinson’s disease show impaired synergic control reflected in poor stability (low synergy indices) and poor agility (low indices of anticipatory synergy adjustments prior to planned quick actions). They also show impaired perception across modalities, including kinesthetic perception. We suggest that poor stability at the level of referent coordinates can be the dominant factor leading to poor stability of percepts.

EnglishThe historical novel, in vogue from the beginning of the 19th century, represents a specific literary genre, situated between fiction and (historical) reality. This paper examines the possibilities of this genre through the theory of fictional worlds. The fictional narrative, including the historical novel, already differs from the factual narrative in that it is the fruit of the invention of the writer and its relation to reality is thus specific. Fiction, obviously, is not just an imitation of reality and mimetic theories cannot sufficiently explain the nature of the fictional referent. The theory of fictional worlds, which supposes the existence of a specific universe generated by the text of the novel, offers a more appropriate concept for analysing and explaining fictional narratives. However, the conception of this theory based on a strict separation of fictional worlds and reality is not applicable to historical novels, for at least two reasons. First, historical novels are read as representations of history by their readers. Second, historical novels refer constantly to an extratextual reality, as demonstrated by the differences between the historical characters and the purely invented characters. It is therefore possible to consider historical novels as a special type of fictional world. They refer to, but do not depend on, historical reality and can thus contribute to the creation of "historical myths". francaisLe roman historique, en vogue des le debut du XIXe siecle, represente un genre litteraire specifique, situe entre la fiction et la realite (historique). Cet article examine les possibilites d’analyse de ce genre a travers la theorie des mondes fictionnels. Le recit fictionnel, y compris le roman historique se distingue du recit factuel, se distingue tout d’abord par le fait qu’il est le fruit de l’invention de l’ecrivain et son rapport a la realite est ainsi specifique. La fiction, de toute evidence, n’est pas uniquement une imitation de la realite et les theories mimetiques ne suffisent pas a expliquer la nature du referent fictionnel. La theorie des mondes fictionnels, qui suppose l’existence d’un univers specifique engendre par le texte du roman, propose un concept plus approprie pour analyser et expliquer les recits fictionnels. Toutefois, la conception de cette theorie fondee sur une separation stricte des mondes fictionnels et de la realite n’est pas applicable pour les romans historiques, au moins pour deux raisons. D’abord, les romans historiques sont percus comme des representations de l’histoire par les lecteurs. Ensuite, les romans historiques ne cessent de renvoyer a une realite extratextuelle, comme le demontrent les differences entre les personnages historiques et les personnages purement inventes. Il est donc possible de considerer les romans historiques comme un type special a l’interieur des mondes fictionnels. Ils renvoient a la realite historique sans dependre d’elle, et ils peuvent ainsi contribuer a la creation des « mythes historiques »

Establecer el marco teórico para el estudio de los Sistemas Agroforestales Tradicionales (SAFT) desde una perspectiva del Buen Vivir (BV) es el objetivo del presente artículo. Mediante una minuciosa investigación documental en literatura científica, se logró analizar que en la práctica de los SAFT se sustenta la gestión de conocimientos tradicionales, por ello, la importante tarea de construir paradigmas alternativos de ciencia y tecnología versados en una Epistemología del Sur (ES), en donde se hace énfasis en reconocer la existencia de una ecología de saberes. Este último concepto dota de sustento epistemológico a los conocimientos tradicionales que se perciben tras el manejo de los SAFT. Para ello, se requiere de un trabajo inter y transdiciplinario, escuchar de viva voz a los actores sociales en un diálogo permanente entre ellos y el investigador, donde se logre identificar en el día a día la noción siempre presente del BV. Es a partir de este referente teórico como se pueden construir propuestas de acción adecuadas socialmente, amigables ambientalmente, apropiadas culturalmente y viables económicamente.