Search

This paper presents the design of a compact planar monopole antenna with triple band notched characteristics. The inverted U type slot in the patch results in rejection band centered at 5.5 GHz. A hairpin slot in the feed line leads to good suppression at 6.8 GHz and rejection band centered at 8.1 GHz is obtained by etching out incomplete inverted C type slots. The peak gain obtained is 4.3 dBi. The group delay shows a flat response lying within 1ns except at the notch frequencies.

A spirobenzopyran-quinoline (SBPQ) based sensor was synthesized which selectively detects trivalent ions viz. Al(3+), Fe(3+) and Cr(3+) through a fluorescence turn on signal in the red region (~675 nm) with the detection limit in the order of 10(-8) M. The potentiality of the probe was confirmed by employing it for fluorescence bio-imaging with Al(3+) in three different types of live-cells.

A new rhodamine-quinoline based dyad has been synthesized. It shows a highly selective response to Cd(2+) in the presence of other competing metal ions in aqueous media (pH = 7.1). The detection limit of the sensor is in the 10(-7) M level.

Toxic effects of selected metallic oxides nanoparticles were studied using the short-term static bioassays. Nanoparticles were more toxic than comparable bulk metallic oxides. Freshwater sludge worm Tubifex tubifex can be used as suitable test model for nanoecotoxicological studies in future studies.

The existing information and data on ecotoxicological impact of nanomaterials is limited. Therefore the present study was undertaken to study the effects of CdO nanoparticles on an Indian freshwater pulmonate snail Lymnaea luteola L. The present study demonstrated that even at 1.0 ppm CdO nanoparticles blocked the development of pond snail.

A freshwater invertebrate egg development and hatching toxicity test with an Indian freshwater pulmonate snail, Lymnaea luteola, comprising the following developmental endpoints was described: mortality, development, formation of eyes and foot structure, heart rate, duration of different larval stages, and hatching time. Developmental stages were morula, and at third, fifth, and eighth days; the trochophore, veliger, and hippo larvae, respectively. At the age of about 9th to 11th days after egg laying; more than 95% young snail hatched in control laboratory conditions. To evaluate effects on embryonic development, the pulmonate snail eggs of 24-h old were exposed to a series of nominal copper concentrations. The percentage survival of embryos treated in 10-32 microg l(-1) of Cu after 240 h of exposure drops sharply at veliger and hippo stages. All embryos died at 100-320 microg l(-1) of Cu within 168 h of exposure at trochophore and early veliger stages. The detected abnormalities were malformation of foot, eyes, thinness and incomplete formation of shell, growth retardation, and slow rotation of embryo within the egg capsule as compared to control embryos. Lethal and sublethal effects in terms of mortality and significant delay in hatching could be found in the 3.2, 5.6 and 10 microg l(-1) of Cu concentrations. This species is widely distributed in the Indian subcontinent freshwater reservoirs and more sensitive to Cu than other tested aquatic test organisms; therefore, could be used as a test model of Cu and possibly other pollutants for rapid risk assessment of environmental pollutants. The snail egg embryo bioassay is simple, rapid, highly sensitive, cost-effective, and easy to test under standardized laboratory conditions.

The ostracod Cypris subglobosa Sowerby, 1840 static bioassay test on the basis of a 48h of 50% of immobilization (EC(50)) has been used to measure the toxicity of 36 metals and metalloids and 12 reference toxicants. Among the 36 metals and metalloids, osmium (Os) was found to be the most toxic in the test while boron (B), the least toxic. The EC(50) values of this study revealed positive linear relationship with the established test models of cladoceran (Daphnia magna), sludge worm (Tubifex tubifex), chironomid larvae (Chironomus tentans), protozoan (Tetrahymena pyriformis), fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas), bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus), and aquatic macrophyte duckweed (Lemna minor). Correlation coefficients (r(2)) for 17 physicochemical properties of metals or metal ions and EC(50)s (as pM) were examined by linear regression analysis. The electronegativity, ionization potential, melting point, solubility product of metal sulfides (pK(sp)), softness parameter and some other physicochemical characteristics were significantly correlated with EC(50)s of metals to C. subglobosa. The reproducibility of toxicity test was determined using 12 reference toxicants. The coefficient of variability of the EC(50)s ranged from 6.95% to 55.37% and variability was comparable to that noticed for D. magna and other aquatic test models. The study demonstrated the need to include crustacean ostracods in a battery of biotests to detect the presence of hazardous chemicals in soils, sewage sludges, sediments and aquatic systems.

Chronic toxicity test duration of 21 days for daphnid is time consuming and expensive. Therefore, the developmental stages of Daphnia carinata eggs that could be used as potential endpoints for sublethal and chronic toxicity tests have been investigated and defined. Daphnid egg test is simple, easy to conduct and handle in the laboratory, and cost-effective. The 72h 'egg arrest' bioassay system could be an alternative to the classic 21-day chronic test with neonates of daphnid. The main aims of the study were to establish easy to identify stages of D. carinata egg that could be used as potential endpoints for toxicity tests with in vitro cultures of daphnid parthenogenetic eggs. Commonly available Indian freshwater cladoceran Daphnia carinata parthenogenetic eggs in vitro were exposed to water borne mercury concentrations, ranging from 0.1 to 32microgl(-1). Adult female cladoceran D. carinata have eight main developmental stages of parthenogenetic reproduction based on the release of external and internal membranes, formation of cephalic and body regions, appearance of secondary antennae, presence of two pink eyes, than a single black eye, and finally caudal or shell spine separation and finally free-swimming neonate within 65-72h. At 1, 3.2 and 10microgl(-1) of Hg concentrations; the 25, 50 and 70% embryonic developmental arrests were observed. The lower concentrations of Hg (0.32, 1, and 3.2microgl(-1)) tested in the present study are not generally harmful to the neonates and adults daphnid species, but the same are highly toxic to the embryos of D. carinata. The 48h and 72h EC50s and their 95% confidence limits for survival and hatchability were lower than previously reported 48h EC50s for Daphnia magna immobilization assay. The egg of D. carinata turned out to be a suitable alternative model for ecotoxicological and water quality assessment studies.

A fluorescein based reactive probe has been designed and synthesized to detect hydrazine selectively over other common analytes. We used here 4-bromobutyrate as a masking unit of fluorescein dye. Hydrazine plays here the role of a de-masking agent to set free the fluorescein dye through a simultaneous substitution–cyclisation–elimination process. This leads to ‘turn on’ fluorescence with easily discernible color change with a fast response time (

In the title compound, C14H17N3O2, the mean plane of the 1,8-naphthyridine ring system (r.m.s deviation = 0.020 Å) forms a dihedral angle of 23.4 (1)° with the acetamide moiety (r.m.s deviation = 0.001 Å). The molecular structure is stabilized by an intramolecular O—H...N hydrogen bond, which generates an S(5) ring motif. In the crystal, molecules are linked into inversion dimers by pairs of N—H...O hydrogen bonds, generating 18-membered R22(18) ring motifs.

In the title compound, C13H12O5, the mean plane of the 2H-chromene ring system (r.m.s deviation = 0.026 Å) forms a dihedral angle of 81.71 (6)° with the mean plane of ethyl 2-hydroxyacetate moiety (r.m.s deviation = 0.034 Å). In the crystal, C—H...O hydrogen bonds result in the formation of zigzag layers parallel to the bc plane.

A new naphthalimide–quinoline based probe (NAQ) is designed and synthesized and its structure is confirmed through single crystal analysis. It detects the trivalent ions (Fe3+ or Al3+ or Cr3+) selectively among other alkali and transition metal ions studied. NAQ shows a distinct ratiometric fluorescence behavior upon addition of trivalent metal ions in CH3CN–HEPES buffer solution (40/60, v/v, pH = 7.4). This fluorogenic sensing of NAQ to M3+ (M3+ = Fe3+ or Al3+ or Cr3+) can be observed by the naked eye, when illuminated under the UV light.

A new fluorescent probe was synthesized from rhodamine-6G and 6-(hydroxymethyl) picolinohydrazide for the sensing of Fe(3+) in an aqueous environment. The structure of the sensor was confirmed through its single crystal X-ray study. It exhibits a high specificity and sensitivity towards Fe(3+) over other interfering heavy and transition metal ions (HTM). The turn-on greenish-yellow fluorescence and a colorimetric change from colourless to pink were observed upon addition of Fe(3+) which evokes almost 116- and 23-fold enhancement in absorbance and emission intensity respectively in an acetonitrile-water (1:1, v/v, 25 °C) solution at a neutral pH (pH = 7.2). The Fe(3+) promoted ring opening of the spirolactam framework to the open chain amide platform of the sensor is responsible for its visible colour change and turn-on fluorescence activity. It also exhibits an excellent performance in the "dip stick" method. Moreover the limit of detection of the probe is in the 10(-8) M range.

A numerical investigation of laminar natural convective heat transfer inside cavity filled with air having left heated wall and cold left wall. The top and bottom walls of the cavity are kept to be adiabatic. The finite volume approach for the Prandlt Number pr=0.7, 3,6,10 and Ra 104 are used to solve the governing equations, in which buoyancy is modeled via the Boussinesq approximation in FLUENT. The visualization of flow patterns and temperature fields are shown by means of streamlines and isotherms, respectively. The influence of Prandlt numbers on the hot wall of the cavity are analyzed. Variations of the maximum value of the dimensionless stream function and Nusselt Number were also presented. The computed result indicated that Nusselt number increases along the length of the hot wall and then gradually decreases near the end of the wall. Also as Prandlt number increases heat transfer rate decreases.