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The main objective of the present work was to determine whether a single agropolymer [wheat gluten (WG)] could fit the modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) requirements of a range of six different fresh produce in key terms of oxygen permeation (PeO2) and CO2/O2 permselectivity (S) values. The required properties for optimal packaging of fresh fruits and vegetables were first evaluated using the Tailorpack MAP modelling software (UMR IATE, Montpellier, France) with packaging dimensions and respiratory and optimal atmosphere data as input parameters. Then, the modelled values obtained were compared with the properties of a range of WG composite films: monolayer self-supported or multilayer at microscale or nanoscale, cast or thermoplasticised, with different formulations (percentage of plasticisers or nanofillers). The experimental gas transfer properties that could be covered by these materials ranged from 0.05x1010 to 2.00x1010mol/m2sPa for PeO2 and up to 18.0 for S. These ranges are much larger than conventional plastics that exhibit PeO2 from 0.10x1010 to 0.20x1010mol/m2sPa and S up to 4.5. It was demonstrated from a food-requirements-driven (Tailorpack modelling) and a multiscale film structuring (WG-based composites) approaches, that transfer properties of WG-based films would fit the requirements of the six selected fruits and vegetables better than conventional plastics. Copyright (c) 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The aim of this paper was to test fitness levels of chosen parameters in the respiratory system in comparison to sports results in a group of 100m medley 14-year old male and female swimmers. The main measurement method was based on immediate observation of the following variables: a) The fitness level of particular parameters in the respiratory system, b) The level of swimming fitness. Based on the detailed analysis of the chosen respiratory parameter levels among 14-year old male and female swimmers in relation to their sports result in 100m medley distance, the following general statements have been formulated: the average levels of the chosen respiratory parameters estimated, in most of the cases, above average, especially among female swimmers., Целью исследований была проба выяснения взаимоотношения функциональности органов дыхания с результатами комплексного плавания на дистанции 100м. у четырнадцатилетних пловцов и пловчих. Главной исследовательской методикой была обсервация следующих переменных параметров: а) уровня функциональности органов дыхания; б) уровня результативности в комплексном плавании на дистанции 100м. Анализ зависимости между спортивным результатом и выбранными параметрами органов дыхания испытуемых позволил выразить предположение, что взаимосвязь между двумя факторами находится на малозначительном уровне., Метою дослідження була спроба визначити взаємовідносини між функціонуванням органів дихання та результатами комплексного плавання на дистанцію 100 м у чотирнадцятирічних плавців і плавчих. В процесі дослідження було визначенні наступні параметри: а) Рівня функціонування органів дихання; б) Рівня результативності в комплексному плаванні на дистанцію 100м. Аналіз залежності між спортивним результатом і обраними параметрами органів дихання у плавців дозволив зробити висновок, що взаємозв'язок між даними двома чинниками знаходиться на низькому рівні.

Extrapolation from post-exercise measurements has been used to estimate respiratory and blood gas parameters during exercise. This may not be accurate in exercise with reduced breathing frequency (RBF), since spontaneous breathing usually follows exercise. This study was performed to ascertain whether measurement of oxygen saturation and blood gases immediately after exercise accurately reflected their values during exercise with RBF. Eight healthy male subjects performed an incremental cycling test with RBF at 10 breaths per minute. A constant load test with RBF (B10) was then performed to exhaustion at the peak power output obtained during the incremental test. Finally, the subjects repeated the constant load test with spontaneous breathing (SB) using the same protocol as B10. Pulmonary ventilation (VE), end-tidal oxygen (PETO2), and carbon dioxide pressures (PETCO2) and oxygen saturation (SaO2) were measured during both constant load tests. The partial pressures of oxygen (PO2) and carbon dioxide (PCO2) in capillary blood were measured during the last minute of exercise, immediately following exercise and during the third minute of recovery. At the end of exercise RBF resulted in lower PETO2, SaO2 and PO2, and higher PETCO2 and PCO2 when compared to spontaneous breathing during exercise. Lower SaO2 and PETO2 were detected only for the first 16s and 20s of recovery after B10 compared to the corresponding period in SB. There were no significant differences in PO2 between SB and B10 measured immediately after the exercise. During recovery from exercise, PETCO2 remained elevated for the first 120s in the B10 trial. There were also significant differences between SB and B10 in PCO2 immediately after exercise. We conclude that RBF during high intensity exercise results in hypoxia; however, due to post-exercise hyperpnoea, measurements of blood gas parameters taken 15s after cessation of exercise did not reflect the changes in PO2 and SaO2 seen during exercise. Key pointsIn some sports, the environment is inappropriate for direct measurement of respiratory and blood gas parameters during exercise. To overcome this problem, extrapolation from post-exercise measurements has often been used to estimate changes in respiratory and blood gas parameters during exercise.The possibility of hypoxia and hypercapnia during exercise with reduced breathing frequency has been tested by measuring capillary blood sampled after the exercise.Reduced breathing frequency during high intensity exercise results in hypoxia; however, due to marked post-exercise hyperventilation, measurements of blood gas parameters taken 15 s after the cessation of exercise did not yield any changes in these parameters.Despite hyperventilation during recovery, hypercapnia could be detected by measuring blood gas parameters within 15 s after the exercise with reduced breathing frequency.

Objectives: The aim of the experiment was to analyze the influence that the clothing material may have on human physiology and thermal comfort both at rest and physical effort to answer the question which fabric is better, a natural or a synthetic one. Materials and Methods: We measured some psychomotor parameters: critical flicker frequency (CFF), reaction time to auditory/visual stimuli (RT), concentration of attention (CA); cardiovascular parameters: blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR) and respiratory parameters: tidal volume (V T ), minute ventilation (V E ), oxygen consumption (V O2 ), carbon dioxide output (V CO2 ), respiratory exchange ratio (RER) in human volunteers before, during and after physical effort. The subjects performed a 15-min treadmill test on treadmill wearing clothes made of two different materials: 100% coarse wool and 100% acrylic. An interview was conducted directly before the exercise test to assess the subjects’ general mood and wellbeing on that day. Besides, before and after the test, the subjects in their own words described the sensation they felt with respect to the physiological comfort of particular clothing. Results: The results showed that wearing clothes made of different fabrics had some influence on the cardiovascular and respiratory parameters during physical effort but it did not have any effect on the psychomotor skills. The perception of physiological comfort by the subjects wearing coarse wool or acrylic depended on their physiological state and differed at rest and after the physical effort. Conclusions: The course of physiological processes depends on the kind of clothing a given person is wearing. It is not possible to clearly define which of the two clothing materials: natural — wool, or synthetic — acrylic is better. Each of them exerts a different effect on the human organism. The usefulness of a given type of clothing material seems to depend on the human physiological state and the related thermoregulatory processes.

The effects of several inspired oxygen fractions (FiO2) on the respiratory dynamics in spontaneously breathing dogs submitted to continuous infusion of propofol were evaluated. Eight adult mongrel dogs were used. Each animal underwent five anesthesias, in each procedure the patient was allowed to breath a different FiO2, thereby resulting in five groups, namely: G100 (FiO2 = 1), G80 (FiO2 = 0.8), G60 (FiO2 =0.6), G40 (FiO2 = 0.4), and G20 (FiO2 = 0.21). To induce anesthesia, propofol was given until the animals allowed orotracheal intubation, followed by immediate continuous infusion of drug. The initial measurement (M0) was recorded thirty minutes after the infusion of propofol has begun. Additional recordings were performed at 15 minute intervals for 60 minutes (M15, M30, M45 and M60). Numeric data were submitted to Analysis of Variance followed by Tukey Test (p

Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-27T11:22:44Z No. of bitstreams: 0Bitstream added on 2014-05-27T14:46:05Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 2-s2.0-75849123353.pdf: 764274 bytes, checksum: ff1e174c2d8c56ecffc81ff8ea1181e9 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-27T11:22:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-12-01 The effects of several inspired oxygen fractions (FiO 2) on the respiratory dynamics in spontaneously breathing dogs submitted to continuous infusion of propofol were evaluated. Eight adult mongrel dogs were used. Each animal underwent five anesthesias, in each procedure the patient was allowed to breath a different FiO 2, thereby resulting in five groups, namely: G100 (FiO 2 = 1), G80 (FiO 2 = 0.8), G60 (FiO 2 =0.6), G40 (FiO 2 = 0.4), and G20 (FiO 2 = 0.21). To induce anesthesia, propofol was given until the animals allowed orotracheal intubation, followed by immediate continuous infusion of drug. The initial measurement (M0) was recorded thirty minutes after the infusion of propofol has begun. Additional recordings were performed at 15 minute intervals for 60 minutes (M15, M30, M45 and M60). Numeric data were submitted to Analysis of Variance followed by Tukey Test (p

Dysfunction affecting cardiac or pulmonary systems has been postulated as a major factor in sudden death in epilepsy (SUDEP). Whilst the majority of studies of cardiorespiratory function have focused on changes during seizures, here we investigate whether epilepsy influences basal respiratory parameters in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) during the interictal period. Spirometry was performed in 10 females and 10 males. Measurements of Vital Capacity (VC), Forced Vital Capacity (FVC), Forced Expiratory Volume in the first second (FEV1) and ratios of FEV1 to FVC (FEV1/FVC) were obtained, and these values were analyzed as percentages of predicted values. None of the patients had chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and no significant alterations in respiratory function tests were found among these patients. No association between seizure frequency, antiepileptic drugs and SUDEP could be found in this study. Although the study did not identify any specific respiratory abnormality in TLE patients during the interictal period, re-evaluation of clinical data on pulmonary disorders in people with epilepsy should be better investigated. Alterações cardíacas e pulmonares têm sido propostas como principais fatores de risco no fenômeno da morte súbita em epilepsia (SUDEP). Enquanto a maioria dos estudos tem verificado as alterações da função cardiorrespiratória durante as crises epilépticas, nosso estudo avaliou a função pulmonar de indivíduos com epilepsia do lobo temporal (ELT) no período interictal. Vinte pacientes com ELT (10 homens e 10 mulheres) participaram de nosso estudo. Nos testes de função pulmonar foram mensurados os seguintes parâmetros: Capacidade Vital Forçada (CVF), Capacidade Vital Lenta (CVL), Volume Expiratório Forçado no primeiro segundo (VEF1) e o Índice VEF1/CVF. Os resultados foram comparados aos valores de normalidade preditos na literatura. Nenhum dos pacientes apresentou doença pulmonar obstrutiva ou restritiva e alterações significativas nos testes de função pulmonar. Não foram encontradas associações entre a freqüência de crises, drogas antiepilépticas e SUDEP. Embora nosso estudo não tenha identificado qualquer anormalidade respiratória específica em indivíduos com ELT durante o período interictal, os dados clínicos sobre transtornos pulmonares em indivíduos com epilepsia devem ser melhor avaliados.

The kinetic analysis of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti) growth is often hindered by the impossibility of using conventional methods to measure biomass concentration in natural raw-material-based media, which normally have a high content of insoluble solids. In this work, application of a mathematical model based on respiratory parameters in the estimation of Bti biomass concentration was evaluated. The values obtained for the respiratory parameters true cell yield from oxygen consumption and maintenance coefficient for oxygen (mO) were 0.091 g cell/mmol O2 and 2.1 mmol O2/g cell/hour, respectively. With these constants and the oxygen uptake rates obtained from oxygen balance calculations, cell concentrations of Bti were estimated in batch runs with initial glucose concentrations from 10 to 80 g/L and were found to be in good agreement with experimental data.

We report the first toxicokinetic studies of (±)-sarin. The toxicokinetics of the stereoisomers of this nerve agent were studied in anesthetized, atropinized, and restrained guinea pigs after intravenous bolus administration of a dose corresponding to 0.8 LD50 and after nose-only exposure to vapor concentrations yielding 0.4 and 0.8 LCt50 in an 8-min exposure time. During exposure the respiratory minute volume and frequency were monitored. Blood samples were taken for gas chromatographic analysis of the nerve agent stereoisomers and for measurement of the activity of blood acetylcholinesterase (ACHE). In all experiments, the concentration of (+)-sarin was below the detection limit

Outbreaks of emerging infectious diseases have led to guidelines recommending the routine use of N95 respirators for healthcare workers, many of whom are women of childbearing age. The respiratory effects of prolonged respirator use on pregnant women are unclear although there has been no definite evidence of harm from past use. We conducted a two-phase controlled clinical study on healthy pregnant women between 27 to 32 weeks gestation. In phase I, energy expenditure corresponding to the workload of routine nursing tasks was determined. In phase II, pulmonary function of 20 subjects was measured whilst at rest and exercising to the predetermined workload while breathing ambient air first, then breathing through N95-mask materials. Exercising at 3 MET while breathing through N95-mask materials reduced mean tidal volume (TV) by 23.0 % (95 % CI −33.5 % to −10.5 %, p