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In the present study, we investigated the relation of childhood anxiety and depression with 240 children (56% clinical referrals, 44% nonclinical referrals) ages 8 to 14 years. Participants were administered the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (STAIC) and the Children s Depression Inventory (CDI), two commonly used self-report measures of childhood anxiety and depression. The principal focus of this study was to examine the discriminant validity of these measures at the level of individual items through factor analysis. Although high correlations were found between overall scores on the CDI and STAIC, factor analysis yielded distinct factors of anxiety and depression. Thus, with the inclusion of clinic-referred and ethnically diverse groups, the present study provided support for the generalizability of findings of similar research with non-clinic-referred, primarily-Caucasian samples.

Researchers often present and interpret empirical findings with reference to hypothetical constructs and diagnostic labels. Such interpretations commonly are based upon "summary" scores obtained through interview, self-report, or rating-scale assessment instruments. Although there are advantages associated with communicating empirical findings through analysis with summary scores, there also are weaknesses that may limit the interpretability of empirical findings and impede theory development. We discuss the importance of item analysis as a tool that may guide presentation of empirical findings, and we describe how it may be used to minimize these limitations of assessment, facilitate data interpretation, and increase the opportunity for theoretical advances.

Objective: To determine the prevalence of psychiatric symptoms and disorders found in non-clinically referred, sexually abused children (nCR-SAC), aged 6 to 16 years, during the 30- to 60-day period after disclosure and termination of abuse., Method: Eighty nCR-SAC were compared with clinical and nonclinical groups of nonabused children matched by age, race, and socioeconomic status. Structured and semistructured interviews and standardized rating scales were used for assessment., Results: More posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was found in the nCR-SAC than in the two comparison groups, and symptom severity was intermediate, except for symptoms of posttraumatic stress, trait anxiety, and depression, which were highest in the nCR-SAC., Conclusions: Sexually abused children are at high risk for PTSD and symptoms of posttraumatic stress, anxiety, and depression in the immediate period after disclosure and termination of abuse. Findings indicate the need for routine and systematic evaluation for these symptoms and PTSD for treatment planning.

Self-esteem and perceived control were examined to explain why minority group members sometimes perceive discrimination but, more often, minimize the discrimination. Women (Study 1), and Asians and Blacks (Study 2) reacted to negative feedback after information about the probability for discrimination. Minority group members tended to minimize discrimination and attributed their failure to themselves. By perceiving discrimination as a reason for failure, minority group members protected their performance state self-esteem. In contrast, by minimizing discrimination, they protected their social state self-esteem and maintained the perception of control in the performance and social domains. Results suggest that minority group members minimize discrimination because the consequences of doing so are psychologically beneficial.

Heparin was found to prevent calcium oxalate crystal adhesion to chemically injured rat bladder urothelium. Heparin was the only polysaccharide tested which restored injured urothelium to the functional status of normal, uninjured urothelium with respect to anticrystal adhesion properties. Other sulfated glycosaminoglycans, sulfated polysaccharides and monosaccharides were without restorative or protective effects. 3H-heparin was found to bind to injured urothelium but not to normal urothelium.

We developed an in vivo technique to study crystallization in a urothelial-lined "living test tube" by employing the catheterized female rat bladder. Calcium oxalate crystals adherent to the bladder urothelium were distinguished from free or intraluminal crystals. Chemical injuries of the urothelium induced by either 0.1 N HCL or 5 per cent Triton X 100 in saline resulted in marked calcium oxalate crystal adhesion to the injured urothelium. Control bladders without urothelial injury remained free of adherent crystals but formed large numbers of small free crystals relatively uniform in size. Histologic and fresh microscopic evaluations of urothelial injury and crystal adhesion are presented.

We studied the metastable limits of calcium oxalate supersaturation in glass tubes and in urothelial-lined rat bladders from a solvent system consisting of 0.9 per cent saline. The metastable limit was significantly elevated at 30 min in the urothelial-lined system as compared to the glass-surfaced containers. Heterogeneous nucleation on the container surfaces consistently occurred with the saline solvent in glass tubes as the metastable limit was exceeded. Intraluminal or free-floating crystals (? homogenous nucleation) without container-adherent crystals occurred with the saline solvent in urothelial-lined containers. This study reveals important properties of crystallization in urothelium and emphasizes the potential errors in extrapolating from crystallization studies in vitro in glass containers to crystallization phenomena in biological systems.

Cytoxan (cyclophosphamide) given to rats intraperitoneally produced a severe cystitis within four hours with marked inflammatory edema and hemorrhagic ulcerations of the mucosa. An in vivo staining test with methylene blue showed deep staining of the urothelium as has been demonstrated with other types of urothelial injuries; uninjured urothelium does not stain. The cytoxan cystitis is probably not due to cytoxan itself, but to a breakdown product acrolein, an aldehyde appearing in the urine. Rat experiments demonstrated that acrolein instilled intravesically produced a cystitis similar to that found with cytoxan injected intraperitoneally. The cystitis due either to cytoxan or acrolein was prevented by simultaneous intravesical administration of an aldehyde inactivating agent, acetylcysteine (mucomyst).